ldnksl ridhkh

Short Note
O we,aflak
|| Zn(Hg)
CH3  C  CH3
^lSfgdak& id' HCl
O CO2 + H2O
|| Zn(Hg)
CH3CH2  C  H
^we,aäyhsv& id' HCl

H2
CH3CH = CH2
^we,alSk& Ni/Pt/Pd

H2 wvq O2 w¾O
CH3  C  C  H CH3CH2CH2 oykhls CO2 + CO + H2O +
^we,alhsk& Ni/Pt/Pd ^we,aflak& fkdoejqKq ldnka wxY= wd§ ;j;a M,
H+
CH3CH2CH2MgX
^.S%kdâ m%;sldrlh& hv / X2
CH3Cl
CH3CH2MgX X = Cl , Br
^.S%kdâ m%;sldrlh&
X
CaO/NaOH |
CH3CH2CH2COOH CH3  CH  CH3 + ;j;a nyq
^ldfndlais,sla wï,& úIh ks¾foaYfha ye,ck wdfoaY;
s
ke; M,
+ HX
we,alSk
H2 H2 / Ni / Pt / Pd
CH3C  C  H CH3CH2CH3
we,alhsk Pd / BaSO4 / laúfkd,ska
X
^,skâ
a ,¾ W;afm%arlh& |
HX CH3  CH  CH3
(X = Cl , Br , I)
idkaø H2SO4/ HBr /
CH3CH2CH2Br
 fyda fmfrdlaihsv
CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH = CH2
uOHidr Al2O3 / 
X X
X2 | |
CH3  CH  CH2
X = Cl, Br

OH OH
isis,a ;kql | |
CH3  CH  CH2
laIdÍh KMnO4

^wdï,sl KMnO4) CH3COO + CO2 + H2O

C2H5OH/KOH/
CH3CH2CH2  X OH
|
we,als,a fya,hsv ^uOHidÍh KOH) i. id' H2SO4 CH3  CH  CH3
ii. H2O
fyda ;kql H2SO4
1
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 we,alhsk
X X
| |
CH3  CH  CH2 CH3CH2CH3
(vic vhsfya,hsvhls)
CH3CH = CH2

X X
X2 | |
CH3CH2OH / KOH /  CH3  C  CH
(X = Br, Cl) | |
X X

X
HX |
CH3  C  CH3
(X = Cl, Br) |
X

CH3C  C  H isis,a ;kql laIdÍh O O

|| ||
KMnO4 CH3  C  C  H

RMgX +
CH3C  C Mg X + RH
[Ag(NH3)2]+Cl
CH3CH2OH / KOH /  or AgNO3/AgCl CH3C  C  Ag

Cu2Cl2/NH3
CH3C  C  Cu

Na CH3C  C Na+ + H2
X
| NaNH2
CH3  C  CH3 CH3  C  C Na+ + NH3
|
X ^gem - vhsfya,hsvhls&
Br
|
fnkaiSka
Br2/ks¾'FeBr3 fyda
OH
| AlBr3
Zn dust /  Cl
|
Cl2/ks¾'AlCl3 fyda
(Phenol) FeCl3
MgX R
| |
H3O+(aq) R  Cl/ks¾'AlCl3
fyda O
Benzene ||
(Phenyl Magnesium Helide) O CR
|| |
N2Cl R  C  Cl / ks¾'AlCl3
|
H3PO2/
NO2
|
(Diazonium chloride) id' H2SO4 /id' HNO3
Cu/ 500C
C2H2
(Ethyne) H2 /f¾ks Ni
(C6H12)

2
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 H
|
Cl CH3  C  CH3
| |
CH3  CH  CH3
ks¾'AlCl3

H
CH3CH2CH2Cl |
ks¾'AlCl3 CH3  C  CH3 CH2CH2CH3
| |
+

|
ils%h ldrl$úls%h ldrl yd ඕf;da - merd $ fugd fhduqldrl
X

bf,lafgdak úl¾Yl ldKavhls' fnkaiSkays bf,lafgdak >k;ajh jeä lrhs' ;j;a

X bf,lafg%dmhs,hla flfrys fnkaiSkays wdfoaY m%;slshd iS>%;djh jeä lrhs'

Y
bf,lafgdak wdl¾Yl ldKavhls' fnkaiSkays bf,lafgdak >k;ajh wvq lrhs' ;j;a
Y bf,lafg%dmhs,hla flfrys fnkaiSkays wdfoaY m%;slshd iS>%;djh wvq lrhs'

X – hkq ils%hldrlhls' Y – hkq úls%hldrlhls'

X X X
| | Y X
E | | |
E+ E+
+
| E
E
X – ඕf;da merd fhduqldrlhls' Y – fugd fhduqldrlhls'

 ish¨u ils%hldrl ldKav ඕf;da - merd fhduqldrl fõ'

 ye,ck yer b;sß ish¨ úls%hldrl ldKav fugd fhduqldrl fõ'
 ye,ck ÿn, úls%hldrl ldKav jk w;r ඕf;da - merd fhduqldrl fõ'

ldnksl ridhkh

ඕf;da - merd fhduqldrl fugd fhduqldrl

m%n, il%shldrl m%n, úls%hldrl

   +
– NH2 ,  NHR ,  NR2  NO2 ,  NR3

 

 
OH ,  O

  CF3 ,  CCl3

3
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 ඕf;da - merd fhduqldrl fugd fhduqldrl
uOHia: ils%hldrl uOHia: úls%hldrl
O O  C  N ,  SO3H
|| ||
C C O O
  
 NH R ,  
O R, O R || ||

 CH,COR

O O
|| ||
 CH,CR
ÿn, ils%hldrl
 R (alkyl)
 C6H5 (phenyl)
ÿn, úls%hldrl

  
 
F  ,  Cl  ,  Br 
 

COOH CH3 CH3

Wod (- | |
NO2 |
+
COOH CH3
| Br |
|
NO2
COOH CH3 CH3
| | Br |
+
CH3
|
CH3 O Br
| ||
C  CH3 CH3
|
+
O COOH |
|| | C  CH3
CH3 CH = CH  R R  CH  OH CH
+
H /KMnO4
| | | ||
|
H+/K2Cr2O7 O
, , ,

R
|
CH2R CCR R  C  OH CH2CHO
| | | |
, , ,

O
||
R  CH  R CH2OH CR
| |
| COO
, |
,

OH/MnO4

4
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 *Sfkda,a
OH
NH2 Br | Br
| Br2
white
|
Br
OH
Br
Cl | Cl
Cl2
white
|
Cl
OH OH
| OH
| NO2 |
200C / ;' HNO3
+
|
OH NO2
NO2 | NO2
id' H2SO4

|
NO2
N2Cl/NaOH
NN OH

Na O Na+ + H2
NH3+ Cl NH3+ HSO4
| | NaOH
O Na+ + H2O
or O
|| O
R – C – Cl ||
R – C – Cl

we,als,a fya,hsv
CH3CH = CH2
PCl3/PCl5
CH3CH2CH2OH
SOCl2
CH3CH2CH2OH

(+Cl) CH3CH2CH2 – NH2

H
|
RNH2 CH3CH2CH2 – N – R

PBr3/HBr CH3CH2CH2  X
CH3CH2CH2OH (X = Cl/Br/I) R  O Na+
CH3CH2CH2 – O – R
(+Br)
C2H5OH
CH3CH2CH2CN
KCN(aq)
RMgX
CH3CH2CH2 – R
Dry Ether

PI3/HI
CH3CH2CH2OH
(+I)
5
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 X
HX | úks,a fya,hsv yd weß,a fya,hsv
CH3CH  CH3
X
CH3CH2 = CH2 Br X | CN/RO/NH3/RNH2 wdfoaY
HBr | C=C m%;sls%hdjla
CH3  CH  CH3 R/OH/RCC
ROOR fkdue;

uOHidr ^m%d:ñl&

i. LiAlH4 id' H2SO4 / 

CH3CH2COOH CH3CH = CH2
ii. H2O AlO3 / 
^ldfndlais,sla wï,)
PCl3/PCl5/PBr3
O i. LiAlH4 CH3CH2CH2X
|| or PI3/HBr/HI
ii. H2O
CH3CH2  C  H SOCl2
NaBH4 or 
Na CH3CH2CH2  O Na+ + H2
O H2/Ni/Pt/Pd
|| H+/KMnO4
CH3  CH2  C  O  R i. LiAlH4 H+/K2Cr2O7
ii. H2O CH3CH2COOH
^we,aäyhsv& H+/CrO3
O
|| O
R  C  O  CH2CH2CH3 H3O+/
||
Pcc or CH3CH2  C  H
CH3CH2CH2OH
NaNO2/HCl Cu/3000C
CH3CH2CH2NH2 O
RCOOH/id'H2SO4 ||
KOH(aq) R  C  O  CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2X
O
|| O
R  C  Cl ||
R  C  O  CH2CH2CH3

uOHidr ^ oaú;shsl&

;' H2SO4 or id' H2SO4/ or

CH3  CH = CH2 CH3CH = CH2
i. id' H2SO4 Al2O3 / 
X or H2O
ii. X
| PCl3/PCl5/PBr3 |
CH3  CH = CH3 c. KOH CH3  CH = CH3
PI3/SOCl2/HBr
NH2 OH O
| NaNO2/HCl | H+/KMnO4 ||
CH3  CH = CH3 CH3  CH = CH3 CH3  C  CH3
H+/K2Cr2O7
O H+/CrO3 or Pcc
|| ;' H2SO4 or
R  C  O  CH  CH3 O
| i. LiAlH4 R  COOH/ id' H2SO4 ||
CH3 R  C  O  CH  CH3
ii. H2O |
O CH3
|| NaBH4 or
CH3  C  CH3 O
i. LiAlH4 ii. H2O R  COCl ||
R  C  O  CH  CH3
H2/Pd/Pt/Ni |
CH3

6
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 uOHidr ^;D;shsl&
i. id' H2SO4 X
or H2O
ii. PCl3/PBr3/PI3 |
CH3  C = CH2 CH3  C  CH3
^we,alSk& | fyda ;' H2SO4 HBr/HI/SOCl2 |
CH3 CH3
X id' H2SO4/ CH3  C = CH2
| KOH(aq)
CH3  C = CH3 Al2O3/ |
| CH3
CH3 OH
| O Na+
^we,als,a fya,hsv& CH3  CH = CH3 |
| Na
NH2 CH3 CH3  C  CH3 + H2
| |
NaNO2/HCl CH3
CH3  C = CH3
| O
|| O CH3
CH3 R  C  OH || |
^m%d:ñl weók& R  C  O  C  CH3
id' H2SO4/ |
O CH3 CH3
|| | H3O+(aq) O
R  C  O  C  CH3 || O CH3
| R  C  Cl || |
CH3 R  C  O  C  CH3
|
CH3

we,aäyhsv

NaBH4/ i. LiAlH4 ii. H2O

CH3CH2CH2OH
H2/Ni/Pt/Pd O
H+/KMnO4 ||
CH3CH2C  OH
H+/K2Cr2O7
H+/CrO3 CN
|
HCN CH3CH2  C  H
|
O OH
Pcc ||
CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2  C  H R – NH2
CH3CH2C = N  R
^m%d:ñl uOHidr& |
H
O i. RMgX
HgSO4 || OH
HCCH CH3  C  H ii. H2O |
^t;hska& CH3CH2  C  H
;' H2SO4 ^t;ke,a mu‚& |
i. R – C  C Na
– + R
OH
or R – C CMgX |
ii. H2O CH3CH2  C  H
|
CCR
O
NaOH /  ||
CH3  CH2CH = C  C  H
|
CH3
Zn(Hg)/id' HCl
CH3CH2CH3

7
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 NaBH4 or
lSfgdak
i. LiAlH4 OH
OH ii. H2O |
| H+/KMnO4 CH3  CH  CH3
CH3  CH  CH3 H2/Ni/Pt/Pd
H+/K2Cr2O7
^oaú;shsl uOHidr&
H+/CrO3 H+/KMnO4 TlaislrKh fkdfõ
Pcc H+/K2Cr2O7
OH
|
HCN CH3  C  CH3
|
O CN
|| R – NH2
CH3  C  CH3 CH3  C = N  R
|
CH3
i. RMgX OH
ii. H2O |
HgSO4 R  CH3  C  CH3
|
;' H2SO4 i. R – C  C Na
– + R
OH
or R – C CMg+X |
CH3  C  C  H CH3  C  CH3
ii. H2O |
^we,alhsk& CCR
O
NaOH /  ||
CH3  C = CH  C  CH3
|
CH3
Zn/Hg/id' HCl
CH3CH2CH3

ldfndlais,sla wï,
H+/KMnO4 O
H+/K2Cr2O7 Na ||
CH3CH2OH CH3  C  ONa+ + H2O
H+/CrO3 O
NaOH ||
CH3  C  ONa+ + H2O
O NaHCO3
|| H3O+(aq) O CH3 COONa+ + CO2 + H2O
CH3  C  ONa+ || or Na2CO3
CH3  C  OH O
PCl3 or PCl5 or ||
H+/KMnO4 CH3  C  Cl
O SOCl2
|| H+/K2Cr2O7 O
CH3  C  H R  OH / id' H2SO4 ||
H+/CrO3 CH3  C  O  R + H2O
O
||
NH3/
R  C  NH2

8
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
tauhsv ^m%d:ñl&
O
NaOH/ ||
R – C – O– Na+ + NH3
O
|| NH3/ O P2O5/
R – C – OH || R–CN
R – C – NH2 i. LiAlH4
R – CH2NH2
O ^m%d:ñl& ii. H2O O
|| NH3 H3O+/ ||
R – C – Cl R – C – OH + NH4+

O
oaú;shsl tauhsv NaOH/ ||
R – C – O– Na+ + R – NH3
O O H O
|| || | ||
R – C – Cl + R - NH2 R–C–N–R H3O+/ R – C – OH + R – NH3+
H
i. LiAlH4 |
R – CH2 – N – R
H2O

;D;shsl tauhsv NaOH/

R – COO– Na+ + (R1)2NH
O R1 O R1
|| | || | H3O+
R – C – Cl + R1 – N – H R – C – N – R1 R – COOH + (R1)2 NH2+
R1
i. LiAlH4 |
R – CH2 – N – R1
ii. H2O

wï, laf,darhsv O
H2O ||
R – C – OH
O
H3O+ ||
R  C  OH
O
||
R – OH R  C  O  R + HCl

O PCl3 or O O
|| PCl5 or || NH3 ||
R  C  OH R  C  Cl R  C  NH2
SOCl2

O H
R – NH2 || |
RCNR
R
| O R
R–N–H || |
RCNR

OH
i. R1MgX |
R  C  R1
ii. H2O |
R1
9
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 O
H2SO4/ ||
tiagr R – C – OH + R1OH
O
|| R1OH/ id'H2SO4 O O
R – C – OH || ||
NaOH R – C – O–Na+ + ROH
R – C – O – R1
OH
O |
|| R1OH i. R1MgX
R – C – R1
R – C – Cl ii. H2O |
R1

weók
H
jeämqr R – Cl |
jeämqr NH3 R  N  CH2CH3
CH3CH2X
NaNO2/;'HCl
CH3 CH2OH + N2
O
||
R–C–H R – C= N – CH2CH3
|
CH3CH2NH2 O H
||
R1 – C – R 1 R1 – C= N – CH2CH3
O |
|| i. LiAlH4 R1
CH3  C  NH2 O
|| O H
ii. H2O R  C  Cl || |
R – C= N – CH2CH3

O
|| O H
R – C – Cl || |
R–C–N
O
||
R–C–H
RCN
|
O
|| H
R – C – R1 RC=N
|
NO2 NH2 R1 NH2
| | | Br | Br
i. Sn/id'HCl Br2
ii. NaOH(aq)
|
Br
H3O+
NH3+
N2Cl
|
NaNO2/HCl
(0 – 5)0C

NaNO2/HCl OH + N2
100C <

10
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 fnkaiSka vhfidakshï ,jK j, m%;sls%hd
NH3+Cl
| H3PO2

Cl
|
NaNO2/HCl CuCl
(0 - 5)0C
HCl

CuBr/HBr
Br
N2Cl
| HI I

CuCN/HCN
CN

H2O/
NaNO2/HCl OH
OH
NH2 |
| (0 - 5)0C
/ NaOH
NN ONa+
OH ONa+
/ NaOH
NN

.S%kdâ m%;sldrlh ms<sfh, lsÍu

Mg/Dry Ether
X MgX

Cl MgCl
Eg : | |
Mg/Dry Ether Mg/Dry Ether
Eg : R–X R – MgX

Mg/Dry Ether
Eg : CH3CH2Br CH3CH2MgBr

 fuys § B;¾ f,i idudkHfhka CH3 CH2 – O – CH2CH3 Ndú;d lrhs'

m%;sls%hd
NIauhla f,i

.S%kdâ m%;sldrlh

kshqla,sfhda*hs,hla f,i

11
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 H2O CH3CH3 + Mg(OH)Br
HCl CH3CH3 + MgClBr
R–CC–H CH3CH3 + R – C  MgBr
CH3OH
CH3CH3 + CH3CMg+Br
OH
CH3CH2MgBr CH3CH3 + OMgBr
R – COOH
CH3CH3 + R – COOMgBr
NH3
CH3CH3 + Mg(NH2)Br
RNH2
CH3CH3 + Mg(RNH)Br
R
|
R – NH2
CH3CH3 + Mg((R)2N)Br

O OMgBr OH
|| |
R–C–H H3O+ |
|R – C – CH2CH3 R – C – CH2CH3
| |
H H
O
|| OMgBr OH
R–C–R | H3O + |
|R – C – R R–C–R
| |
CH2CH3 CH2CH3

R–X R – CH2CH3
CH3CH2MgBr O
|| OMgBr OH
R – C – Cl | H3O + |
|R – C – CH2CH3 R – C – CH2CH3
| |
CH2CH3 CH2CH3
O
|| OMgBr OH
R – C – O – R1 | H3O + |
|R – C – CH2CH3 R – C – CH2CH3
| |
CH2CH3 CH2CH3
O
||
CO2 CH3CH2 – C – OMgBr H3O+
CH3CH2COOH

úfYaIfhka u;l ;nd .; hq;= m%;sls%hd lsysmhla

c, úÉfþokh
i. wï, laf,darhsv j, c, úÉfþokh
O
H3O+ (aq) ||
O R – C – OH
||
R – C – Cl
O
NaOH (aq) ||
R – C – ONa+

12
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
ii. tiagr c, úÉfþokh O
+
H3O (aq) ||
O CH3 – C – OH + CH3OH
||
CH3 – C – O – CH3 O
NaOH (aq) ||
CH3 – C – ONa+ + CH3OH
O CH2OH
|| |
H3O+ (aq)
O CH3 – C – OH +
||
CH3 – C – O – CH2 O CH2OH
|| |
NaOH (aq)
CH3 – C – ONa+ +

O OH
|| |
H3O+ (aq)
O CH3 – C – OH +
||
CH3 – C – O – O
NaOH (aq) ||
CH3 – C – ONa+ + ONa+

ii. tauhsv c, úÉfþokh O

+ ||
H3O (aq) CH3 – C – OH + NH4+
O
||
CH3 – C – NH2 O
NaOH/  ||
CH3 – C – ONa+ + NH3
O
||
H3O+ (aq) CH3 – C – OH + CH3NH3+
O CH3
|| |
CH3 – C – N – H O
NaOH/  ||
CH3 – C – ONa+ + CH3NH2

H3O+ (aq) CH3COOH + (CH3)2NH2+

O CH3
|| |
CH3 – C – N – CH3 O CH3
NaOH(aq) || |
CH3 – C – ONa+ + CH3 – N – H

we,aäyhsv lSfgdak fí%â m%;sldlrh iu. m%;sls%hdj

O H NO2 H NO2
|| | O2 |
R – C – H + H2N – N NO2 R–C=N–N NO2
|
H ;o ly - ;eô,s
O H NO2 H NO2
|| | |
R – C – R + H2N – N NO2 R–C=N–N NO2
|
R ;o ly - ;eô,s

13
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
we,aäyhsv fgd,kaia m%;sldrlh iu. ߧ levm; ,nd §u
O
||
R – C – H + 2[Ag(NH3)]+ + 5OH R  COO + Ag + 3H2O + 2NH3
ߧ levm; idohs'
fï m%;slshdj mßj¾;k j, § R – COOH iE§ug .; yelsh'

we,aäyhsv f*a,sx ødjKh iu. isÿ lrk m%;sls%hdj

O O
|| ||
R – C – H + 2Cu2+ + 3OH– R – C – O– + Cu2O + 2H2O
fï m%;slshdj o mßj¾;k j, § R – COOH iE§ug .; yelsh'

R – COO– dil H2SO4 R – COOH

N2Cl N2Cl
| | OH
*Sfkda,a iu. m%;sls%hdj iy " iu. m%;sls%hdj
N2Cl OH N2Cl
| OH OH
| |
NaOH NaOH
+ N=N OH + N=N
r;= ;o r;=
N2Cl
|
ksmoùu

NH2 N2Cl
| |
NaNO2/HCl
(0-5)0C

H3O+(aq)
NaNO2/HCl
(0-5)0C
NH3+Cl

fï mßj¾;k o lr m%;sls%hd ;yjqre lr.kak'

Br Br
| |
1. CH3 – C  C – H CH3 – CH – CH3 2. CH3 – CH – CH3 CH3 – CH2CH2Br

H2/Pd id' H2SO4/

BaSO4 , quindine or AlCl3/ HBr/H2O2
HBr
CH3CH = CH2 CH3 – CH = CH2

Cl Br Br Br OH OH
| | | | | |
3. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3 CH3 – CH – CH – CH3 4. CH3–CH–CH–CH3 CH3–C – CH–CH3
| |
uOHidÍh CH3 CH3
isis,a ;kql
KOH/ u' KOH/
Br2 laIdÍh KMnO4
CH3 – CH = CH – CH3 CH3 – C = CH – CH3
|
CH3
14
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 Cl Cl Br Br Br Br Br
| | | | | | |
5. CH3 – CH – CH – CH3 CH3 – C – C – CH3 6. CH3–CH–CH–CH3 CH3–C–CH2CH3
| | |
uOHidÍh Br Br Br
KOH/ Br2 u' KOH/
HBr
CH3 – C  C – CH3 CH3 – C  C – CH3

Br
|
7. CH3 – CH2 – C – H CH3 – C  CNa+ + H2 8. CH3CH2CH2Br CH3C CNa +NH3
|
Br u' KOH/
uOHidÍh NaNH2
KOH/ Na/NH3
CH3 CH = CH CH3 – C  C – H
CH3 – C  C – H Br2
Br Br u' KOH
| |
CH3 – CH – CH2
^iqÿ&
9. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH CH3CH2C  C – Ag 10. CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl CH3–CH2CC–Cu
u' KOH/
CuCl/NH3
id'H2SO4/
+
orBr
Al2 2SO3/ [Ag(NH3)2] CH3CH2CH=CH2 CH3CH2C  C – H
Br2
Br
CH3CH22CH = CH2 CH3CH2 – C  C – H Br Br
| | u' KOH/
Br2 Br Br CHCH2 – CHCH2
| | u'KOH/
CH3CH2 – CH – CH2
O
||
11. CH3CH2Br CH3CH2ONa+ + H2 12. CH3CH = CH2 CH3 – C – CH3
i. CH2SO4
uOHidÍh H+/KMnO4 or
KOH ii. H2O
Na H+/K2Cr2O7 or
OH H+/CrO3 or
CH3CH2OH | Pcc
CH3 – CH – CH3

O O Cl
|| || |
13. CH3CH2 – C – H CH3CH = CH2 14. CH3C  CH3 CH3 – CH – CH3
NaBH4 or NaBH4 or H2/Pt/Pd/Ni
or
i. LiAlH4 id'H2SO4/ or i. LiAlH3 id' H2SO4/
ii. H2O Al2O3 ii. H2O
Al2SO3/
or H2/Pt/Pd/Ni OH
|
CH3CH2CH2OH CH3 – CH – CH3

15
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 O O O
|| || ||
15. CH3 – C – OH CH3 – C – H 16. CH3CH2NH2 CH3 – C – OH
i. LiAlH4
ii. H2O H+/KMnO4 or
NaNO2/HCl
Pcc H+/K2Cr2O7 or
H+/CrO3
CH3CH2OH
CH3CH2OH
MgBr
|
17. CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CN 18. CH3CH = CH2 CH3 – CH – CH3

PCl3 or PCl5
or SOCl2 HBr
KCN
Mg/Dry Ether
Br
CH3CH2Cl |
CH3CH  CH3

19. CH3CH = CH2 CH3CH2CH2OH 20. CH3CH2OH CH3CH2 – CH2CH3

PCl3 or PCl5 or
HBr / H2O2
SOCl2
c,Sh KOH CH3CH2MgCl

CH3CH2CH2Br
Mg/Dry Ether
CH3CH2Cl CH3CH2MgCl
OH NH2
| |
21. CH3CH2OH CH3CH2  C  C  CH2CH3 22. CH3CH – CH3 CH3 – CH – CH3

PCl3 or PCl5 or
CH2 = CH2 CH3CH2Cl SOCl2
NH3
Br Br 
| | Na C  C Na
+ +
Cl
|
CH2 = CH2 CH3 – CH – CH3
Na/NH3

H–CC-H Br
O |
|| O
23. CH3CH2Cl CH3CH2 – C – O – CH2CH3 24. ||
O C – CH3
O ||
PCl3 or PCl5 or CH3C – Cl /
||
SOCl2 CH3CH2 – C – OH / H2SO4 ks¾. AlCl3
or O O Br2/FeBr3
|| ||
CH3CH2OH CH3CH2 – C – Cl C – CH3
|

16
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 Br
| CH3
| O
25. 26. ||
| O C – CH3
Br2 / FeBr3 C – CH3 ||
|| CH3C – Cl /
O O ks¾. AlCl3
Br ||
CH3 – C – Cl / ks¾. AlCl3 O CH3Cl/ ks¾. AlCl3
| ||
C – CH3
|

CH2CH3
| CH2CH3
|
27. 28.
| O CH2CH3
CH3CH2Cl/ C – CH3 ||
|| CH3 – C – Cl / Zn/Hg/CHCl
ks¾. AlCl3 O
O ks¾. AlCl3 O
|| ||
CH2CH3 CH3 – C – Cl / ks¾. AlCl3 COCH3 C – CH3
| | |
CH3CH2Cl
AlCl3
CH2CH3
COOH CH3
| |
H – C – CH3 COOH
29. 30. | |

CH3CH2Cl
Cl |
ks¾. AlCl3 H+/KMnO4 CH3 – C – CH3
|
CH2CH3 or H+/K2Cr2O7 CH3 – C – CH3 |
| CH3
CH3
ks¾. AlCl3
CH3
|
H – C – CH3 H+/KMnO4
|

|
CH3 – C – CH3
|
COOH CH3
| O COOH
|| |
31. 32. CH3 – C – Cl
CH3Cl/ | Br
Br $ks¾. AlCl3
ks¾. AlCl3 +
H /KMnO4
Br2/FeBr3 O O
CH3 || ||
CH3 C – CH3 C – CH3
| |
Br2 | |
Br2/FeBr3
FeBr3 | Br
Br

17
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 COOH Br CH3
O | | |
||
CH3 – C – Cl
33. 34.
|
Br Mg/D.E CH3Cl
$ks¾. AlCl3
H /KMnO4+ ks¾. AlCl3
COCH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 MgBr H3O+
| | |
Zn(Hg) Br2
C.HCl FeBr3 |
Br
O
|| N2Cl OH
Br
| C – CH3 | Br | Br
|
35. 36.
Cl
H2O/ Br
Cl2/FeCl3
Mg/D.E
O OH
|| Br2
MgBr C – CH3
| |
H3O+ CH3COCl
AlCl3

NH2
N2Cl O–Na+
| | O
| ||
37. 38. O – C – CH3
+ H2

H2O/ NaNO2/HCl
Na(s) 100C O
||
CH3 – C – Cl
OH OH

NH2 OH CH3
| | |
NH3
39. 40. CH3OH
|
NaNO2/HCl PCl3 or PCl5 or NO2
SOCl2 CH3 c.HNO3
|
;'HNO3 c.H2SO4
OH CH3Cl
$ks¾. AlCl3
NH2
| OH

|
41. N=N O Na +
42. CH3 – C  C – H CH3 – C – CH3
|
;'H2SO4 CN
NaNO2/ HgSO4
NaOH
HCl, 100C O HCN
|| (HCl + KCN)
OH CH3 – C – CH3

18
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 OH OH
| |
43. H–CC–H CH3 – C – H 44. CH3 – CH – CH3 CH3 – C = N – CH2CH3
| |
CN Pcc or CH3
;' H2SO4 H+/KMnO4
HgSO4 H+/K2Cr2O7
HCN CH3CH2NH2
O O
|| ||
CH3 – C – H CH3 – C – CH3

OH
|
45. CH3CH2 – CH2OH CH3CH2 – C = N – CH3 46. CH3 – C  C –H CH3 – C – CH3
| |
H HgSO4 CH2CH3
Pcc
;' H2SO4 i. CH3CH2MgBr
ii. H3O+ ;' H2SO4
CH3NH2 O
O OMgBr
|| || |
CH3CH2MgBr
CH3CH2C – H CH3 – C – CH3 CH3 – C – CH3
úh<s B;¾ |
OH CH2CH3
OH OH
| | |
47. CH3CH2OH CH3 – C – CH2 48. CH3 – CH – CH3 CH3 – C – C  C
|
H Pcc or
Pcc
i. CH3MgBr ;' H2SO4 H+/KMnO4 or i. C  CNa+
D.E. H+/K2Cr2O7 H2SO4(aq)
ii. H2O CH2MgBr/
ii. H2O
O . úh<s B;¾ OMgBr
.
|| | O 
ONa+
CH3 – C – H CH3 – C – CH2 || C  C Na +
|
| CH3 – C – CH3 CH3 –C–C  C
H |
CH3
OH
| OH OH
CH2OH C – C  C – CH3 | |
49. | 50. CH  CH3 C  C  C  CH3
H |
Pcc CH3
Pcc
;' H2SO4
Pcc ;' H2SO4
O ONa +
||
C–H CH3 – C  C–Na+ |
C–H O OMgBr
| || CH –C  CMgBr |
C  CH - CH3 C  CH3 3 C–C  C–CH3
|
CH3
O O
|| ||
51. CH3CH2OH CH3 – CH = CH – C – H 52. CH3CH2OH CH3 – CH2CH2 – C - H

Pcc Pcc
H3O+ / H2/Ni
O OH O O O
|| | || || ||
CH3 – C – H CH3 – CH – CH2 – C – H NaOH/
CH3 – C – H CH3CH = CH – C – H

19
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 OH
|
53. CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 54. CH3CH2OH CH3CH = CH – CH2

H2/Ni/Pt/Pd Pcc
Or NaBH4
O NaBH4 O O O
|| || || ||
CH3 – C – H CH3CH = CH – C – H NaOH/
CH3 – C – H CH3CH = CH – C – H

OH OH OH O
| | | ||
55. CH3 – C – CH3 CH3 – C = CH – CH – CH3 56. CH3–CH–CH3 CH3–CH–CH2–C–CH3
| | |
H CH3 CH3
Pcc Pcc
H+/KMnO4 or NaBH4 NaBH4
H+/K2Cr2O7
O O O O
|| NaOH(aq)/ || || ||
CH3 – C – CH3 CH3 – C = CH – C – CH3 NaOH/
CH3 – C – H CH3–C = CH–C– CH3
| |
CH3 CH3
O O O
|| || ||
57. CH3CH2Cl CH3 – C – OH 58. CH3C – H CH3 – C – Cl

H+/KMnO4 or
c,Sh' KOH H+/K2Cr2O7 PCl3 or PCl5
or SOCl2
O
CH3CH2OH ||
CH3 – C – OH

O O O
|| || ||
59. CH3CH2OH CH3 – C – ONa+ + H2 60. CH3 – C – Cl CH3 – C – ONa+ + H2O

H+/KMnO4 H2O
NaOH(aq)

O O
|| ||
CH3 – C – OH CH3 – C – OH

O O O O
|| || || ||
61. C–H C – O–Na+ 62. CH3 – C – ONa+ CH3 – C – Cl
+ CO2 + H2O
H+/KMnO4
H+/K2Cr2O7 H2SO4(aq) PCl3 or PCl5 or
Na2CO3 or
NaHCO3 SOCl2
O
||
COOH CH3 – C – OH

20
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 O O
|| CH3 ||
63. CH3CH2Cl CH3 – C – O – CH2CH3 64. C – O – CH2CH3

id'H2SO4 H+/KMnO4 or
CH3CH2OH H+/K2Cr2O7
CH3CH2OH/c.H2SO4
O O
|| ||
CH3 – C – OH C – OH

O O O O
|| || || ||
65. CH3 – C – NH2 CH3 – C – OH 66. CH3 – C – NH2 CH3 – C – OH

i. LiAlH4
NaOH/ ii. H2O
;'H2SO4(aq) H+/KMnO4

O
|| NaNH2/HCl
CH3 – C – ONa+ CH3 – CH2NH2 CH3CH2OH

O O O OH
|| || || |
67. CH3 – C – OH CH3 – C – H 68. CH3 – C – OH CH3 – C – OH
|
CH3
i. LiAlH4 PCl3 or PCl5
H2O/H3O+
ii. H2O Pcc or SOCl2
O OMgCl
|| |
CH3CH2OH CH3 – C – Cl CH3 – C – CH3
|
O O CH 3
Cl O
|| | || ;'H2SO4 ||
69. CH3CH2 – C – O – CH3 CH3CH2 – C – CH2CH3 70. CH3 – C – O – CH3 CH3 – C – OH
|
CH2CH3
CH3CH2MgBr/D.E
NaOH(aq)
SOCl2 PCl3 or
OMgBr PCl5 or ;'H2SO4
| OH O
H3O+ | ||
CH3CH2–C–CH2CH3 CH3CH2–C–CH2CH3 CH3 – C – ONa+
| |
CH2CH3 CH2CH3
NH2
NH2 N2Cl |
| Br |
71. Br 72. + N2

| NaNO2
Br HCl
Br2
(0-5)0 H3PO2
N2H2 N2Cl
NaNO2/HCl |
Br |
Br (0 – 5) 0

|
Br
21
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 NH3+Cl Br
NH3+Cl Cl | |
| |
73. 74.

NaNO2
NaNO2/HCl HCl
(0 – 5)0C (0-5)0
CuCl/HCl N2Cl
N2Cl |
|

NH2 CN
NH2 I | |
| |
75. 76.

NaNO2
NaNO2/HCl HCl
(0-5)0
KI
N2Cl N2Cl
|

NO2
NH2 | OH
|
77. 78. N=N
N=N ONa+
i. Sn/සා.HCl
NaNO2/HCl/ ii. NaOH(aq)
N2Cl
OH NH2 | OH
|
N2Cl NaOH
| H2O/ /NaOH NaNO2/HCl
(0 – 5)0C

OH H NO2 H NO2
| | | |
79. CH3 – CH – CH3 CH3 – C = N – N – NO2 80. CH3 – CH2OH CH3–C=N–N NO2
| |
CH3 Pcc H H
O |
NO2 NH – NH2 || NO2 N – NH2
O CH3 – C – H
|| NO2 NO2
CH3 – C – CH3
O
||
81. CH3CH2C – H CH3CH2CH2 – O – CH2CH2
|
CH3

CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2ONa+

CH3CH2CH2Cl
22
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
m%;sls%hd hdka;%K
1' we,aflak ye,ckSlrKh
m%;sls%hdj mshjr 3 lska isÿ fõ'
1' odu wdrïNh 2' odu m%pdrKh 3' odu weK ysàu

Wod (- CH4(g) , laf,daߌlrKh i,luq.

CH4(g) + Cl2(g) CH3Cl + CH2Cl2 + CHCl3 + CCl4

hdka;%Kh
1' odu wdrïNh
úiß; ysre t<sh yuqfõ Cl2 wKqj iuúÉfþokfhka Cl idohs'

Cl Cl 2Cl

2' odu m%pdrKh

H
|  
1. H C H Cl CH3 + HCl 2. CH3 Cl Cl CH3Cl + Cl
|
H

3. Cl
|  
H C H Cl CH2Cl + HCl 4. CH2Cl Cl Cl CH2Cl2 + Cl
|
H
5. H
|  
Cl C H Cl CHCl2 + HCl 6. CHCl2 Cl Cl CHCl3 + Cl
|
Cl
23
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 Cl
|  
7. Cl C H Cl CCl3 + HCl 8. CCl3 Cl Cl CCl4 + Cl
|
Cl

 odu m%pdrK mshjr j, § uqla; LKavl m%;sls%hdjg iyNd.s jk w;r kej; uqla; LKavl ckkh
ùu o isÿfõ'
 fuys § uqla; LKavl jeh ùu isÿfõ'


CH3 Cl CH3Cl
Cl Cl Cl2
 
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

jeo.;a
 m%;sls%hdj isÿùug kï È.ska È.gu wdf,dalh iemhsh hq;=h'
 uqla; LKavl wdfoaY m%;sls%hdjls'
 H fkdiEfoa'
 Cl2 wvqfjka we;s úg CH3Cl m%Odk M,h f,i o Cl2 jeäfhka we;s úg CCl4 m%Odk M,h f,i o
,nd.; yel'

2' we,alSk HX ^Wod (- HBr& iu.

Br
|
Wod (- CH3  CH = CH2 + HBr CH3  CHCH3

hdka;%Kh
+
CH3  CH = CH2 CH3  CH  CH3 +  Br
w;rueÈ (20) ldfndlegdhkh
H+ Br

Br
|
CH3  CH  CH3

jeo.;a
 bf,lafg%d*s,sl wdl,khls' H+ bf,lafg%dmhs,h fõ'
+
 by; m%;sldrlfha iq¿ M,h CH3CH2CH2Br fõ' th iEfokafka CH3CHCH3 hk m%d:ñl ^idfmalaIj
wia:dhS 10 ldfnd legdhkh yrydh'&
 ldfndlegdhk idoñka isÿjk m%;sls%hd j, § iddukHfhka m%;sls%hdj jvd myiqfjka isÿjkafka
jvd;a ia:dhS ldfndlegdhkh yrydh'

ldfndlegdhk j, ia:dhS;djh ms<sn`o

H R R
| + | |
H C+ < R CH2 < R C+ < R C+
| | |
H H R
fu;s,a 10 20 30
24
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
3' we,alSk ic,kh
 we,alSk ic,kfhka uOHidr ,nd.; yel'
 fï ioyd ;' H2SO4 ^CH2 = CH2 i`oyd iqÿiq fkdfõ& fyda id' H2SO4 fh§fuka miq M, ksIamdokh isÿ
l< yel'
OH
i. id' H2SO4 |
Wod (- CH3  CH = CH2 CH3  CH  CH3
ii. H2O

hdka;%Kh
+
CH3 – CH = CH2 H  O  SO3H CH3  CH  CH3 + HSO4

OH
| H2O
H2SO4 + CH3 – CH – CH3 CH3 – CH – CH3
|
OSO3H

 bf,lafg%dms,sl wdl,khls' H+ whkh bf,lafg%dmhs,h fõ'

OH
;' H2SO4 |
Wod (- CH3 – CH = CH2 CH3 – CH – CH3

hdka;%Kh
H2SO4(aq) H3O+(aq) + HSO4–
+ + 
CH3 – CH = CH2 H – CH2 CH3 – CH – CH3 + H2O

H2O  H
|
OH O–H
| |
H3O+ + CH3 – CH – CH3 CH3 – CH – CH3

bf,lafg%dms,sl wdfoaYhla jk w;r H+ bf,lafg%dmhs,h fõ'

3' we,alSk Br2 iu.

Br Br
| |
Wod (- CH3 – CH = CH2 + Br2 CH3 – CH – CH2

hdka;%Kh
Br+
CH3 – CH = CH2 CH3 – C CH2 +  Br –
|
H
Br+ Br w;rueÈ pls%h fn%dafudakshï whkh

Br Br
| |
CH3 – CH – CH2

25
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
jeo.;a
 bf,lafg%dms,sl wdl,khla jk w;r Br + bf,lafg%dmhs,h fõ'
 H2O/Br2 udOHhl § M, f,i by; M,hg wu;rj CH3CH(OH)CH2Br ,efí'

4' fnkaiSkays bf,lafg%dms,sl wdfoaY m%;sls%hdj

i. fnkaiSka khsfg%dlrKh
NO2
|
id' H2SO4
id' HNO3

 fuys bf,lafg%d*hs,h f,i NO2+ ls%hd lrhs'

 H2SO4 W;afm%arlhla f,i $ wï,hla f,i ls%hdlrhs'
 HNO3 yd HSO4– NIau f,i ls%hd lrhs'
 id' H2SO4 udOHfha NO2+ jeä lsÍug WmldÍ fõ'

hdka;%Kh (-
O O
||  + +|
HO – C – O – H H – O – NO2 HSO4– + H – O – N = O
|| |
O H

HSO4– + NO2+ + H2O

NO2 NO2 NO2

+ | H | |
NO2 + +
HSO4–
+

NO2
| H
+
NO2 NO2
| H |
+
HSO4– + H2SO4

ii. *S%â,a l%d*aÜ weis,alrKh

a) m%d:ñl we,als,a fya,hsv
CH3
|
ks¾c,Sh AlCl3
Wod (-
CH3Cl

26
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
hdka;%Kh (-
 + 
CH3 – Cl AlCl3 CH3 – ClAlCl3

CH3 CH3 CH3

+  | H | H | H
CH3 Cl  AlCl3 + +
AlCl4–
+

CH3
| H
+
CH3 CH3
| H |
+ 
Cl  AlCl3 + AlCl3 + HCl

 CH3+ bf,lafg%dmhs,h f,i ls%hdlrhs'

+ 
 CH3+ " udOHhg imhkafka CH3  Cl  AlCl3 hk ixlS¾Khhs'
 AlCl3 W;afm%arlh fõ'

b) oaú;Sl $ ;D;Sl we,als,a fya,hsv

CH3
| C(CH3)3
CH3  C  Cl / ks¾c,Sh AlCl3 |
|
Wod (- CH3

hdka;%Kh

CH3
|  + 
CH3 – C – Cl + AlCl3 (CH3)3C – Cl – AlCl3 (CH3)C+ + AlCl4–
|
CH3

C(CH3)3 C(CH3)3 C(CH3)3

+ H H H
C(CH3)3 + +
AlCl4–
+

C(CH3)3
CH3 |
C(CH3)3 | +
CH3  C  CH3
H |
+ 
Cl  AlCl3 + AlCl3 + HCl

 bf,lafg%dmhs,h f,i (CH3)3C+ whkh udOHfha idohs' ^;D;sl we,als,a fya,hsv" ia:dhs ;D;Sl ldfnd
legdhk idohs&
 bf,lafg%dms,sl wdfoaYhls'

27
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
iii. *S%â,a l%d*aÜ weis,alrKh

O
||
O C  CH3
|| |
CH3  C  Cl
Wod (-
ks¾c,Sh AlCl3

O O
||  || +  + 
CH3 – C – Cl AlCl3 CH3 – C – Cl – AlCl3 [CH3 – C = O  CH3 – C  OH]
+ AlCl4–
O O O
|| || ||
O C – CH3 C – CH3 C – CH3
|| + H H H
C – CH3 + +
AlCl4–
+

COCH3
H
+
O O
|| ||
C  CH3 C  CH3
H |
+ 
Cl  AlCl3 + HCl + AlCl3

+ +
 R – C = O whkh ^fyda R – C  O) bf,lafg%dmhs,h f,i ls%hdlrhs'

iv. fnkaiSka ye,ckSlrKh

Br
|
Br2
Wod (-
ks¾c,Sh FeBr3

hdka;%Kh
 + 
Br Br + FeBr3 Br – Br FeBr3

Br Br Br
+  | H | | H
Br – BrFeBr3 + +
FeBr4–
+

Br
| H
+

28
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 Br Br
| H |
+ 
Br  FeBr3 + HBr + FeBr3

 bf,lafg%d*s,sl wdfoaYhls' Br+ bf,lafg%d*hs,h fõ'

 FeBr3 , W;afm%arlh f,i ls%hd lrhs'

5' we,als,a fya,hsvj, kshqla,sfhdams,sl wdfoaY m%;sls%hd

 ;ks mshjr yd fomshjr f,i wdldr follg isÿ fõ'
 m%d:ñl we,als,a fya,hsv ;ks mshjfrka m%;sls%hdj lrhs'

R  X + Nu

 R  Nu + X (Nu R X R – Nu + X)
 ;D;Sl we,als,a fya,hsv follska m%;sls%hd isÿ lrhs'

R R
| |
R  C  X + Nu R  C  Nu + X
| |
R R

m%;sls%hd my; mshjr folla Tiafia isÿ fõ'

R R
| |
RCX R  C+ + X
| |
R R w;rueÈ ;D;Sl ldfndlegdhkh

R R
| |
R  C+ +  Nu R  C  Nu
| |
R R

 m%d:ñl we,als,a fya,hsv

Wod (- CH3CH2  Cl + KOH(aq) CH3CH2OH + HCl

hdka;%Kh
+ 
CH3CH2  Cl CH3CH2OH + KCl

K+ OH

 kshqla,sfhdamhs,h " ldnka mrudKq iu. kj nkaOkh iE§u yd C  Cl nkaOkfha ì`§ hdu tljr isÿ
fõ'
 OH whkh kshqla,sfhdamhs,h fõ'
 ;D;Sl we,als,a fya,hsv

CH3 CH3
| |
Wod (- CH3  C  Cl + KOH(aq) CH3  C  OH + KCl
| |
CH3(30) CH3

29
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
hdka;%Kh
CH3 CH3
| |
mshjr 1 CH3  C  Cl CH3  C+ + Cl (RDS)
| |
CH3 CH3 w;rueÈ ;D;Sl ldfndlegdhkh

CH3 CH3
| +  |
mshjr 2 CH3  C 
 OH CH3  C  OH
| |
CH3 CH3

 m<uq mshjr fõ. ;Srl mshjr fõ' tys § ldfndlegdhkhla iEfoa'

 fojk mshjf¾ § fõ.fhka" ldfndlegdhkh" kshqla,sfhdamhs,h iu. m%;sls%hd lrhs'

 oaú;Sl we,als,a fya,hsv ;ks mshjrlska fyda mshjr follska m%;sls%hdj isÿ lrhs'

;j;a WodyrK (-

 CH3CH2Cl ^m%d:ñl& c,Sh uOHidÍh KCN iu.

CH3 CH3
| |
CH3  C  Cl CH3  C + + Cl
| |
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
| |
CH3  C+ 
 CN CH3  C  CN
| |
CH3 CH3


 CH3CH2CH2Cl ^m%d:ñl& , CH3CH2ONa+ iu.

CH3CH2CH2  Cl CH3CH2CH2  O  CH2CH3 + NaCl


CH3CH2O Na+

 CH3CH2Cl ^m%d:ñl& CH3CH2NH2 iu.

H
+  |
CH3CH2  Cl CH3CH2  N+  CH2CH3 + Cl
|
 H
CH3CH2NH2

CH3CH2  N  CH2CH3 + HCl

|
H

 fï wdldrhg wfkl=;a kshqla,sfhdamhs, iu. o hdka;%K ,súh yel'

30
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
6. we,als,a fya,hsvj, bj;a ùfï m%;sls%hd
X H
| |
C C 
 B C C + Cl + BH
| |
m%n, NIauhls'

Cl
| uOHidÍh
Wod (- CH3  CH  CH3 CH3  C = CH2
KOH |
H
hdka;%Kh
Cl
|
CH3  C  CH2 CH3  C = CH2 + H2O
| | |
H H 
 OH H

udOHfha CH3CH2O whkh wvx.= fõ kï tu C2H3O whkhg o m%n, NIauhla f,i ls%hd l< yel'

Cl
|
CH3  C  CH2 CH3  C = CH2 + CH3CH2OH
| | |

H H  O – CH2CH3 H

 hï m%fNaohla m%n, NIauhla f,i yd kshqla,sfhdamhs,hla f,i ls%hdlrk úg we,als,a fya,hsv u.ska
bj;a ùfuka M,hla yd wdfoaYfhka M,hla f,i M, ñY%Khla ,nd Èh yel'
X H B H
| |  | |
HCC + 
B HCC + C=C
| | | |
H H
wdfoaY M,h bj;a ùfï ඵලය

meyeÈ,s lsÍu

X H Br H
| | | |
 ^wdfoaY M,h oelaùu&
HCC 
B HCC
| | | |
H H
kshqla,sfhdamhs,hla
X H H
| |
HCC 
 B
C=C + BH ^bj;a ùfï m%;sls%hdj&
| |
H H

OH
Wod (- CH3  CH2  CH2Cl CH3CH = CH2 + CH3CH2CH2OH

31
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
hdka;%Kh

CH3  CH  CH2  Cl CH3  CH = CH2 + Cl + H2O

|
H 
 OH

+ 
CH3  CH2  CH2  Cl CH3CH2CH2OH + Cl

 OH

8' we,afldfyd,j, kshqla,sfhdams,sl wdfoaY m%;sls%hd

Wod (- CH3CH2OH + HBr CH3CH2Br + H2O

hdka;%Kh
 +
CH3CH2OH + H Br CH3CH2OH2 +  Br  uOHidrh ic,kh
+
CH3CH2OH2 CH3 CH2 Br + H2O

 
 Br

;D;Sl uOHidr w;rueÈ ldfndlegdhkh idoñka m%;sls%hd lrhs'

7' we,aäyhsv lSfgdak j, kshqla,sfhdams,sl wdl,k m%;sls%hd

O OH
|| |
H+
R  C  H + Nu R  C  Nu
|
H

fmdÿ hdka;%Kh

O O OH
|| | |
RC  H
+ +
RCH H RCH
| |

Nu  Nu Nu


 lSfgdakj,g
 o by; mßÈ hdka;%Kh ,ssúh yel'

i. HCN(aq) iu.

O OH
|| |
Wod (- CH3  C  H + HCN CH3  C  CN
|
H

32
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
hdka;%Kh

HCN(aq) H+(aq) + CN (aq)

O O H
|| | +
H |
C CH3  C  H CH3  C  H
H | |
CH3 CN CN

 CN Nu wdl,khls' (CN)

ii. R  NH2 (10) iu.

O
||
Wod (- CH3  C  H + CH3CH2NH2 CH3  C = N  CH2CH3
|
H

hdka;%Kh

O O OH
|| | |
CH3  C  H CH3  C  H CH3  C  H
| | kshqla,sfhda*s,sl
 H  N  CH2CH3
+ H  N  CH2CH3 wdl,k
H2N  CH2CH3 |
H
OH
|
CH3  C  H CH3  C = N  CH2CH3 + H2O bj;a ùu
| |
H  N  CH2CH3 H

iii. 2, 4  DNP iu.

O H NO2 H NO2
|| | |
Wod (- CH3  C  H + H2N  N 2 NO2 CH3  C = N  N 2 NO2
|
H
hdka;%Kh

O H NO2 OH H H NO2
|| |
 | | |
CH3  C  H H2N  N 2 NO2 CH3  C2 N N 2 NO2
|
H
(Nu wdl,kh)

OH H H NO2 NO2
| | |
CH3  C N N 2 NO2 CH3  C = N  N 2 NO2 + H2O
| | |
H (H2O bj;a bj;a ùu& H
H
^ir,j olajd we;&

33
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
iii. .S%kdâ m%;sldrlh iu.

O OH
|| i. CH3MgBr/D.E |
Wod (- CH3CH2  C  H CH3CH2  C  CH3
ii. H3O+ |
H
OH
2O
hdka;%Kh
 +
O OMgBr OH
|| | H2O |
CH3CH2  C  H CH3CH2  C  H CH3CH2  C  Cl
| |
2
CH3  OMgBr CH3 H

2^kshqla,sfhdams,sl wdl,khls (CH3 ))
+
iv. R  C  C Na+ iu. / R  C  C MgX iu.

O OH
|| i. CH3  C  C Na+ |
Wod (- CH3  C  CH3 CH3  C  CH3
2
ii. H2O |
C  C CH3
hdka;%Kh

O O OH
|| | H2O |
CH3  C  CH3 CH3  C  CH3 CH3  C  CH3
| |
C  C CH3 C  C CH3
CH3  C  C  Na+
(Nu wdl,khls' (CH3C  C))

O OH
|| i. CH3  C  C MgBr |
Wod (- CH3  C  CH3 CH3  C
2  CH3
ii. H2O |
C  C CH3
hdka;%Kh
 +
O O MgBr OH
|| | H2O |
CH3  C  CH3 CH3  C  CH3 CH3  C  CH3
| |
 + C  C CH3 C  C CH3
CH3 C  C MgBr 
kshqla,sfhdams,sl wdl,klhs' (CH3 C  C)

v. iajhx ix.Kkh
O OH O O
|| NaOH(aq) | || H3O / 
+ ||
Wod (- CH3C  H CH3  CH  CH2  C  H CH3CH = CH  C  H

34
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
hdka;%Kh

O O O
|| Na+  || |
CH2  C  H [CH2  C  H CH2 = C  H] Na+
|
H  OH
||
O O O OH O
|| | || H2O | ||
CH3  C  H CH3  C  CH2  C  H CH3  C  CH2  C  H
| |
O H (Nu wdl,kh& H bj;a ùu
 ||
 CH  C  H
 2
H3O+ / 
O
||
CH3  CH = CH  C  H

 m%;sls%hdj kshqla,sfhdams,sl wdl,khla f,i wdrïN fõ'

O
||
 kshqla,sfhdamhs,h  CH  C  H fõ'
2

O OH O O
|| NaOH(aq) | || + ||
Wod (- CH3CH2  C  H CH3  CH2  C  CH  C  H H3O / CH3CH2C = C C H
| | | |
H CH3 H CH3
hdka;%Kh

O OH O O
|| NaOH(aq) | || ||
Wod (- CH3  C  CH3 CH3  C  CH2  C  CH3 CH3  C = CH  C  CH
| |
CH3 CH3

hdka;%Kh

35
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 we,aäyhsv u.ska ksrEmKh l< m%;sls%hd hdka;%K" lSfgdak i`oyd o lSfgdak i`oyd ksrEmKh l<
m%;sls%hd hdka;%K we,aäyhsv j,g o Ndú;d l< yel'

9' wï, laf,darhsv j, m%;sls%hd hdka;%Kh ^kshqla,sfhdamhs, iu.&

fmdÿ jYfhka
O O
|| ||

R  C  Cl +  Nu

R  C  Nu + Cl

hdka;%Kh
O O O
|| | ||
R  C  Cl  Nu
 R  C  Cl R  C  Nu + Cl
|
Nu wdl,kh bj;a ùu
Nu
^kshq wdl,kh + bj;a ùu = Nu wdfoaYh&

i. NaOH(aq) iu.
O O
|| ||
CH3  C  Cl + NaOH(aq) CH3  C  O Na+ + Cl

O O Na+ O
|| | ||
Wod (- CH3  C  Cl  OH Na+ CH3  C  Cl CH3  C  OH + NaCl
|
OH
NaOH(aq)

O
||
CH3  C  O Na+ + NaCl + H2O
 OH kshqla,sfhdamhs,hla f,i ls%hdlrhs'

ii. H2O iu.

O O
|| ||
Wod (- CH3  C  Cl + H2O CH3  C  OH

hdka;%Kh


O  O O
|| | || +
CH3  C  Cl + H2O CH3  C  Cl CH3  C  O  H + Cl
| |

+OH H
 OH2 |
H

O
||
CH3  C  OH + HCl

36
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
iii. R  NH2 iu.
O O H
|| || |
Wod (- CH3CH2  C  Cl + CH3CH2NH2 CH3CH2  C N  CH2CH3

hdka;%Kh
O O  O H
|| | || | +
CH3CH2  C  Cl CH3CH2  C Cl CH3CH2  C  N  CH2CH3 + Cl
| |
 H  N + CH2CH3 H
CH3CH2 NH2 |
H

O H
|| |
CH3CH2  C  N  CH2CH3 + HCl

iv. R  OH iu.
O O
|| ||
Wod (- CH3  C  Cl + CH3CH2OH CH3  C  O  CH2CH3

hdka;%Kh
O  O O
|| | || +
CH3  C  Cl CH3  C  Cl CH3  C  O  CH2CH3 + Cl
| 

|
CH3CH2 OH H  O  CH2CH3 H
+

O
||
CH3  C  O  CH2CH3 + HCl

10' tiagrhl laIdÍh c, úÉfþokh

O O
|| NaOH(aq) ||
Wod (- CH3  C  O  CH2CH3 CH3  C  O Na+ + CH3CH2OH

hdka;%Kh

O  O Na+ O
|| Na+ | ||
CH3  C  O  CH2CH3 CH3  C  O  CH2CH3 CH3  C  O  H
|
OH
 OH


CH3CH2  C  Na+
O
||
CH3  C  ONa+ + CH3CH2OH
37
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 ldnka oduh" ldnka tllska jeä lr .ekSug m%;sls%hd folla"
O
||
i. .S%kdâ m%;sldrlh" H – C – H iu. m%;sls%hdj iy c, úÉfþokh

O
|| CH3CH2MgBr H3O+
Wod (- H–C–H CH3CH2 – CH2 – OMgBr CH3CH2CH2OH
^úh<s B;r&

ii. .S%kdâ m%;sldrlh" m%;sls%hdj iy c, úÉfþokh

O O
CH3CH2MgBr || H3O+ ||
Wod (- CO2 CH3CH2 – C – OMgBr CH3CH2 – C – OH
^úh<s B;r&
 ldnksl ixfhda. y`ÿkd.ekSug WmldÍ jk m%;sl%shd lsysmhla

we,alSk we,alhsk
 Br2 új¾K lrhs'  Br2 új¾K lrhs'
 H+/KMnO4 új¾K lrhs'  H+/KMnO4 új¾K lrhs'

w.%ia: we,alhsk we,afldfyd,

 Br2 új¾K lrhs'
 H+/KMnO4 új¾K lrhs'
 AgCl / NH3 iu. iqÿ wjlafIamh 
 CuCl / NH3 .fvd,a r;= wjlafIamh
 H+/KMnO4 , H+/K2Cr2O7 wdÈh új¾K lsÍu
 Ælia m%;sldrlh iu. iS>% wdú,;djhla fkdfoa'
Pcc iu. m%;sls%hd lrjd we,alSk i`oyd jk m%;sls%hdj isÿ
lsÍu
 úc,kh lr we,alSk i`oyd jk mÍlaIK isÿ l< yel'

20 uOHidrh
 H+/KMnO4 , H+/K2Cr2O7 új¾K lsÍu
 Ælia m%;sldrlh iu. iS>% wdú,;djhla ,nd fkdfoa' ^m%d:ñl tajdg jvd m%;sM, fohs'&
 TlaislrKfhka miq lSfgdak i`oyd mÍlaIK lsÍu'
 úc,kfhka miq we,alSk i`oyd jk mÍlaIK isÿ lsÍu'

30 uOHidrh
 H+/KMnO4 , H+/K2Cr2O7 új¾K fkdlrhs'
 Ælia m%;sldrlh iu. iS>% wdú,;djhla ,nd foa'
 úc,kfhka miq we,alSk i`oyd jk mÍlaIK isÿ l< yel'

Phenol
 Br2 új¾K lrhs' iqÿ wjlafIamhla ,nd foa'
 Na iu. H2 msg lrhs'
 Na2CO3 , NaHCO3 iu. jdhq msg fkdlrhs'
 OH § C6H5N2Cl iu. r;= wjlafIamhla idohs'
 Fe3+ iu. oï meye ixlS¾Khla idohs'

lSfgdak
 2, 4 – DNP iu. ;o ly ;eô,s wjlafIamh idohs'
 H+/KMnO4 , H+/K2Cr2O7 új¾K fkdlrhs'

38
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
we,aäyhsv
 H+/KMnO4 , H+/K2Cr2O7 új¾K lrhs'
 2, 4 – DNP iu. ;o ly ;eô,s wjlafIamh ,nd fohs'
 fgd,kaia m%;sldrlh iu. ߧ levm; fohs'
 f*a,sx ødjKh iu. Cu2O .fvd,a r;= wjlafIamh idohs'

O
||
ldfndlais,sla wï,h H – C – OH
 Na iu. H2  Na iu. H2
 Na2CO3 , NaHCO3 iu. CO2 jdhqj  Na2CO3 , NaHCO3 iu. CO2 jdhqj
 fgd,kaia iu. ߧ levm;
 f*a,sx ødjKh iu. Cu2O wjlafIamh
m%d:ñl tauhsv
 NaOH iu. r;a lsÍfï § NH3 jdhqj

m%d:ñl weók
 NaNO2 / HCl iu. N2 jdhqj msg lrhs'
 we,afldfyd,h njg m;a lr we,afldfyd, i`oyd jk mÍlaIK isÿ lsÍu'

oaú;Sl weók
 NaNO2 / HCl iu. N2 fkdfoa' ^ly - f;,a jeks øjHhla ,nd foa&

weks,Ska C6H5N2Cl
 Br2 új¾K lrhs' iqÿ  idohs'  OH/Phenol iu. r;=  idohs'
 2 – napthol ( - napthol) iu. r;= - ;eô,s 
idohs'
 H2O iu.

wdï,sl m%n,;djh
fmdÿ jYfhka
we,alhsk < we,afldfyd, < c,h < Phenol < ldfndlais,sla wï,
OH O
| ||
CH3 – C  C – H CH3CH2 – O – H HO – H CH3 – C – O – H

we,afldfyd, ie,lSfï §
CH3
ldnka oduh È.= ùfï § ^úYd, ùfï §& wdï,sl m%n,;djh wvq fõ' |
Wod (- CH3OH > CH3CH2OH > CH3CH2CH2CH2OH Wod :- CH3OH > CH3 – C – OH
|
CH3
ldfndlais,sla wï, ie,lSfï §
ldnka odufha È. jeä ùu ^úYd, ùu& wdï,sl m%n,;djh wvq lrhs'
Wod (- H – COOH > CH3CH2COOH > CH3CH2CH2COOH
 wdï,sl ixfhda.hl ldnka oduhg bf,lafg%dak wdl¾IK ldKavhla iïnkaOj we;s úg wdï,sl
m%n,;djh jeä fõ'

39
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
Wod (- we,afldfyd, ldfndlais,sla wï,
O
||
CH3CH2OH < CHCH2CH2OH CH3CH2COOH < Cl – CH2CH2 – C – OH
OH OH
| |
Phenol <
|
NO2
 iïnkaO ù we;s wdl¾Yl ldKav jeä jk úg wdï,sl m%n,;djh jeä fõ'
Wod (- we,afldfyd, Phenol
OH OH OH
Cl | | NO2 |
| NO2
CH3CH2OH < Cl – C – CH2OH < <
| |
H |
Na NO2
 wdl¾Yl ldKavfha m%n,;djh jeä jk úg wdï,sl m%n,;djh jeä fõ'
Wod (- we,afldfyd, Cl – CH2CH2CH2OH < F – CH2CH2 – CH2OH

 wdl¾Yl ldKavh" O ne`ÿKq ldnkag jvd;a

Wod (- ldnksl wï, CH2CH2CH2COOH < CH3CH – CH2COOH < CH3CH2CH – COOH
| | |
Cl Cl Cl

 ldnka oduh bf,lafg%dak úl¾Il ldKavhla ne`ÿKq úg wdï,sl m%n,;djh wvq fõ'
CH3
|
Wod (- we,afldfyd, CH3CH2CH2OH > CH3 – CHCH2OH
OH OH
| |
Phenol <
|
CH3
 Phenol yd úúO ldKav wdfoaY jQ Phenol ys wdï,sl m%n,;djh ikaikaokh
OH OH OH OH OH OH
| | | | NO2 | NO2 | NO2
< < < < <
| NO 2 | |
CH3 NO2 NO 2

 Benzoic wï,h iïnkaOj

i. fmdÿ jYfhka ldfndlais,sla wï, j,g wdï,sl fõ'
COOH
CH3CH2COOH < CH3COOH <
COOH COOH COOH COOH COOH
ii. | | | | | NO2
< < < <
| NO2 |
CH3 NO2
 bf,lafg%dak wdl¾Yl yd úl¾Yl ldKav Benzene hgf;a wOHhkh lrkak'

40
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 NdIañl m%n,;djh
fmdÿ jYfhka
CONH2 O NH2
| |
||
< R – C – NH2 < < NH3 < weók

 weók ie,lSfï § ldnka odufha È. jeä ùu NdIañl m%n,;djh jeä lrhs'

Wod (- CH3NH2 < CH3CH2NH2

 ;j o my; úp,kh o u;l ;nd .kak'

CH3 CH3
| |
NH3 < CH3 – N < CH3 – N
| |
CH3 H

 úfYaIfhka u;l ;nd .; hq;= meyeÈ,s lsÍï'

 CH3CH=CH2 , HBr iu. m%;sls%hdfõ § m%Odk M,h CH3 – CH2CH2Br fkdj CH3CBrHCH3 ùu'
(R-book 37)
 w.%ia: we,alhsk j, wdï,sl iajNdjh ^41&
 Benzene ys ia:dhs;djh ^45&
 Benzene bf,lafg%dak wdl,kj,g fkdhd wdfoaY isÿ lsÍu' ^45&
 m%d:ñl we,als,a fya,hsv ;ks mshjr f,i o ;D;Sl we,als,a fya,hsv fomshjr f,i ks' wdfoaY
m%;slshd isÿ lsÍu' ^55&
 weß,a iy jhkhs,a fya,hsv wdfoaY m%;sl%shd fkdlsÍug fya;=j ^58&
 we,afldfyd, idfmalaIj by< øjdxl oeÍu $ c, ødjH;djhla fmkaùu'
 ;D;Sl we,als,a fya,hsv ;D;Sl ldfndlegdhkh idoñka Ælia iu. ls%hd lr blaukska wdú,;djh
,nd fok nj ^58&
 Phenol , we,afldfyd, j,g jvd wdï,sl fya;=j ^55&
 Phenol , we,afldfyd, fuka C – O nkaOkh ì`§ wdfoaY m%;slshd isÿ fkdlsÍu'
 lSfgdakhlg jvd kshqla,sfhdamhs,hla iu. iS>%fhka m%;slshd lsÍu'
 LiAlH4 M,h fyda fu;fkda,a udOHfha Ndú;d l< fkdyels nj' ^60&
 ldfndlais,sla wï, we,afldfyd, j,g;a jvd by< ;dmdxl fmkaùu' ^68&
 we,afldfyd, j,g jvd R – COOH wdï,sl ùu' ^70&
 we,afldfyd, j,g jvd weók NdIañl ùu' ^79&
 weók j,g jvd weks,Ska wvq NdIañl;djhla fmkaùu'
 ldfndlegdhk j, ia:dhS;djh úp,kh'

ldnksl ixfhda.j, øjdxl ;dmdxl

fmdÿ jYfhka iudk ujq,sl ialkaOhla we;s úg

we,aflak
we,alSk < we,aäyhsv < uOHidr < ldfndlais,sl wï,
we,alhsk lSfgdak

m%n, jekavjd,aia n, oaúOej-oaúOej wdl¾IKh H nkaOk H nkaOk

41
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)
 i,lk ixfhda. mka;sh ujq,sl ialkaOh jeä ùfï § øjdxl ;dmdxl jeä fõ'
Wod (- CH3OH < CH3CH2OH
 we,aflak m%n, ks¾O%eùh fyda ÿn, O%eùh fõ'
 we,alSk" we,alhsk o wvq O%eùh;djhla iys; ixfhda. fõ' we,alSkj, ;dmdxlh" ujq,sl ialkaOh
wdikak we,aflakfha ;dmdxlhg iudkh' ^we,alhsk o tfiauh&
 we,als,a fya,hsv O%eùh ixfhda. fõ'

ldnksl ixfhda.j, c, ødjH;djh

 fmdÿ jYfhka
we,aflak" we,alhsk" we,alSk" < we,aäyhsv" lSfgdak < we,afldfyd, < ldfndlais,sla
we,als,a fya,hsv wï,

 ඕkEu ixfhda. mka;shl ldnka oduh È. jeä ùfï § ødjH;djh wvq fõ'
Wod (- CH3OH > CH3CH2CH2OH
 O%eùh ldKav .Kk jeä ùu ødjH;djh jeä lsÍug fya;= úh yel'
Wod (- CH3CH2CH2OH < HO – CH2CH2CH2 – OH
 idudkHfhka fnkaiSka j<h iys; ixfhda. j, c, ødjH;djh wvq fyda Èh fkdfõ'
Wod (- C6H6 , C6H2X , C6H5OH , C6H6COOH

c, ødjH ixfhda.j, ,jK o c,fha Èh fõ'

OH ONa+ , NH2 NH3+Cl , COOH COONa+

Na NaOH NaHCO3 CrNa2CO3

R–CC–H   
R – OH   
CH2OH   
OH   
R – COOH   
Salt and H2 salt and water salt, CO2 and water

ldfndlegdhkj, ia:dhS;djh

CH3 CH3
+ + | |
 CH3 < CH3 – CH2 < CH3 – C + < CH3 – C +
| |
H CH3
+ + +
 CH3CH2 – CH – CH2CH3 < CH2 = CH – CH – CH2CH3 < CH2 = CH – C – CH = CH2
|
H H H
| |
 C+ < C+
| |
H

idudkHfhka m<uqfjks fiÜ tlg jvd fojeks fiÜ tl;a fojeks fiÜ tlg jvd ;=kajeks fiÜ tl;a
ia:dhS nj u;l ;nd .kak'
C+ , ldnkag bf,lafg%dak fok ldKav ne`ÿfkd;a ia:dhs;djh jeä fõ'
C+ , ldnkag bf,lafg%dak fok ldKav ne`ÿfkd;a ia:dhs;djh wvqfõ'
42
Genuineu Chemistry iór nd,iQßh
B.Sc, M.Sc (University of Colombo)