Name: ________________________

C6 THE RATE AND EXTENT OF

CHEMICAL CHANGE Class: ________________________
Question Practice
Date: ________________________

Time: 211 minutes

Marks: 206 marks

Comments: HIGHER TIER

Page 1 of 73
 A student investigated the rate of the reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid.
1 The student used the apparatus shown in Figure 1 to collect the gas produced.

Figure 1

(a) Outline a plan to investigate how the rate of this reaction changed when the concentration
of the hydrochloric acid was changed.

• Describe how you would do the investigation and the measurements you would
make.
• Describe how you would make it a fair test.

You do not need to write about safety precautions.

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(6)

Page 2 of 73
(b) Figure 2 shows the gas syringe during one of the experiments.

Figure 2

What is the volume of gas collected?

Tick one box.

5.3 cm3

6.0 cm3

6.5 cm3

7.0 cm3

(1)

Page 3 of 73
(c) Figure 3 shows the student’s results for one concentration of hydrochloric acid.

Figure 3

The table below shows the student’s results when the concentration was two times greater
than the results on Figure 3

Time in seconds Volume of gas produced in cm3

0 0

10 35

15 52

20 80

30 87

Plot the results in the table above on the grid in Figure 3.

Draw a line of best fit.
(3)

Page 4 of 73
 (d) Give one conclusion about how the rate of reaction changed when the concentration of
hydrochloric acid was changed.

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(1)
(Total 11 marks)

The rate of chemical reactions can be changed by changing the conditions.

2
(a) Methane burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

The activation energy for the reaction is 2648 kJ / mol.

The reaction gives out 818 kJ / mol of energy.

The figure below shows the reaction profile for this reaction.

Complete the reaction profile.

Draw arrows to represent:

• the activation energy

• the energy given out.

(4)

(b) What percentage of the activation energy is the energy given out?

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(1)

Page 5 of 73
(c) Calcium carbonate decomposes when it is heated:

The decomposition of calcium carbonate is an endothermic reaction.

How would the reaction profile for decomposition of calcium carbonate be different from the
reaction profile of methane burning in oxygen?

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(1)

(d) Catalysts are used in chemical reactions in industry.

Give two properties of catalysts.

For each property, explain why it makes the catalyst useful in industry.

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(4)

(e) Enzymes are biological catalysts.

What type of molecule is an enzyme?

Tick one box.

Carbohydrate

Hydrocarbon

Lipid

Protein

(1)

Page 6 of 73
 (f) If enzymes are denatured they stop working.

Give two ways an enzyme can be denatured.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)

(g) An enzyme called lactase catalyses the reaction that breaks down lactose to smaller
molecules.

One model used to explain how enzymes affect reactions is called the lock and key model.

Use the lock and key model to explain why lactase cannot be used to speed up all
chemical reactions.

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(3)
(Total 16 marks)

A student investigates how the concentration of an acid affects the rate of a reaction.
3
This is the method used.

1. Put a 3 cm piece of magnesium ribbon into a conical flask.

2. Add 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid to the flask.

3. Collect and measure the volume of gas produced at 10 second intervals.

4. Repeat with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid using the same length of
magnesium ribbon and volume of acid.

Page 7 of 73
The student’s results are shown in the figure below.

(a) How do the results show that increasing the concentration of acid increases the rate of
reaction?

You must use data from the graph in your answer.

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(2)

Page 8 of 73
(b) Explain why the rate of reaction changes as the concentration of the acid increases.

You should answer in terms of particles.

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(3)

(c) Student A said that the final volume of gas collected was lower for a concentration of 0.5
mol dm3 because the reaction had not finished.

Student B said it was because all the acid had reacted.

Describe further experimental work the students could do to find out which student was
correct.

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(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 9 of 73
 Amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars.
4
A student investigated the effect of amylase on the reaction at different temperatures.

Figure 1 shows the apparatus the student used.

Figure 1

This is the method used.

1. Put starch suspension into a test tube.

2. Add amylase solution.

3. Put the test tube in a beaker of water at 15 °C.

4. Remove a small sample of the mixture every 30 seconds and put in a spotting tile.

5. Test the sample for starch.

6. Time how long it takes to break down all of the starch in the mixture.

7. Repeat steps 1–5 at 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C.

8. Repeat for each temperature twice more.

Page 10 of 73
The table below shows the student’s results.

Time taken until there was no starch in the sample in

minutes

Temperature in Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Mean

°C

15 6.1 9.4 10.0 8.5

20 4.8 5.0 4.6 4.8

25 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.2

30 1.5 2.0 2.0

(a) One of the results in the table above is anomalous.

Draw a ring around the anomalous result.

(1)

(b) Calculate the mean for 30 °C.

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(1)

Page 11 of 73
(c) Figure 2 shows a graph of the student’s results.

Figure 2

Use the graph to predict how long it would take to break down all of the starch at 10 °C.

Time = _________________ minutes

(1)

(d) The student tested samples of the mixture for starch every 30 seconds.

In each test she added one drop of iodine to the sample in the spotting tile.

Predict the colour of the samples from the 20 °C test at 4.0 minutes and 7.0 minutes.

Colour at 4.0 minutes __________________________________________

Colour at 7.0 minutes __________________________________________

(2)

Page 12 of 73
(e) The student did a fourth test at 30 °C.

In this test the starch did not break down, even after 45 minutes.

Why did the amylase not break down the starch in this test?

Tick one box.

The amylase solution and the starch suspension were mixed before the
start of the experiment.

The amylase solution had been prepared with water at 95 °C.

The amylase solution had been prepared with water at 20 °C.

The amylase solution had been stored in the fridge.

(1)

(f) The student made the following conclusion about the optimum temperature for amylase to
work at.

‘Amylase works fastest at 40 °C’

Her teacher said that this is not a valid conclusion from her results.

Describe how the student could change her method to give results that would improve the
validity of her conclusion.

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(6)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 13 of 73
 A student investigated the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate solution and dilute
5 hydrochloric acid, as shown in Figure 1.

The reaction produced a precipitate, which made the mixture turn cloudy.

The student timed how long it took until she could no longer see the cross.

She calculated the rate of the reaction.

(a) The equation for the reaction is:

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) 2 NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)

Name the product that made the mixture go cloudy.

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(1)

Page 14 of 73
(b) The student investigated the effect of changing the temperature of the sodium thiosulfate
solution on the rate of reaction.

She plotted her results on a graph, as shown in Figure 2.

Describe the trends shown in the student’s results.

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(2)

Page 15 of 73
(c) The student then investigated the effect of changing the concentration of sodium thiosulfate
solution on the rate of the reaction.

(i) Suggest two variables the student would need to control to make sure that her
results were valid.

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(2)

(ii) From this investigation the student correctly concluded:

‘As the concentration of sodium thiosulfate solution doubles, the rate of reaction
doubles.’

Explain the student’s conclusion in terms of particles.

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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 16 of 73
 A student investigated the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate (marble chips) and
6 hydrochloric acid.

The student used the apparatus shown in Figure 1.

The student:
• recorded the volume of gas collected every 5 seconds
• repeated the experiment using hydrochloric acid at different temperatures.

The equation for the reaction is:

CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Page 17 of 73
(a) The student plotted results for the hydrochloric acid at 20 °C and 40 °C on a graph.

Figure 2 shows the student’s graph.

Use information from Figure 2 to answer these questions.

(i) State one conclusion the student could make about the effect of temperature on the
rate of the reaction.

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(1)

(ii) Give one reason why the student could make this conclusion.

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(1)

(iii) For the hydrochloric acid at 60 °C the student had collected 30 cm3 after 15 seconds.

Calculate the average rate of reaction from 0 to 15 seconds.

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Rate of reaction = ____________________ cm3 per second

(1)

Page 18 of 73
(b) The student then investigated how the surface area of marble chips affected the rate of
reaction.

(i) Which two variables should the student keep constant?

Tick ( ) two boxes.

Amount of water in the trough

Concentration of acid

Mass of marble chips

Size of marble chips

Volume of measuring cylinder

(2)

(ii) Explain, in terms of particles and collisions, the effect that increasing the surface area
of the marble chips has on the rate of reaction.

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(2)

(c) Calcium carbonate is a catalyst for the industrial production of biodiesel.

Give one reason why using a catalyst reduces costs.

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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 19 of 73
 Hydrogen gas is produced by the reaction of methane and steam.
7
(a) The diagram represents a molecule of hydrogen.

(i) What type of bond joins the atoms of hydrogen?

Tick (✔) one box.

Covalent

Metallic

Ionic

(1)

(ii) A catalyst is used in the reaction.

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

increases the rate of reaction.

A catalyst increases the temperature.
increases the yield of a reaction.

(1)

(b) The equation for the reaction of methane and steam is:

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

(i) What is meant by the symbol ?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 20 of 73
(ii) Lowering the pressure reduces the rate of reaction.

Explain why, in terms of particles.

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(2)

(iii) The graph shows the yield of hydrogen at different temperatures.

Temperature in °C

The forward reaction is endothermic.

How does the graph show that the forward reaction is endothermic?

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(1)

(iv) Why is a higher yield produced if the reaction is repeated at a lower pressure?

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(1)

Page 21 of 73
(c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.

Car engines are being developed that use hydrogen gas as a fuel instead of petrol.

The table compares the two fuels.

Hydrogen Petrol

Energy 5700 kJ per litre 34 000 kJ per litre

State Gas Liquid

Equation for combustion 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O 2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16CO2 + 18H2O

How the fuel is obtained Most hydrogen is produced Fractional distillation of crude oil.
from coal, oil or natural gas.
Hydrogen can be produced by
the electrolysis of water or the
solar decomposition of water.

Page 22 of 73
Use the information in the table and your knowledge of fuels to evaluate the use of
hydrogen instead of petrol as a fuel.

You should describe the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen instead of
petrol.

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Extra space _________________________________________________________

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(6)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 23 of 73
 Lead nitrate solution reacts with potassium iodide solution.
8
The reaction produces a solid.

Figure 1 shows the reaction occurring.

Figure 1

Lead Iodide By Der Kreole (own work) (CC-BY-3.0) via Wikimedia Commons

(a) (i) Give the name of this type of reaction.

Tick (✓) one box.

Combustion

Neutralisation

Precipitation

(1)

(ii) Write the missing state symbols in the chemical equation.

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(___) PbI2(___) + 2KNO3(aq)

(2)

(iii) Complete the word equation for the reaction.

lead nitrate + _________ lead iodide + _________

(2)

Page 24 of 73
 (iv) How is solid lead iodide separated from the solution?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

Distillation Electrolysis Filtration

(1)

(b) A group of students investigated the movement of particles.

The students filled a container with water.

The students added a crystal of lead nitrate at position X and a crystal of potassium iodide
at position Y, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 – view from above

After 3 minutes solid lead iodide started to form at the position shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 – view from above

(i) Tick (✓) the correct box to complete the sentence.

Lead ions and iodide ions move through the water by

diffusion.

evaporation.

neutralisation.

(1)
Page 25 of 73
 (ii) What conclusion can you make about the speed of movement of lead ions compared
with iodide ions?

Give a reason for your answer.

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(2)

(iii) The students repeated the experiment at a higher temperature.

The solid lead iodide formed after a shorter period of time.

Explain why, in terms of particles.

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(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Figure 1 represents a reaction in the production of sulfuric acid.

9
Figure 1

Oxygen

Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide

(a) Complete and balance the equation for the reaction.

_____ SO2(g) + _____ (g) _____ SO3(g)

(2)

Page 26 of 73
(b) The conditions can affect the rate of the reaction.

(i) The pressure of the reacting gases was increased.

State the effect of increasing the pressure on the rate of reaction.

Explain your answer in terms of particles.

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(3)

(ii) A catalyst is used for the reaction.

The gases pass through a layer containing pieces of the catalyst.

Figure 2 shows the shapes of pieces of catalyst.

Figure 2

A B

Suggest and explain why shape B is more effective as a catalyst than shape A.

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(2)

Page 27 of 73
(c) The reaction is carried out at a high temperature to provide the reactants with the
activation energy.

What is meant by the activation energy?

___________________________________________________________________

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(1)

(d) Sulfuric acid reacts with metals to produce salts.

(i) A student concluded that potassium would not be a suitable metal to react with
sulfuric acid.

Explain why.

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(2)

(ii) A student reacted zinc metal with sulfuric acid to produce a salt and another product.

Complete the equation for this reaction.

Zn + H2SO4 _______________ + ______________

(2)

(iii) The student wanted to increase the rate of the reaction between the zinc and sulfuric
acid.

State one way, other than using a catalyst, that the student could increase the rate of
the reaction.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 28 of 73
 Carbon dioxide is produced when copper carbonate is heated.
10
A student investigated heating copper carbonate.
The student used the apparatus to measure how long it took for carbon dioxide to be
produced.
The student also noted what happened during each minute for three minutes.

(a) The student used changes to the limewater to measure how long it took for carbon dioxide
to be produced.

Describe how.

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(2)

Page 29 of 73
(b) The student wrote down her observations.

Time interval
Observations
in minutes

A slow release of gas bubbles.

Between 0 and 1 The limewater did not change.
The solid in the test tube was green.

A fast release of gas bubbles.

Between 1 and 2
The limewater changed at 1 minute 10 seconds.

No release of gas bubbles.

Between 2 and 3
The solid in the test tube was black.

(i) Suggest the reason for the student’s observations between 0 and 1 minute.

______________________________________________________________

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(2)

(ii) Explain the student’s observations between 1 and 2 minutes.

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(2)

(iii) Explain the student’s observations between 2 and 3 minutes.

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(2)

Page 30 of 73
 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is used to manufacture sulfuric acid.
11
(a) Explain why sulfur dioxide has a low boiling point.

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(3)

(b) The equation shows one stage in the manufacture of sulfuric acid from sulfur dioxide.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3 (g)

The reaction is exothermic in the forward direction.

Use Le Chatelier’s Principle to predict the effect of increasing the temperature on the
amount of sulfur trioxide (SO3) produced at equilibrium.

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Use Le Chatelier’s Principle to predict the effect of increasing the pressure on the amount
of sulfur trioxide (SO3) produced at equilibrium.

Give a reason for your answer.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 31 of 73
 Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is produced by reacting ammonia with nitric acid.
12
A student measured the mass of ammonium nitrate that dissolves in 100 cm3 of water at different
temperatures.

The table below shows the student’s results.

Temperature in °C 0 20 40 60 80 100

Mass of ammonium nitrate in g 119 190 286 321 630 1 024

that dissolves in 100 cm3 water

(a) Use the table above to plot a graph of the solubility of ammonium nitrate on the figure
below.

Page 32 of 73
 (4)

(b) At 20 °C, 190 g of ammonium nitrate dissolves in 100 cm3 of water.

Calculate the amount of ammonium nitrate (in moles) that dissolves in 1 dm3 of water at
20 °C.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): H = 1; N = 14; O = 16

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

Amount of dissolved ammonium nitrate = _________ mol

(3)

(c) Farmers use ammonium nitrate as a fertiliser.

Farmers want to slow down the rate at which ammonium nitrate fertiliser dissolves in the
water in the soil.

Suggest why they spread the fertiliser in the form of small beads instead of a fine powder.

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___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 33 of 73
 (d) Ammonia is needed to make ammonium nitrate.

The reaction used to make ammonia is:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

The forward reaction is exothermic.

At equilibrium, about 35% of the nitrogen and hydrogen are converted to ammonia at
450 °C and 200 atmospheres pressure.

Explain the effects of increasing the temperature, or increasing the pressure, on the
amount of ammonia produced at equilibrium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Some students were investigating the rate at which carbon dioxide gas is produced when metal
13 carbonates react with an acid.

One student reacted 1.00 g of calcium carbonate with 50 cm3, an excess, of dilute hydrochloric
acid.

The apparatus used is shown in Diagram 1.

Diagram 1

Dilute hydrochloric acid

Page 34 of 73
(a) Complete the two labels for the apparatus on the diagram.
(2)

(b) The student measured the volume of gas collected every 30 seconds.

The table shows the student’s results.

Time in Volume of carbon dioxide

seconds collected in cm3

30 104

60

90 198

120 221

150 232

180 238

210 240

240 240

(i) Diagram 2 shows what the student saw at 60 seconds.

Diagram 2

What is the volume of gas collected?

Volume of gas = __________ cm3

(1)

Page 35 of 73
 (ii) Why did the volume of gas stop changing after 210 seconds?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Another student placed a conical flask containing 1.00 g of a Group 1 carbonate (M2CO3)
on a balance.

He then added 50 cm3, an excess, of dilute hydrochloric acid to the flask and measured the
mass of carbon dioxide given off.

The equation for the reaction is:

M2CO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + H2O + CO2

The final mass of carbon dioxide given off was 0.32 g.

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of carbon dioxide in 0.32 g carbon dioxide.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): C = 12; O = 16

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Moles of carbon dioxide = __________ moles

(2)

(ii) How many moles of the metal carbonate are needed to make this number of moles of
carbon dioxide?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Moles of metal carbonate = __________ moles

(1)

Page 36 of 73
(iii) The mass of metal carbonate used was 1.00 g.

Use this information, and your answer to part (c) (ii), to calculate the relative formula
mass (Mr) of the metal carbonate.

If you could not answer part (c) (ii), use 0.00943 as the number of moles of metal
carbonate. This is not the answer to part (c) (ii).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass (Mr) of metal carbonate = __________

(1)

(iv) Use your answer to part (c) (iii) to calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of the metal
in the metal carbonate (M2CO3) and so identify the Group 1 metal in the metal
carbonate.

If you could not answer part (c) (iii), use 230 as the relative formula mass of the
metal carbonate. This is not the answer to part (c) (iii).

To gain full marks, you must show your working.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Relative atomic mass of metal is ____________________________________

Identity of metal _________________________________________________

(3)

Page 37 of 73
(d) Two other students repeated the experiment in part (c).

(i) When the first student did the experiment some acid sprayed out of the flask as the
metal carbonate reacted.

Explain the effect this mistake would have on the calculated relative atomic mass of
the metal.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) The second student used 100 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid instead of 50 cm3.

Explain the effect, if any, this mistake would have on the calculated relative atomic
mass of the metal.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 17 marks)

Page 38 of 73
 A company manufactures ethanol (C2H5OH).
14
The reaction for the process is:

C2H4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(g) ΔH = −45 kJ per mole

The temperature and pressure can be changed to increase the yield of ethanol at equilibrium.

(a) Explain what is meant by equilibrium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) (i) How would increasing the temperature change the yield of ethanol at equilibrium?

Give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) How would increasing the pressure change the yield of ethanol at equilibrium?

Give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 39 of 73
 (c) A catalyst is added to increase the rate of the reaction.

Explain how adding a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

A student investigated the reaction between magnesium metal and dilute hydrochloric acid.
15
The student placed 25 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid in a conical flask and set up the apparatus
as shown in the diagram.

The student:

• took the bung out of the flask and added a single piece of magnesium ribbon 8 cm long
• put the bung back in the flask and started a stopwatch
• recorded the volume of gas collected after 1 minute
• repeated the experiment using different temperatures of acid.

Page 40 of 73
The student plotted his results on a graph.

Temperature of acid in °C

(a) Write the correct state symbols in the equation.

Choose from (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, (g) for gas and (aq) for aqueous.

Mg (….) + 2 HCl (….) MgCl2 (….) + H2 ( … . )

(2)

(b) The diagram shows a gas syringe after 1 minute.

(i) What volume of gas has been collected in the gas syringe after 1 minute?

Volume = ____________ cm3

(1)

(ii) Use the graph to determine the temperature of the acid used in this experiment.

Temperature = ____________ °C
(1)

Page 41 of 73
 (iii) Calculate the average rate of reaction, in cm3 of hydrogen made per second (cm3/s),
for this experiment.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Rate of reaction = ____________ cm3/s

(2)

(c) The student’s graph has been reprinted to help you answer this question.

Temperature of acid in °C

One of the results on the graph is anomalous.

(i) Draw a circle on the graph around the anomalous point.

(1)

Page 42 of 73
 (ii) Suggest what may have happened to cause this anomalous result.

Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Explain how the student could improve the accuracy of the volume of gas recorded at each
temperature.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) The student then used the same apparatus to measure the volume of gas produced every
10 seconds at 40 °C.

The student’s results are shown on the graph.

Page 43 of 73
 Time in seconds

The rate at which the gas was produced got faster over the first 60 seconds.

The student’s teacher gave two possible explanations of why the reaction got faster.

Explanation 1
There was a layer of magnesium oxide on the surface of the magnesium.
The layer of magnesium oxide prevented the magnesium reacting with the acid.
As the magnesium oxide reacted slowly with the acid, the magnesium was exposed to the
acid and hydrogen gas was produced.

Explanation 2
The reaction is exothermic, and so the temperature of the acid increased during the
reaction.

(i) Describe further experimental work the student could do to see if Explanation 1 is
correct.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 44 of 73
 (ii) Describe further experimental work the student could do to see if Explanation 2 is
correct.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 16 marks)

This question is about gold (Au).

16
(a) An atom of gold is represented as:

197
Au
79

How many neutrons are in this atom of gold? ________________________

(1)

(b) Gold ions are used as a catalyst.

How does a gold atom (Au) become a gold ion (Au3+)?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) A gold catalyst can be used when carbon monoxide reacts with oxygen to make carbon
dioxide.

(i) Complete and balance the equation for this reaction.

__ CO + _______ → ___ CO2

(2)

Page 45 of 73
 (ii) Carbon dioxide has a very low boiling point.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Gold is used as a catalyst in industrial processes. Gold is rare and increasingly expensive.

Suggest three reasons why gold is still used in industrial processes.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

17
The equation for a reaction to produce hydrogen is:

CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)

(a) Explain why changing the pressure does not affect the yield of hydrogen at equilibrium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Suggest why the best yield of hydrogen at equilibrium is obtained at low temperatures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 46 of 73
 (c) The temperature used in industry needs to be high enough for the reaction to take place
quickly. Explain, in terms of particles, why the rate of reaction increases when the
temperature is increased.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Scientists have developed catalysts which allow the reaction to take place quickly at lower
temperatures. How could this be good for the manufacturer and for the environment?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Methanol is a fuel that is used in some racing cars instead of petrol.

18
Methanol can be made from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The equation for this reaction is
shown below.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(a) A high pressure (between 50 and 100 atmospheres) is used in this process.

Explain why the highest equilibrium yield of methanol is obtained at high pressure.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 47 of 73
 (b) The temperature used in this process is about 250 °C.

It has been stated that, ‘the use of this temperature is a compromise between the
equilibrium yield of product and the rate of reaction’.

Explain this statement.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 4 marks)

Read the article and then answer the questions that follow.
19
Hydrogen fuel for cars?

Hydrogen is an excellent fuel. It can be made by the electrolysis of potassium

hydroxide solution.

Hydrogen gas can be stored under pressure in a cylinder but a leak of the gas
could cause an explosion.

It has been found that lithium nitride can absorb and then release large volumes
of hydrogen. A chemical reaction takes place between the hydrogen and the
lithium nitride. The hydrogen is held in the resulting compounds by chemical
bonds.

The problem is that the rate at which hydrogen is absorbed and then released
from normal sized particles of lithium nitride is slow.

Recently scientists have made ‘nanosized’ particles of lithium nitride. These

particles absorb hydrogen in the same way as normal sized lithium nitride
particles. The ‘nanosized’ particles have the advantage that they absorb and
release the hydrogen much faster when needed in the fuel cell.

It is hoped that ‘nanosized’ particles of lithium nitride may provide a safe method
of storing hydrogen in the future.
Page 48 of 73
(a) Hydrogen is produced at the negative electrode during the electrolysis of potassium
hydroxide solution.

(i) Why are hydrogen ions attracted to the negative electrode?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Potassium ions are also attracted to the negative electrode.

Explain why hydrogen gas is formed but not potassium.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Lithium nitride is made by reacting lithium with nitrogen.

Balance the equation for this reaction.

_____ Li + N2 → _____ Li3N

(1)

(c) (i) The equation for the reaction of lithium nitride with hydrogen is:

Li3N + 2H2 LiNH2 + 2LiH

What feature of this reaction allows the hydrogen to be released?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 49 of 73
 (ii) Hydrogen stored in a fuel tank filled with lithium nitride would be safer in an accident
than a cylinder full of hydrogen.

Suggest and explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Lithium nitride is an ionic compound which contains lithium ions (Li+) and nitride ions (N3–).

(i) The formation of a lithium ion from a lithium atom is an oxidation reaction.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The diagram shows the electronic structure of a nitrogen atom.

Complete the diagram below to show the electronic structure of a nitride ion (N3–).

(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 50 of 73
20

An airship caught fire when it was coming in to land in 1937. The airship was filled with
hydrogen. A spark or flame ignited the hydrogen. The hydrogen reacted with oxygen in the air to
produce water.

(a) The equation for the reaction can be represented using structural formulae for the
chemicals.

2H–H+O=O→2H–O–H

Use the bond energies given in the table to help you to calculate the energy change for this
reaction.

Bond Bond energy in kJ per mole

H–H 436

O=O 498

O–H 464

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy change = __________________ kJ

(3)

(b) Explain, in terms of making and breaking bonds, why this reaction is exothermic.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 51 of 73
(c) Use the energy level diagram for this reaction to help you to answer these questions.

(i) The hydrogen did not burn until ignited by a spark or flame.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Platinum, a transition metal, causes hydrogen to ignite without using a spark or
flame.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 52 of 73
Mark schemes
(a) Level 3 (5–6 marks):
1 A coherent method is described with relevant detail, which demonstrates a broad
understanding of the relevant scientific techniques and procedures. The steps in the
method are logically ordered with the dependent and control variables correctly identified.
The method would lead to the production of valid results.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):

The bulk of a method is described with mostly relevant detail, which demonstrates a
reasonable understanding of the relevant scientific techniques and procedures. The
method may not be in a completely logical sequence and may be missing some detail.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Simple statements are made which demonstrate some understanding of some of the
relevant scientific techniques and procedures. The response may lack a logical structure
and would not lead to the production of valid results.

0 marks:
No relevant content

Indicative content
• remove bung and add magnesium
• start stopclock / timer
• measure volume of gas at fixed time intervals
• repeat with different concentrations of acid
• control volume of acid
• control initial temperature of acid
• control amount / mass / length / particle size of magnesium
6

(b) 6.5 cm3

1

(c) all points plotted correctly

allow 1 mark for 4 points plotted correctly
2

best fit straight line drawn

1

(d) when the concentration of acid increased the rate of reaction increased or vice versa
answer must use the terms ‘rate of reaction’ linked to
‘concentration’
1
[11]

(a) products below reactants

2 1

correct energy profile

1

Page 53 of 73
 activation energy correctly labelled
1

energy given out correctly labelled

1

(b) 31 (%)
1

(c) the products would be above the reactants

1

(d) catalysts increase rate of reaction

1 mark for each property
1 mark for each explanation

so products formed in less time

or

catalysts lower activation energy

explanation must be linked correctly to the property to gain the mark

so lowers energy requirements

or

catalysts not used up in the reaction

so only an initial outlay needed

or

only a small amount of catalyst needed

so small initial cost

max. 4

(e) Protein
1

(f) high temperatures

1

extremes of pH
1

(g) lactase acts as the lock, lactose is the key (substrate)

1

lactase has an active site which will only fit lactose molecules
1

so lactase will not work with other molecules

1
[16]

Page 54 of 73
 (a) (as concentration increases)
3
answers must refer to data from graph to gain full marks

relationship identified from the graph

eg the same volume of gas is collected in a shorter time or more
gas is collected in the same time or reaction reaches completion in
a shorter time
1

reference to relevant data to evidence relationship

eg 20 ml collected in 10 seconds at 0.5 mol / dm3 in 6.5 s at 1.0 mol
/ dm3 and in 4 s at 2.0 mol / dm3
or
at 10 seconds volume collected is 20 cm3 with 0.5 mol / dm3, 30
cm3 with 1.0 mol / dm3, 50 cm3 with 2.0 mol / dm3
or
total volume collected reaches maximum of 100ml in 20 seconds at
2.0 mol / dm3 but takes twice as long at 1.0 mol / dm3 and at 0.5
mol / dm3
1

(b) reactions occur when particles collide

1

increasing concentration means there are more particles in the same volume
1

so there are more collisions

1

(c) leave for longer

1

if gas continues to be produced student A is right

1

or

repeat with more acid (1)

if more gas is produced student B is right (1)

[7]

(a) 6.1 circled on table (15 °C, test 1)

4 1

(b) 1.8
do not allow 1.83
1

(c) 16 (minutes)
correct number extrapolated from curve
1

Page 55 of 73
(d) 4.0 min – blue / black / purple
1

7.0 min – yellow / orange / brown

1

(e) The amylase solution had been prepared with water at 95 °C

1

(f) Level 3 (5–6 marks):

A clear and coherent method is described using logical steps and demonstrating a good
understanding of how to improve the validity of the method. The method would lead to
the production of valid results that would give rise to a more valid conclusion.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):

The substantive content of a method is present and demonstrates reasonable
understanding of how to improve the validity but may be missing some detail. The plan
may not be in a completely logical sequence but leads towards the measurement of
rate of the reaction.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Simple relevant statements made, which demonstrate limited understanding of how to
improve the experimental method. The response lacks logical structure and would not
lead to the production of valid results or a more precise optimum temperature.

0 marks:
No relevant content

Indicative content
• conduct at a greater range of temperatures
• use temperatures both above and below 40 °C
• use smaller temperature intervals to get a more accurate optimum (eg go
up in 2 °C increments)
• take samples at smaller time intervals to get a more accurate result for
‘time taken’
• control the volume of starch used (eg 5 cm 3)
• control the volume of the amylase solution (eg 1 cm 3)
• control the temperature (eg using a water bath)
• heat the two solutions separately before mixing
• control the concentration of the starch solution
• control the concentration of the amylase solution
6
[13]

Page 56 of 73
 (a) sulfur / sulphur / S / S(s)
5 1

(b) as the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases

allow two correct values for rate quoted (from graph) at different
temperatures
1

the rate of increase increases or there is an exponential relationship

accept the rate of reaction increases slowly (from 20 °C to 50 °C)
then increases more rapidly for 2 marks
answer MUST be based on rate / speed of reaction
1

(c) (i) any two from:

• temperature (of the reactants)
• concentration of hydrochloric acid
• volume of hydrochloric acid
• volume of sodium thiosulfate
• the (size / darkness / thickness of the) cross
• total volume of solution.
if no other marks gained, allow 1 mark for:
rate of stirring
OR
amount of hydrochloric acid / sodium thiosulfate
OR
volume of solution
2

(ii) (because as the concentration increases) the number of particles per unit
volume increases or particles are closer together.
idea of more particles in a given space is required for the first mark.
ignore references to area.
1

(therefore) the frequency of (successful) collisions increases

allow increased chance / probability of collisions
number of collisions increases is insufficient here.
must mention per unit time or frequency.
ignore speed of collisions.
if reference to space and time missing from M1 and M2 but they are
otherwise correct, then award 1 mark.
1

so the number of particles (per unit volume) doubles or (the frequency of)
collisions doubles.
students can score 2 marks for a qualitative explanation; the third
mark is for a quantitative explanation.
1
[8]

Page 57 of 73
 (a) (i) the higher the temperature, the greater the rate
6 or
at 40 °C rate is faster than at 20 °C
accept the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction
1

(ii) 40 °C curve is steeper

accept the 40 °C line becomes horizontal sooner
accept at higher temperatures the reaction finishes sooner
accept reaction finishes sooner at 40 °C
accept at higher temperatures the gas is produced faster
or
correct comparison of data from the graph
1

(iii) 2
1

(b) (i) Concentration of acid

Mass of marble chips
2

(ii) increases rate

incorrect reference to energy = max 1
1

(because of) more frequent collisions (between particles)

accept particles are more likely to collide
ignore more collisions
ignore more successful collisions
1

(c) any one from:

• increases rate of reaction
• reduces energy required
• lower temperature can be used
• catalyst is not used up.
1
[8]

(a) (i) covalent

7 1

(ii) increases the rate of reaction

1

(b) (i) the reaction is reversible

1

(ii) at lower pressure the molecules will be further apart

1

Page 58 of 73
 so there will be fewer collisions per unit time
accept frequency of collisions lower
1

(iii) as the temperature increases, the yield of the reaction increases

1

(iv) 2 molecules / volumes become 4 or more molecules / volumes of product than

reactant
1

(c) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Communication
(QoC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also refer
to the information on page 5, and apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant content

Level 1 (1 – 2 marks)
Candidate has written about some basic points from the table but has not added any
extra knowledge. Candidate may have included advantages or disadvantages.

Level 2 (3 – 4 marks)
Candidate has attempted an evaluation using points from the table and their own
knowledge. Candidate has included advantages and disadvantages.

Level 3 (5 – 6 marks)
Candidate has given an evaluation that includes both advantages and
disadvantages. Candidate has clearly linked points from the table with their own
knowledge and uses appropriate scientific terminology.

examples of the points made in the response

Advantages of using hydrogen:

• its combustion only produces water

• combustion of hydrogen does not produce carbon dioxide or does not contribute to
climate change
• petrol requires much more oxygen to burn so partial combustion is possible
producing carbon monoxide
• combustion of hydrogen does not produce any particulates or does not contribute to
global dimming
• petrol comes from a non-renewable source or there are renewable ways of producing
hydrogen, eg electrolysis of water.

Disadvantages of using hydrogen:

• hydrogen has to be stored at high pressure or risk of explosion or larger volume

needed for storage.
• much less energy produced from the combustion of hydrogen or need to refuel more
often
• most methods of producing hydrogen need fossil fuels.
6
[13]

Page 59 of 73
 (a) (i) precipitation
8 1

(ii) (aq) on left hand side

1

(s) on right hand side

1

(iii) potassium iodide

1

potassium nitrate
1

(iv) filtration
1

(b) (i) diffusion

1

(ii) iodide ions move / diffuse faster than lead ions or travel further in the same time
Must be a comparison
Accept converse
1

because the lead iodide forms much closer to the lead nitrate (or X) than the
potassium iodide (or Y).
allow because iodide ions are smaller than lead ions
allow references to potassium iodide and lead nitrate
1

(iii) the particles / ions move / diffuse faster

ignore which particles / ions the student refers to
1

because they have more energy or will collide / meet sooner

ignore reference to frequency of collisions
1
[11]

Page 60 of 73
 (a) O2 in correct space
9 1

correct balancing
accept multiples
1

(b) (i) rate increases

incorrect reference to energy = max 2
ignore references to equilibrium
1

because particles are closer together

accept because there are more particles (per unit volume)
allow particles have less space / room to move around
1

so frequency of collisions increases

accept particles are more likely to collide
ignore more collisions
ignore more successful collisions
1

(ii) has a greater surface area

1

so the reaction is faster

accept so more frequent collisions
1

(c) the (minimum) amount of energy (particles must have) to react or to start a reaction
accept the energy needed to break bonds
ignore references to heat
1

(d) (i) (potassium is) too / very reactive

ignore potassium is a Group 1 / alkali metal
1

so dangerous / violent reaction

accept hydrogen produced rapidly
1

(ii) ZnSO4
accept products in either order
ignore names of substances
1

H2
do not accept brackets or charges in the formulae
1

(iii) any one from:

Page 61 of 73
 • increase concentration (of sulfuric acid)
• increase temperature or heat it
• increase surface area of zinc
1
[13]

(a) time from when the heating is started until

10 1

the limewater turns cloudy / milky

1

(b) (i) the temperature was not high enough

accept the copper carbonate had not started to decompose / react
accept it takes time to heat up the copper carbonate
1

the bubbles of gas were air

accept no carbon dioxide produced
1

(ii) the copper carbonate was decomposing / reacting

accept the temperature was high enough to cause decomposition /
a reaction
1

so carbon dioxide was produced

allow correct word / symbol equation
1

(iii) copper oxide was produced

allow correct word / symbol equation
1

because the copper carbonate had completely decomposed / reacted

ignore all of the carbon dioxide had been given off
1
[8]

(a) small molecules

11 1

with weak intermolecular forces

1

(so) only a small amount of energy is needed to separate the molecules

any reference to bonds being weak or being broken negates the
second and third mark unless they are stated to be intermolecular
bonds or bonds between molecules
1

(b) decreases
1

Page 62 of 73
 because the equilibrium shifts in the endothermic direction
allow reverse reaction favoured if forward reaction is exothermic
1

(c) increases
1

because there are more molecules of gas on the left-hand side

or converse
1
[7]

(a) x axis scale correct

12 1

y axis scale correct

1

all points plotted correctly

± ½ small square
1

curve correct, omitting the anomalous point

1

(b) relative formula mass of NH4NO3 = 14 + (4 × 1) + 14 + (3 × 16) = 80

1

mass of ammonium nitrate in 1 dm3 at 20 °C = 190 × 10 = 1 900 g

1

number of moles of ammonium nitrate in 1 900 g = 1 900 / 80 = 23.75 mol

1

(c) small beads would dissolve slower than fine powder

1

because the surface area of the bead is less than fine powder
1

(d) increasing the temperature at equilibrium will reduce the amount of ammonia produced
1

because the reaction is exothermic

1

increasing the pressure at equilibrium will increase the amount of ammonia produced
1

because the equilibrium will shift towards the smaller number of molecules in the equation
(which is ammonia)
1
[13]

Page 63 of 73
 (a) left hand: (conical) flask
13
do not accept round bottomed
flask or container which is not a flask
1

right hand: beaker / trough

accept plastic box
1

(b) (i) 157

1

(ii) all calcium carbonate used up or reaction stopped

do not accept all acid used up
1

(c) (i) 0.007(272727…)

correct answer with or without working gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect, allow (0.32 / 44) for 1 mark
2

(ii) 0.007(272727…)
allow ecf from (c)(i)
1

(iii) (Mr = mass / moles = 1 / 0.00727…) = 137.5 or 138

allow ecf from (c)(ii)
if use 0.00943 moles then = 106
if use 0.007 allow 143 (142.857)
1

(iv) (138) – 60 (= 78)

23 / 85
1

(78 / 2) = 39
1

potassium
sodium / rubidium
identity of metal ecf on Ar, but must be Group 1
If no working max 1 mark
1

(d) (i) (relative atomic mass) would decrease

1

because the mass lost greater

1

so moles carbon dioxide larger or moles metal carbonate greater

1

Page 64 of 73
 (ii) no change
1

because the acid (already) in excess

1

so the amount carbon dioxide lost is the same

1
[17]

(a) the forward and backward reactions occur

14
allow reversible
1

at (exactly) the same rate

1

in a closed system
allow therefore the concentrations / amounts of the reactants and
products remain the same
1

(b) (i) increasing the temperature would lower the yield of ethanol or the (position of)
equilibrium moves to the left
if student has stated that increasing the temperature increases the
yield then award 0 marks
1

since the backwards reaction is endothermic or the forward reaction is

exothermic
1

(ii) increasing the pressure would increase the yield of ethanol or the (position of)
equilibrium moves to the right
if student has stated that increasing the pressure decreases the
yield then award 0 marks
1

because the position (of equilibrium) moves in the direction of the lower number
of moles (of gas)
2 (moles / molecules / volumes / particles) on lhs / 1 (mole /
molecule / volume / particle) on rhs
1

(c) (a catalyst) provides an alternative pathway

1

Page 65 of 73
 with lower activation energy

or

(a catalyst) lowers the activation energy (1)

so less energy is needed to react or more particles react (1)

1
[9]

(a) (s) (aq) (aq) (g)

15
must be in this order
2 marks if all four correct
1 mark if 2 or 3 correct
2

(b) (i) 55
ignore units
1

(ii) 54
allow ecf from (b)(i)
1

(iii) 0.92
correct answer with or without working gains 2 marks
ecf from volume in (b)(i)
accept 2 d.p. up to calculator value
if answer incorrect, allow rate = (b)(i) / 60 for 1 mark
2

(c) (i) circle round point at (48,22)

1

Page 66 of 73
 (ii) problem (1) and explanation (1)
explanation must give lower volume of gas or slower reaction
ignore human error unless qualified

problem with bung

e.g. bung not placed in firmly / quickly enough

so gas lost

or

problem with reagent

e.g. acid was diluted or acid not replaced

so reaction slower

or

problem with temperature

e.g. temperature was lower than recorded temperature

so reaction slower

or

problem with measurement

e.g. length of magnesium less than 8 cm or timed for less than a minute

so less gas produced

2

(d) repeat the experiment (several times)

1

because anomalous results could be excluded

1

and then the mean can be determined / calculated

accept suggestion of alteration to method, which is explained as to
why it would reduce the error, for 3 marks (e.g. place the
magnesium in a container within the flask (1) so it can be tipped into
the acid once the bung is in place (1). This will prevent anomalous
results or gas loss (1))
ignore idea of more accurate gas syringe
ignore shorter time intervals
1

(e) (i) use clean magnesium or use magnesium without oxide coating
1

Page 67 of 73
 compare results
1

(ii) either

measure the temperature of the acid before (adding magnesium)

1

and after adding magnesium

or

place the conical flask in a water bath (at 40 °C) (1)

compare results (1)

1
[16]

(a) 118
16 1

(b) it loses / transfers electrons

it = Au / gold atom
1

three electrons
sharing / covalency = max 1 mark
1

(c) (i) O2
1

2 CO and 2 CO2
or
correct balancing of equation from O
accept correct multiples / fractions throughout
1

(ii) reference to incorrect bonding = 1 mark max

because carbon dioxide is simple molecular / small molecules

1

there are intermolecular forces (between the molecules)

allow intermolecular bonds
1

so a small amount of energy needed (to separate molecules) or (intermolecular

forces) are weak
1

Page 68 of 73
 (d) any three from:

• gold is the only catalyst for some reactions

• catalysts are not used up

• improves speed of reaction

reduces amount of energy or process needs low(er) temperature

if no mark awarded, allow catalyst reduce costs (of the process) for
1 mark

• only small quantities (of catalyst) needed

3
[11]

(a) same number of (gaseous) molecules / moles / volume on both sides of

17 the equation
allow particles for molecules
do not accept atoms
ignore amount
1

(b) (forward) reaction is exothermic

accept reverse answer
1

(c) any three from:

• particles gain energy

• particles move faster

allow particles collide faster / quicker
ignore move more / vibrate more

• particles collide more or more collisions

• more of the collisions are successful or

more of the particles have the activation energy or
particles collide with more force / energy
3

Page 69 of 73
 (d) any two from:

• more product (obtained in shorter time)

accept better yield (of product)

• less fuel needed

accept less energy / heat / electricity needed

or

lower fuel costs

ignore cheaper unqualified

• less pollution caused by burning fuels

or

less specified type of pollution caused by producing heat / burning fuels

allow correct specified pollutants caused by burning fossil fuels eg
CO2 / greenhouse gases or correct effect of burning fossil fuels eg
global warming
accept thermal / heat pollution

• using less fuel conserves resources

accept sustainable
accept fossil fuels are non-renewable
2
[7]

(a) fewer product molecules than reactant molecules (owtte) or

18
accept forward reaction produces fewer molecules
accept left hand side for reactants and right hand side for products

3 reactant molecules and 1 product

or 3 volumes of gas becomes 1 volume of gas
accept high pressure favours the side with fewer molecules
ignore references to reaction rate
1

Page 70 of 73
 (b) any three from:

• low temperature gives best yield

accept add heat as increased temperature or ‘less’ as poor yield

or high temperature gives poor yield

• because the reaction is exothermic

accept reverse argument if clearly expressed

• reaction too slow at low temperature

or reaction faster at high temperature
accept add heat and reaction goes faster

• temperature used gives a reasonable yield

at a fast rate / compromise explained
allow get less product but it takes less time
for 2 marks
3
[4]

(a) (i) any one from:

19
• they are positive / cations

• they are H +

• opposite charges attract

ignore atom
1

(ii) potassium is more reactive (or reverse)

assume ‘it’ refers to hydrogen
allow potassium reacts with water
allow potassium is very reactive or most reactive metal / element
allow hydrogen gains electrons more easily / is reduced more easily
accept potassium is higher up the reactivity series
1

(b) 6 and 2
accept correct multiples and fractions
1

(c) (i) the reaction / it is reversible or a description of a reversible reaction

allow ‘it is an equilibrium’
allow reversible symbol drawn correctly
allow ‘the reverse / back reaction’
1

Page 71 of 73
 (ii) lithium nitride

assume that ‘it’ or if they do not specify means lithium nitride

assume lithium / lithium nitrate refers to lithium nitride

• hydrogen is bonded / held / absorbed / has formed a

compound / reacted with lithium nitride
1

plus one of:

• does not explode / cause a fire

• is not free / less hydrogen

• is not under pressure

• does not leak

• is only released slowly

1

• compound of hydrogen with lithium nitride / product is

(more) stable / less reactive / less chance of a reaction
accept converse for hydrogen as below
assume that gas / hydrogen means gas in the cylinder
• hydrogen (in cylinder) / gas is not bonded / held
absorbed / in a compound / reacted with lithium
nitride
1
plus one of:
• can explode / cause a fire
• is free
• is under pressure
• can leak
• releases quickly
1

(d) (i) loss of an electron or loses electrons

do not accept any ref. to oxygen
1

(ii) full outer shell of 8 electrons on circle

need not be paired
can be ×, dot or e
do not accept if extra electrons added to inner shell
1
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 (a) (bonds broken) = 1370 (kJ)
20 1

(bonds made) = 1856 (kJ)

1

change in energy = (–) 486

ecf
ignore sign
correct answer with or without working = 3 marks
1

(b) energy released from forming new bonds is greater than the energy
needed to break existing bonds
allow the energy needed to break bonds is less than the energy
released in forming bonds
do not accept energy needed to form bonds
1

(c) (i) energy barrier needs to be overcome

or

activation energy supplied / needed

allow energy needed to start reaction or energy needed to break
bonds
accept high activation energy
1

(ii) lowers activation energy(*)

or

provides lower energy pathway / route(*)

(*)2 mark answers
allow provides alternative pathway or platinum / it is a catalyst for 1
mark
2
[7]

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