University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila

Electrical Engineering Department

Lab Manuals
For the Course of
POWER ELECTRONICS

Lab 7
Verifying the concept of inductor volt balance and capacitor
charge balance on DC-to-DC boost converter (using SPDT)

Submitted to: Ma’am Zainab Shahid

Submitted by: Group 5

Hania Rehman 17-EE-03
Rimsha Saeed 17-EE-06
Alveen Zainab 17-EE-33
Fatima Naveed 17-EE-36
Hira Kiran 17-EE-48
Sana Munawar 17-EE-66
Anoosha Rani 17-EE-69
Lab 07:

Verifying the concept of inductor volt balance and capacitor charge

balance on DC-to-DC boost converter (using SPDT). Observing the effect of the
changing switching frequency and the values of capacitor / inductor on ripple
voltage and ripple current in boost converter.

Objectives
• Characteristics of boost convertor using SPDT switch.an
• Verify volt second balance and capacitor charge equation by using boost convertor in
Multisim.

Software used: NI Multisim 14.2

Theoretical Background
Boost convertor
• A switch mode converter that drives the boost converter is the tendency of an inductor to
resist changes in current by either increasing or decreasing the energy stored in the inductor
magnetic field. In a boost converter, the output voltage is always higher than the input
voltage.
• In a boost converter the peak inductor current can be twice the input current.
• A few parts required to make a boost converter. It is less cumbersome than an AC
transformer or inductor.
• The biggest advantage boost converters offer is their high efficiency –99% of the input
energy is converted to useful output energy, only 1% is wasted (99% efficient).
• A step-up converter since it "steps up" the source voltage. Since power (P=VI) must be
conserved.

Working Principle

→The key principle that drives the boost converter is the tendency of an inductor to resist changes in
current by either increasing or decreasing the energy stored in the inductor magnetic field.

→When the switch is closed, current flows through the inductor in the clockwise direction and the
inductor stores some energy by generating a magnetic field. Polarity of the left side of the inductor
is positive. Note that the output capacitor stays charged.

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→when the switch is opened, current will be reduced as the impedance is higher. The magnetic field
previously created will be reduced in energy to maintain the current towards the load. Thus the
polarity will be reversed. As a result, causing a higher voltage to charge the capacitor, and load is
parallel to load so same voltage is obtained.

Figure 1. Boost converter using SPDT

→In the steady state, the DC (average) voltage across the inductor must be zero so that after each
cycle the inductor returns the same state, because voltage across the inductor is proportional to
rate of change of current through it

Volt second balance equation

In switch-mode power conversion circuits "volt-second balance" refers to the fact that over one
complete switching cycle the total volt-seconds applied to an inductor must be zero (in steady
state).
Volt-Second (On-Time) + Volt-Second (Off-Time) =0

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 • The average inductor voltage in a cycle is zero in steady state.
Capacitor charge balance
In steady-state, the net change over one switching period of the capacitor voltage must be
zero, so that the left-hand side of equation is equal to zero. Therefore, in equilibrium the
integral of the capacitor current over one switching period (having the units of charge, that is,
ampere-seconds or coulombs) should be zero. There is no net change in capacitor charge in
steady– state.
vC(Ts) – vC(0) = C iC(t) dt
• The average value, or DC component, of the capacitor current must be zero in equilibrium.

Applications
• Used for solar power system and for power system protection.
• Used in many industrial application like hybrid electric car and in lightning system.
• To provide efficient control on DC motor operation.
• Used in regulated power supplies, regenerative braking of DC motor and portable devices.
Device Limitations

 High peak current flows through to switch.

 Large inductor and capacitor is required to provide ripple free output.
 Output voltage is highly sensitive to changes in duty cycle.

LAB TASKS
Task1: Inductor volt second balance
“Product of inductor voltage and time (seconds) should be zero over
a cycle in equilibrium”.

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“

Figure 1: verify inductor volt balance using boost convertor

For Positive Half Cycle

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For Negative Half Cycle

Analysis:
1. The area under the voltage and time of inductor in positive half cycle is 503.19ų sec and for
negative half cycle it is -503.19ų sec so the total area under inductor voltage in a complete
cycle is :
Area under the curve= positive half+ negative half
=503.19ų + (-503.19ų)
=0

2. Hence we have verified the volt balance equation using boost converter on multisim and it
is also verified from graph when we see that the average value of inductor is zero.

Task 2: Capacitor charge balance

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 “Product of charge and time (seconds) should be zero over a
cycle in equilibrium”.

Figure 2: capacitor charge balance using boost convertor

For Positive Half Cycle

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For Negative Half Cycle

Analysis
1. The area under the current and time of capacitor in positive half cycle is 500ų sec and for
negative half cycle it is -500ų sec so the total area under capacitor current in a complete
cycle is :
Area under the curve= positive half+ negative half
=500ų + (-500ų)
=0

2. Hence we have verified the capacitor charge equation using boost converter on multisim
and it is also verified from graph when we see that the average value of capacitor is zero.

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Conclusions
In this lab we have learn that:

 Appropriate value of capacitor and inductor is choose to increase the output voltage and
balance equations.
 Volt sec balance theory is used for inductor, in that it is considered that the average voltage
across inductor in one duty cycle is zero.
 Similarly amp second balance theory is used for capacitor considering average current in
one duty cycle as zero.

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