Momentum Equations

CVE 111 HYDRAULICS I

KRISTINE D. SANCHEZ, PH.D.
Contents
• Overview
• Intended Learning Outcomes
• Objectives
• Engineering applications
• Momentum Equation: Derivation
• Momentum Accumulation
• Momentum Diagram
• Systematic Approach: Problem Setup
• Systematic Approach: Force Analysis and Diagram
• Systematic Approach: Momentum Analysis and Diagram
• Sample Problem 7.1
• Sample Problem 7.2
• Sample Problem 7.3
• Sample Problem 7.4
• Sample Problem 7.5
Overview

• The Reynolds transport theorem was introduced in the past lecture 6,

which enables one to take fundamental equations for a system (given
mass) and write the equivalent equations in Eulerian form suitable for
the control volume approach.
• In this chapter the Reynolds transport theorem is applied to Newton's
second law of motion, F = ma, to develop the Eulerian form of the
momentum equation.
Intended Learning Outcomes
• At the end of this topic, the student will be able to:
• Explain the steps in deriving the momentum equation.
• Identify the accumulation and momentum flux terms in the
momentum equation.
• Apply the component form of the momentum equation to stationary
and moving control volumes.
Objectives
• At the end of this topic, the student will be able to:
• For jets, vanes, nozzles and pipe sections, calculate forces and
moments.
Engineering applications

• The analysis of forces on vanes and pipe bends, the thrust produced
by a rocket or turbojet, and torque produced by a hydraulic turbine
are all examples of the application of the momentum equation.
Momentum Equation: Derivation [1]
• When forces act on a particle, the particle accelerates according to Newton’s 2nd
law of motion:
෍ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 (7.1)

• The mass 𝑚 is constant, so the equation may be written using momentum:

𝑑(𝑚𝑣) (7.2)
෍𝐹 =
𝑑𝑡
• Or similarly: (7.3)
𝑑(𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 )
෍𝐹 =
𝑑𝑡
• Where 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 denotes the total momentum of all mass comprising the system.
Momentum Equation: Derivation [2]
• Eq. (3) is Lagrangian equation; To derive an Eulerian eqn, we use the
Reynold’s transport theorem:
𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑
= න 𝑏ρ𝑑𝑉 + න 𝑏ρ𝑽𝑑𝑨 (7.4)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣 𝑐𝑠
• The intensive property 𝑏 becomes the momentum per unit mass of the
𝑚𝑣
system, or 𝑏 = 𝑚 = 𝑣. The velocity v must be relative to an inertial
reference frame, that is, a frame that does not rotate and can either be
stationary or moving at a constant velocity.
• Substituting for 𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 and 𝑏 into Eq. (4) gives:
𝑑𝑴𝒐𝒎𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑 (7.5)
= න 𝑣ρ𝑑𝑉 + න 𝑣ρ𝑽𝑑𝑨
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣 𝑐𝑠
Momentum Equation: Derivation [3]
• Combining Eqs. (3) and (5) gives the integral form of the momentum
equation:
𝑑
෍ 𝐹 = න 𝑣ρ𝑑𝑉 + න 𝑣ρ𝑽𝑑𝑨 (7.6)
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣 𝑐𝑠
• Or:
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑣
= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑐𝑠

• If the flow crossing the control surface occurs through a series of inlet
and outlet ports and if the velocity v is uniformly distributed across
each port, then Eq. (6), becomes:
Momentum Equation: Derivation (cont’d.)

𝑑
෍ 𝐹 = න ρ𝑣𝑑𝑉 + ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖 (7.7)
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑠
• The three components of Eq. (7) for the Cartesian coordinate (x, y, z) system are:
𝑑
𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = න ρ𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑉 + ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑥 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑥 (7.8a)
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑠
𝑑 (7.8b)
𝑦 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = න ρ𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑉 + ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑦 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑠
𝑑 (7.8c)
𝑧 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: ෍ 𝐹𝑧 = න ρ𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑉 + ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑧 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑠
• When velocity v varies across the control surface, the general form of the momentum equation,
Eq. (6), must always be used.
Momentum Accumulation [1]

• In many problems, the momentum accumulation is zero.

• Consider steady flow through the control volume surrounding the nozzle
shown in Fig. 7.1. The fluid inside the control volume has momentum
because it is moving.
• However, the velocity and density at each point do not change with time,
so the total momentum in the control volume is constant, and the
momentum accumulation term is zero.
• The evaluation of the momentum accumulation term is completed by
considering the structural elements (i.e., the nozzle walls).
• Since the structural elements are stationary, there is no momentum
change, so the momentum accumulation rate is zero.
Momentum Accumulation [2]

Fig. 7.1. (a) Nozzle, and

(b) Momentum
Diagram for Nozzle
Momentum Diagram
• Created by sketching a control volume and then drawing a vector to represent the momentum
accumulation term and a vector to represent momentum flow at each section where mass crosses the
control surface.
• Considering Fig. 1b, the velocity is uniformly distributed across the entire surface, and we obtain:

෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑖 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑗
𝑐𝑠
• and

෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖 𝑗
𝑐𝑠
• Hence:

෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑖 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑗 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖 𝑗 (7.9)

𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑠
Systematic Approach: Problem Setup
• Select an appropriate control volume. Sketch the control volume and
coordinate axes. Select an inertial reference frame.
• Identify governing equations. This will include either the vector or
component form of the momentum equation. Other equations, such
as the Bernoulli equation and/or the continuity equation, may be
needed.
Systematic Approach: Force Analysis and
Diagram
• Sketch body force(s) (usually only gravitational force) on the force
diagram.
• Sketch surface forces on the force diagram; these are forces caused
by pressure distribution, shear stress distribution, and supports and
structures.
Systematic Approach:
Momentum Analysis and Diagram
• Evaluate the momentum accumulation term. If the flow is steady and
other materials in the control volume are stationary, the momentum
accumulation is zero. Otherwise, the momentum accumulation term
is evaluated by integration, and an appropriate vector is added to the
momentum diagram.
• Sketch momentum flow vectors on the momentum diagram. For
uniform velocity, each vector is 𝑚𝑣.
ሶ
Sample problem 7. 1: Thrust of a rocket [1]
• The sketch below shows a 40 g rocket, of the type
used for model rocketry, being fired on a test stand
in order to evaluate thrust.
• The exhaust jet from the rocket motor has a
diameter of d = 1 cm, a speed of ν = 450 m/s, and a
density of ρ = 0.5 kg/m^3. Assume the pressure in
the exhaust jet equals ambient pressure, and neglect
any momentum changes inside the rocket motor.
• Find the force Fb acting on the beam that supports
the rocket.

Answer: 7.56 N
Fig. 7.2. Illustration for
Sample prob. 7.1.
Sample problem 7.1 [2] Solution
1. The control volume is shown:

2. From the force diagram, the force on the control surface exerted by the beam is chosen
as downward (negative) with magnitude Fb. The weight acts downward. Also, there is
no pressure force at the nozzle exit plane because its pressure is atmospheric.
Sample problem 7.1 [3] Solution
3. The momentum diagram shows only one momentum outflow and no inflow.
𝑑
4. Momentum equation in the y-direction: σ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡 ‫ 𝑣𝑐׬‬ρ𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑉 + σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑦 − σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑦
5. Sum of forces: σ 𝐹𝑦 = −𝐹𝑏 − 𝑊 = − 𝐹𝑏 − 𝑚𝑔
6. Evaluation of momentum terms:
𝑑
Accumulation term, 𝑑𝑡 ‫ 𝑣𝑐׬‬ρ𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑉 = 0
No inflow: σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 0
Outflow: σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑦 = 𝑚ሶ −𝑣 = −ρ 𝐴 𝑣 2
7. Force on beam: −𝐹𝑏 − 𝑚𝑔 = −ρ 𝐴 𝑣 2
2 2
𝑘𝑔 𝜋 0.01 𝑚 𝑚
𝐹𝑏 = ρ 𝐴 𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0.5 3 𝑥 𝑚2 𝑥 450 2 2 − 0.04 𝑘𝑔 9.81
𝑚 4 𝑠 𝑠2
𝑭𝒃 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟔 𝑵
Sample problem 7. 2: Concrete flowing into
cart [1]
• As shown in the sketch, concrete flows into a cart sitting on a scale. The stream
of concrete has a density of ρ = 150 lbm/ft^3, an area of A = 1 ft^2, and a speed
of V = 10 ft/s. At the instant shown, the weight of the cart plus the concrete is
800 lbf. Determine the tension in the cable and the weight recorded by the
scale. Assume steady flow.

Fig. 7.3. Illustration for

Sample prob. 7.2.

Answer: 1200 lbf

Sample problem 7.2 [2] Solution
(1) Control volume selected is shown on diagram. Control volume is
stationary.

(2) Force diagram shows the tension in the cable and the weight on the
scale.
(3) Momentum diagram shows only an inflow of momentum. Velocity of
the concrete in the tank is neglected.
Sample problem 7.2 [3] Solution
(4) Component momentum equations:
𝑑
x direction: σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ‫ 𝑣𝑐׬‬ρ𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑉 + σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑥 − σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑥 (a)
𝑑
z direction: 𝐹𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡 ‫ 𝑣𝑐׬‬ρ𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑉 + σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑧 − σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑧
σ (b)

(5) Forces from the force diagram:

σ 𝐹𝑥 = −𝑇, σ 𝐹𝑧 = 𝑁 − 𝑊
(6) Evaluation of momentum terms:
Momentum accumulation term: 𝑣𝑥 = 0 and 𝑣𝑧 = 0
𝑑 𝑑
So, ‫׬‬ ρ𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑉 = 0 and ‫׬‬ ρ𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
Sample problem 7.2 [4] Solution
Momentum inflow:

෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠60°
ሶ = ρ𝐴𝑣 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠60°
𝑐𝑠

෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑧 = 𝑚ሶ −𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛60° = −ρ𝐴𝑣 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛60°

𝑐𝑠
Momentum outflow: No outflow, so σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑥 = 0 and σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑧 = 0
(7) Evaluate tension in cable using (a).
2
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 𝑓𝑡
−𝑇 = −ρ𝐴𝑣 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠60° = 1500 3 𝑙𝑏𝑚 1 𝑓𝑡 2 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠60°
𝑓𝑡 32.2 𝑠
𝑻 = 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝒍𝒃𝒇
(8) Evaluate force on scale using (b).
𝑁 − 𝑊 = −(− ρ𝐴𝑣 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛60°); 𝑁 = 𝑊 + ρ𝐴𝑣 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛60° = 800 𝑙𝑏𝑓 + 403 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑵 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒇
Sample problem 7. 3: Force on a nozzle [3]
• The sketch shows air flowing through a nozzle. The inlet pressure is p1 = 105 kPa abs, and the air
exhausts into the atmosphere, where the pressure is 101.3 kPa abs. The nozzle has an inlet
diameter of 60 mm and an exit diameter of 10 mm, and the nozzle is connected to the supply
pipe by flanges. Find the air speed at the exit of the nozzle and the force required to hold the
nozzle stationary. Assume the air has a constant density of 1.22 kg/m3. Neglect the weight of the
nozzle.

Fig. 7.4. Illustration for

Sample prob. 7.3.

Answer: 𝑣2 = 77.9 𝑚/𝑠, 𝐹 = 9.90 𝑁

 Page 1
of 2
Sample prob. 7.3 [2] Solution

• Select control volume ( and control surface). Control volume is stationary.

• Force diagram shows force due to pressure and force from flange.
• Momentum diagram shows a momentum inflow and outflow.
Sample prob. 7.3 [3] Solution
• Application of the Bernoulli equation between sections 1 and 2.
1 1
• 𝑝1 + γ𝑧1 + ρ𝑣12 = 𝑝2 + γ𝑧2 + ρ𝑣22
2 2
• Set 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 .
• Set 𝑝2 = 0 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 and 𝑝1 = 105 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 3.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒
1 1
• The Bernoulli equation simplifies to 𝑝1 + 2 ρ𝑣12 = 𝑝2 + 2 ρ𝑣22
• From the continuity equation, 𝑣1 𝐴1 = 𝑣2 𝐴2 ; 𝑣1 𝑑12 = 𝑣2 𝑑22
• Substitute into the Bernoulli equation and solve for 𝑣2 (exit velocity):
2𝑝1 2 𝑥 3.7 𝑥 1000 𝑃𝑎 𝒎
• 𝑣2 = 4 = 𝑘𝑔 4 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟗
ρ 1−(𝑑2 Τ𝑑1 ) 1.22 3 1−(10Τ60) 𝒔
𝑚
Sample prob. 7.3 [4] Solution
2
𝑑2 𝑚 1 2 𝑚
• Inlet velocity is: 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 77.9 𝑥 = 2.16
𝑑1 𝑠 6 𝑠
𝑑
• Momentum equation: σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ‫ 𝑣𝑐׬‬ρ𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑉 + σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑥 − σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑥
• Sum of forces in x-direction: σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 + 𝑝1 𝐴1
• Term-by-term evaluation of momentum terms:
• Accumulation term: Flow is steady.
• Momentum outflux with one outflow at section 2: σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣
ሶ 2
• Momentum influx with one inflow at section 1: σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣
ሶ 1
 Sample prob. 7.3 [5] Solution
• Force on flange:
• 𝐹 + 𝑝1 𝐴1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
• 𝐹 = ρ𝐴1 𝑣1 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 − 𝑝1 𝐴1
𝑘𝑔 π 𝑚 𝑁 π
• 𝐹 = 1.22 𝑚3 (0.06 𝑚)2 𝑥 77.9 − 2.16 − 3.7 𝑥 1000 𝑚2 𝑥 (0.06 𝑚)2
4 𝑠 4
• 𝐹 = 0.564 𝑁 − 10.46 𝑁 = −𝟗. 𝟗𝟎 𝐍
• Because F is negative, the direction is opposite to the direction assumed on the force
diagram. Hence, the force on the control surface acts in the negative x-direction, but
the force on the flange will be in the positive direction.
• 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟎 𝑵
• The tension in the bolts holding the flange will be increased.
Sample problem 7. 4: Water deflected by
vane [1]
• A water jet is deflected 60° by a stationary vane as shown in the
figure. The incoming jet has a speed of 100 ft/s and a diameter of 1
in. Find the force exerted by the jet on the vane. Neglect the influence
of gravity.

Answer: 𝐹𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 53.0 lbf i + 91.8 lbf j

Fig. 7.5. Illustration for
Sample prob. 7.4.
Sample Prob. 7.4 [2] Solution

2. The force diagram shows only the reaction force.

3. The momentum diagram shows an inflow and outflow.
4. Vector form of momentum equation:
𝑑
෍ 𝑭 = න ρ𝒗𝑑𝑉 + ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝒗𝑜 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝒗𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑠
Sample Prob. 7.4 [3] Solution
5. Force vector is: σ 𝐹 = −𝐹𝑥 𝑖 − 𝐹𝑦 𝑗
6. Evaluation of momentum terms:
𝑑
Control volume is stationary: ‫׬‬ ρ𝒗𝑑𝑉 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
Momentum flow vector: σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝒗𝑜 = [ 𝑚𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠60°
ሶ 𝒊 − 𝑚𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛60°
ሶ 𝒋]
Momentum inflow vector: σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝒗𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣
ሶ 𝒊
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
7. Mass flow rate: 𝑚ሶ = ρ𝐴𝑣 = 1.94 0.04172 π 𝑓𝑡 2 100 = 1.06
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑠 𝑠
8. Force:
For each component:
−𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠60°
ሶ − 𝑚𝑣ሶ
−𝐹𝑦 = −𝑚𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛60°
ሶ
Sample Prob. 7.4 [4] Solution
Force in the x-direction:
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 𝑓𝑡
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣 ሶ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠60° = 1.06 100 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠60° = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒇
𝑠 𝑠
Force in the y-direction:
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 𝑓𝑡
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛60°
ሶ = 1.06 𝑠 100 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛60° = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟖𝒍𝒃𝒇
The force of the jet on the van 𝑭𝒋𝒆𝒕 is opposite in direction to the force required to
hold the vane stationary (𝑭). Therefore,
𝑭𝒋𝒆𝒕 = 𝟓𝟑 𝒍𝒃𝒇 𝒊 + 𝟗𝟏. 𝟖 𝒍𝒃𝒇 𝒋
Sample problem 7. 5: Forces acting in a pipe bend [1]

• A 1 m–diameter pipe bend shown in the diagram is carrying crude oil (S = 0.94)
with a steady flow rate of 2 mm/s. The bend has an angle of 30° and lies in a
horizontal plane. The volume of oil in the bend is 1.2 mm, and the empty weight
of the bend is 4 kN. Assume the pressure along the centerline of the bend is
constant with a value of 75 kPa gage. Find the net force required to hold the bend
in place.

Answer: 𝑅𝑥 = −8.53 kN, 𝑅𝑦 = −31.8 kN,

W = 15.1 kN

Fig. 7.6. Illustration for Sample prob. 7.5.

Sample prob. 7.5 [2]
Solution:

Page 1
of 2
Sample prob. 7.5 [3]
• SOLUTION:
• Refer to Example 6.6 of Chapter 6 from
Crowe & Elger (2009).
Topics not discussed:
• Water Hammer
• Moment-of-Momentum Equations
• Navier-Stokes Equation
Thank you.
• Source:
• Crowe, et al. (2009). “Chapter 6: Momentum Equation”, in
Engineering Fluid Mechanics 9th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.