rekursiis gaxsna, induqciiT damtkiceba

arsebobs sxvadasxva sirTulis rekursiebi, modiT,

sirTuleebi pirobiTad SevafasoT balebiT: 1, 2 an 3
baliani rekursiebi (aseTi termini ar arsebobs,
ubralod CvenTvis SevafasoT)
1 baliani vuwodoT maT, romlebic mxolod Sekrebis
da gamoklebis operatorebs an/da cvlads moiTxovs,
magaliTad aseTi tipis urTulesi rekursia iqneba:
T(n)=T(n-1)+n-3, T(1)=2;
2 baliani iyos rekursiebi, romlebSic e.w. luw-
kentobaa asaxuli, anu rekursia luw ricxvze calke
iTvlis pasuxs da kentze calke, magaliTad:
T(n)=T(n-2)+2n-1, T(1)=3, T(2)=-1;
xolo 3 baliani iqneba rekursiebi, sadac
Sekreba/gamoklebasa da cvladiT moqmedebas emateba
uSualod wina wevrze moqmedebebi, magaliTad:
T(n)=2T(n-1)+n-1, T(1)=1;
ra Tqma unda, iarsebebs ufro rTuli rekursiebic 4
da 5 balianebi, sadac moxdeba sinTezi arsebuli
sirTuleebis, magaliTad luw-kentoba + wina wevrze
moqmdebebi + eqsponentis damateba da a.S. magram
jerjerobiT ganvixiloT mxolod es 3 SemTxveva.
ganvixiloT 1 baliani rekursia: T(n)=T(n-1)+n-3, T(1)=2;
T(n)=T(n-1)+n-3,
T(n-1)=T(n-2)+(n-1)-3,
T(n-2)=T(n-3)+(n-2)-3,
T(n-3)=T(n-4)+(n-3)-3,
axla CavsvaT yoveli gamosaxuleba wina gamosaxulebaSi,
raTa vipovoT kanonzomiereba:
T(n-2)=T(n-3)+(n-2)-3=T(n-4)+(n-3)-3+(n-2)-3,
T(n-1)=T(n-2)+(n-1)-3=T(n-4)+(n-3)-3+(n-2)-3+(n-1)-3,
T(n)=T(n-1)+n-3= T(n-4)+(n-3)-3+(n-2)-3+(n-1)-3+(n)-3,
meoTxe bijze ukve gamoCnda raRac kanonzomiereba,
romliTac rekursia usasrulod gagrZeldeba, magram
Cveni mizania ara usasrulod veZeboT, ubralod CavideT
1 wevramde da gamoviyenoT es informacia.
T(n)=T(n-1)+n-3= T(n-4)+(n-3)-3+(n-2)-3+(n-1)-3+(n)-3,
pirvel wevramde Casvla gulisxmobs am gamosaxulebaSi
T(n-4) –is nacvlad T(1) –is daweras da es rogor xdeba:
ganvixiloT es gamosaxuleba raRac K naturaluri
ricxvisTvis, maSin:
T(n)= T(n-k)+(n-k+1)-3+(n-k+2)-3+(n-k+3)-3+...+(n-k+k)-3
axla n-k=1  k=n-1 CavsvaT k –s nacvlad n-1:
T(n)= T(n-(n-1))+(n-(n-1)+1)-3+(n-(n-1)+2)-3+(n-(n-1)+3)-
3+...+(n-(n-1)+(n-1))-3 da gavamartivoT:
T(n)= T(1)+(2)-3+(3)-3+(4)-3+...+(n)-3, axla mTavaria
davakvirdeT, ra xdeba aq: T(1) viciT, xolo danarCeni
gamosaxuleba raRac kanonzomierebaSi zis, yovel jerze
frCxilebSi arsebuli gamosaxuleba izrdeba n–mde da
aseve yovel jerze akldeba 3, e.i. miviRebT Semdeg
gamosaxulebas:L
T(n)= T(1)+(2)+(3)+(4)+...+(n) – 3(n-1)
ratom miviReT -3(n-1)? imitom rom yovel jerze 3
akldeba (n-1) –jer, radgan 2-dan n–mde aris (n-1) ricxvi,
xolo gamosaxulebis pirvel nawilSi gamoviyenoT
ariTmetikuli mimdevrobis jamis wevris formula:
S(n)=(a1+an)*n/2;
maSin (2)+(3)+(4)+...+(n)=(2+n)*(n-1)/2, aqedan
gamomdinareobs, rom

T(n)=T(1)+ (2+n)*(n-1)/2-3(n-1)=

F(n)=

axla davamtkicoT, rom Cveni msjeloba samarTliania da

funqcia da rekursia nebismieri naturaluri
ricxvisTvis erTsa da igive pasuxs iZleva, amisTvis
saWiroa gamoviyenoT maTematikuri induqciis meTodi:
maTematikuri induqciis meTodi Sedgeba 3 nawilisagan:

 Semowmeba (ramdenime ricxvisTvis Semowmeba, sworia

Tu ara Cveni Sedegi)
 daSveba (vivaraudoT, rom radgan ramdenime
ricxvisTvis sworad imuSava, nebismieri naturaluri
ricxvisTvis swori iqneba
 damtkiceba (gamoviyenoT daSveba da maTematikuri
codna da vaCvenoT, rom funqcia da rekursia erTsa
da igive saqmes asrulebs

SevamowmoT 2-sTvis, T(2)=T(1)+2-3=2+2-3=1, xolo

F(n)= , F(2)=1, e.i. samarTliania

SevamowmoT 3-sTvis, T(3)=T(2)+3-3=1

F(3)=1 , e.i. esec samarTliania, axla Cven ramdeni
ricxvic ar unda CavweroT, sul swor tolobas
miviRebT, amitom unda vaCvenoT, rom zogadad nebismieri
naturaluri ricxvisTvis samarTliania:
modiT, vivaraudoT, rom Cven sworad amovxseniT
amocana, anu nebismieri naturaluru ricxvisTvis
F(n)=T(n), maSin Cveni varaudidan gamomdinare
davamtkicoT misi siswore da vaCvenoT, rom Tu raime n
naturaluri ricxvisTvis samarTliania, maSin (n+1)–
sTvisac samarTliani iqneba, Sesabamisad Tu amas
vaCvenebT da vnaxavT, rom (n+1)–sTvis samarTliania,
maSin (n+2)–sTvisac samarTliani iqneba da a.S.
 davamtkicoT, rom es asea:
T(n)=T(n-1)+n-3, Sesabamisad T(n+1)=T(n)+(n+1)-3;
Cveni daSvebis Tanaxmad F(n)=T(n), maSin T(n+1)=F(n+1)
T(n+1)=F(n)+(n+1)-3

T(n+1)=

Tavis mxriv, F(n+1)= =

e.i. T(n+1)=F(n+1), rac miviReT im daSvebiT, rom

T(n)=F(n), e.i. Tu es gamosaxulebebi n–sTvis sworad
muSaobs, maSin (n+1)–sTvisac sworad imuSavebs,
Sesabamisad Tu (n+1)–sTvis samarTliania, maSin (n+2)–
sTvisac samarTliani iqneba da a.S.
 ganvixiloT 2 baliani rekursia:
T(n)=T(n-2)+2n-1, T(1)=3, T(2)=-1
aseTi saxis rekursia gansxvavdeba aqamde
ganxilulisgan, radgan Tu winaSi yoveli wevri
miiReboda wina wevrze raRac moqmedebebis Sedegad,
maSin aq yoveli wevri miiReba winis wina wevrze
operaciebis Sedegad, amitom misi amoxsna
gansxvavebulad xdeba, aseve SeamCnevdiT, rom gvaqvs
pirveli da meore wevri winasgan gansxvavebiT, rac imis
maniSnebelia, rom rekursias 2 sxvadasxva funqcia
Seesabameba kenti wevrebisTvis (1, 3, 5, ...) da luwebisTvis
(2, 4, 6, ...) Sesabamisad Cveni misiaa vipovoT es ori
funqcia da davamtkicoT misi siswore:
Tavidan veZebT kanonzomierebas:
T(n)=T(n-2)+2n-1,
T(n-2)=T(n-4)+2(n-2)-1,
T(n-4)=T(n-6)+2(n-4)-1,
T(n-6)=T(n-8)+2(n-6)-1,
CavsvaT yoveli gamosaxuleba winaSi:
T(n-4)=T(n-6)+2(n-4)-1= T(n-8)+2(n-6)-1+2(n-4)-1
T(n-2)=T(n-4)+2(n-2)-1= T(n-8)+2(n-6)-1+2(n-4)-1+2(n-2)-1
T(n)=T(n-2)+2n-1= T(n-8)+2(n-6)-1+2(n-4)-1+2(n-2)-1+2n-1
e.i. T(n)= T(n-8)+2(n-6)-1+2(n-4)-1+2(n-2)-1+2n-1
maSin T(n)= T(n-k)+2(n-k+2)-1+2(n-k+4)-1+...+2(n-k+k)-1
n-k=1,  k=n-1
T(n)= T(n-(n-1))+2(n-(n-1)+2)-1+2(n-(n-1)+4)-1+...+2(n)-1
T(n)= T(1)+2(3)-1+2(5)-1+...+2(n)-1
gavixsenoT erT baliani rekursiis gaxsnis amocana da
gavxsnaT esec analogiurad:
T(n)= 3+2(3)+2(5)+...+2(n) - 1(n-1)/2
/* 3-dan n–mde aris (n-1)/2 ricxvi, Sesabamisad -1
mravldeba am ricxvze */
T(n)= 3+2(3+5+...+n) - 1(n-1)/2
gamoviyenoT geometriuli progresiis jamis povnis
formula da gavamartivoT gamosaxuleba:L

T(n)= 3+2 - =

F(n)=

Magram es rekursiis mxolod kent wevrebs daiTvlis,

luwebisTvis sul sxva funqcia imuSavebs, axla vipovoT
is:
T(n)= T(n-k)+2(n-k+2)-1+2(n-k+4)-1+...+2(n-k+k)-1
axla gansxvavebiT winasgan n-k=2  k=n-2
T(n)= T(n-(n-2))+2(n-(n-2)+2)-1+2(n-(n-2)+4)-1+...+2(n)-1
T(n)= T(2)+2(4)-1+2(6)-1+...+2(n)-1
T(n)= -1+2(4)+2(6)+...+2(n) - 1(n-2)/2
/* 4-dan n–mde aris (n-2)/2 ricxvi, Sesabamisad -1
mravldea am ricxvze */
isev gamoviyenoT ariTmetikuli progresiis formula:
T(n)= -1+2(4+6+...+ n) - 1(n-2)/2

T(n)=-1 +2( - =

e.i. Fkenti(n)= da Fluwi(n)=

axla isRa dagvrCenia, davamtkicoT mocemuli ori

formulis siswore, rom Tkenti (n)=Fkenti (n) da
Tluwi(n)=Fluwi(n)

gamoviyenoT induqcia, SevamowmoT raRac ricxvebisTvis,

formulebi sworad muSaobs ( yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
luwebis funqciaSi kenti ricxvi ar imuSavebs da
piriqiT, swored amitom gvaqvs 2 formula

davuSvaT zemoT aRniSnuli tolobebi sworia, anu

rekursia da funqcia samarTlianad muSaobs, maSin
davamtkicoT, rom Tu n–sTvis sworad asruleben
movaleobas, maSin (n+1)–sac sworad imuSaveben.
ganvixiloT kentebis rekursia da funqcia:
T(n)=T(n-2)+2n-1, Sesabamisad T(n+2)=T(n)+2(n+1)-1;
Cveni daSvebis Tanaxmad Tu Fkenti (n)=Tkenti (n), maSin
Tkenti (n+2)=Fkenti (n+2)
T(n+2)=F(n)+2(n+2)-1;

T(n+2)=

Tavis mxriv, F(n+2)= =

e.i. Tkenti (n+2)=Fkenti (n+2)

axla luwebzec analogiurad:

T(n)=T(n-2)+2n-1, Sesabamisad T(n+2)=T(n)+2(n+1)-1;
Cveni daSvebis Tanaxmad Tu Fluwi (n)=Tluwi (n), maSin
Tluwi (n+2)=Fluwi (n+2)
T(n+2)=F(n)+2(n+2)-1;

T(n+2)=

Tavis mxriv, F(n+2)= =

e.i. Tluwi(n+2)=Fluwi (n+2) r.d.g

rac Seexeba 3 balian rekursias, is radikalurad
gansxvavdeba winamorbedebisgan, iq ukve rTuli
kanonzomierebebis aRmoCenaa saWiro da elementaruli
ariTmetikuli progresiebi SesaZloa veRar gamogvadges,
Tumca mTavari principi ar icvleba, amitom SeuZlebeli
araferia.
T(n)=2T(n-1)+2n-3, T(1)=5
T(n-1)= 2T(n-2)+2(n-1)-3,
T(n-2)=2T(n-3)+2(n-2)-3,
T(n-3)=2T(n-4)+2(n-3)-3,
T(n-2)=2T(n-3)+2(n-2)-3=2(2T(n-4)+2(n-3)-3)+ 2(n-2)-3,
T(n-1)= 2(2(2T(n-4)+2(n-3)-3)+ 2(n-2)-3)+ 2(n-1)-3,
T(n)=2(2(2(2T(n-4)+2(n-3)-3)+ 2(n-2)-3)+ 2(n-1)-3) +2(n)-3,
T(n)=2(2(22 ∙T(n-4)+22(n-3)-21∙3)+ 2(n-2)-3)+ 2(n-1)-3) +2n-3
T(n)=2(23 ∙T(n-4)+23(n-3)-22∙3+ 22(n-2)-21 ∙ 3)+ 2(n-1)-3 +2n-3
T(n)= 24 ∙T(n-4)+24(n-3)-23∙3+ 23(n-2)-22 ∙ 3+ 22(n-1)-21 ∙3+2n-3
/* ferebiT gamoyofilia TiToeuli rekursia */
T(n)= 24 ∙T(n-4)+24(n-3)-23∙3+ 23(n-2)-22 ∙ 3+ 22(n-1)-21 ∙3+2n-3
Kanonzomiereba naTelia, Tumca Zalian rTuladaa saqme,
gamovsaxoT cvladis saSualebiT:
T(n)= 2k ∙T(n-k)+2k(n-k+1)-2k-1∙3+ 2k-1(n-k+2)-2k-2 ∙ 3+
+ 2k-2(n-k+3)-2k-3∙3+...+2k-(k-1) (n-k+k)-2k-k ∙3
n-k=1,  k=n-1
T(n)= 2n-1 ∙T(1)+2n-1(2)-2n-2∙3+ 2n-2(3)-2n-3 ∙ 3+
+ 2n-3(4)-2n-4∙3+...+2n-(n-1)(n-(n-1)+(n-1))-2(n-1)-(n-1) ∙3
T(1)=5;

T 5∙ 2n-1 +2n-1(2)-2n-2∙3+ 2n-2(3)-2n-3 ∙ 3+

+ 2n-3(4)-2n-4∙3+...+2n-(n-1)(n-(n-1)+(n-1))-2(n-1)-(n-1) ∙3

gamosaxuleba udavod rTulia, Tumca kanonzomiereba

Cans, modiT es gamosaxuleba davyoT 3 nawilad, pirveli
wevri (wiTeli), mimdevroba (lurji) da “minusebi” -
(yviTeli) da calcalke viangariSoT, gamoviyenoT
maTematikuri aRniSvna “sigma” ∑, romelic asaxavs jamebs
Semdegnairad:

sigmis mTavari Rirseba isaa, rom mis saSualebiT

SegviZlia didi gamosaxulebebis mokled Cawera da
formulebis gamartiveba, principi aseTia: qveda nawilSi
weria saidan iwyeba da zedaSi – sad mTavrdeba, xolo
marjvniv weria ra ikribeba, mis muSaobis princips
kargad gaiazrebT, roca programirebaSi for cikls
iswavliT, am ciklis muSaobis principi mTlianad
sigmazea dafuZnebuli, ase rom rTuli ar aris, mTavaria
dakvirveba:
T(n)= 5∙ n-1 +2n-1(2)+ 2n-2(3)+ 2n-3(4)+...+2n-(n-1)(n-(n-1)+(n-1))
-2n-2∙3 - 2n-3 ∙ 3 - 2n-4 ∙ 3 - ... - 2(n-1)-(n-1) ∙3
modiT, lurji gamosaxuleba davweroT sigmiT, is aseT
saxes miiRebs:

roca 21∙∙ n – es aris bolo Sesakrebi,

roca , 22 ∙ (n-1) –es aris bolos wina Sesakrebi,
...
roca , 2n-1 ∙ 2 –es aris pirveli Sesakrebi,
xolo sigma aris am Sesakrebebis jami, e.i. lurji
gamosaxuleba da sigma tolebia.

rac Seexeba yviTel gamosaxulebas, iq ar dagvWirdeba

sigma, iq maTematikuri gamartivebebi da geometriuli
progresiaa saWiro:
-2n-2∙3 - 2n-3 ∙ 3 - 2n-4 ∙ 3 - ... - 2(n-1)-(n-1) ∙3 = -3(2n-2 + 2n-3 + ... +20) 
-3(2n-1-1) // geometriuli progresiis jamis formula.
e.i. saboloo saxe aseTia:
T(n)= 5∙ n-1 + ∙ - 3(2n-1-1)
rTulia, amaze Tqva, gamartivebuliao, magram funqciis
saboloo saxe aseTia:

F(n)= 5∙ n-1 + ( ∙ )- 3(2n-1-1)

davamtkicoT induqciiT, CavsvaT ricxvebi da

davrwmundeT, rom zogierTisTvis sworad muSaobs,
roca n=1, F(1)=5 (sigma ar imuSavebs, radgan 1-dan 0-mdea)

vTqvaT, F(n)=T(n) davamtkicoT, rom F(n+1)=T(n+1)

F(n+1)= 5∙ (
n+ ∙ )- 3(2 -1)
n

T(n+1)=2T(n)+2(n+1)-3,
T(n+1)=F(n+1) 

5∙ n+ ( ∙ )- 3(2 -1) = 2T(n)+2(n+1)-3,

n

2T(n)+2(n+1)-3=

(
= 2 5∙ (
n-1 + ∙ )- 3(2 n-1-1) )+ 2(n+1)-3
gavxsnaT frCxilebi, maSin

5∙ n +2 ( ∙ )- 3(2 -2) + 2(n+1)-3

n

Cveni misiaa, rom zeda funqcia davamsgavsoT amas

5∙ n+( ∙ )- 3(2 -1)

n

pirveli Sesakrebi msgavsia, modi bolo maklebs

SevucvaloT forma da davweroT

5∙ n +2 ( ∙ )- 3(2 -1)+3 +2(n+1)-3=

n

= 5∙ n+ ( ∙ )- 3(2 -1)
n

axla ki davakvirdeT, ra xdeba sigmaSi pirvelSi sigma

muSaobs –mde, xolo meoreSi +1) –mde, Tan pirveli
sigma mravldeba 2-ze, modi gavamravloT 2-ze, radgan
jamia, e.i. yvela wevri gamravldeba, amitom

5∙ n+( ∙ )- 3(2 -1)+2(n+1) =

n

= 5∙ n+ ( ∙ )- 3(2 -1)
n

axla vnaxoT rogor ajamavs pirvli sigma:

i=1, 22 ∙ (n)
i=2, 23 ∙ (n-1)
...
i=n-1, 2n ∙ (2)
axla ganvixiloT meore sigma:
i=1, 21 ∙ (n+1)
i=2, 22 ∙ (n)
i=3, 23 ∙ (n-1)
...
i=n, 2n ∙ (2)
davakvirdeT, rom pirveli sigmis yovel wevrs, esadageba
meore sigmis 1-iT meti indeqsis mqone wevri, maSin
cxadia, sigmebis es nawilebi tolia, darCa is rom meore
sigmaSi 1-iT meti Sesakrebia, roca i=1, is gamovitanoT
sigmis gareT, es niSnavs, rom meore sigma bolo pirvel
bijze ar datrialedeba, 2-dan daiwyebs, Sesabamisad:

5∙ (
n+ ∙ )- 3(2 -1)+2(n+1) =
n

= 5∙ n+ ( ∙ )- 3(2 -1)+2(n+1)
n

radgan vaCveneT, rom gamosaxulebis samive nawili

erTmaneTis tolia nebismieri naturaluri ricxvisTvis,
amdenad es ori gamosaxuleba tolia, e.i.

F(n+1)=T(n+1) r.d.g.