IMPROVED SUBGRADE (2.

8)

Description: This work entails furnishing, placing, and compacting improved subgrade
material on a prepared and approved subgrade in compliance with these Specifications, as
well as the lines, heights, rates, lengths, and cross-sections displayed on the Drawings, or as
the Engineer requires.
Materials:
1. Material must be a natural or man-made combination of sand or other mineral aggregates
that is free of vegetable matter, soft particles, mud, and excessive amounts of silt.
2. Plasticity: The portion of material passing the 0.425 mm sieve shall be non-plastic
3. CBR: The material shall have a soaked CBR value not less than 8% when compacted to
95% of maximum dry density.
4. Material shall be free draining.
Construction Methods
Preparation of Subgrade: Before the placement of the enhanced subgrade material, the
subgrade shall be melded and compacted under all subgrade drainage.
Spreading: The improved subgrade must be spread in layers with uncompact thicknesses of
up to 200 mm. When spreading the improved subgrade course adjacent to concrete curbs or
gutters, extreme care must be exercised to avoid damaging the curbs or gutters.
Sprinkling, Rolling, and Compacting: Each layer must be compacted to a minimum of 95%
of its full dry density. CBR testing performed as instructed by the Engineer to maintain
standardized bearing capability at the finished improved subgrade stage. Each layer shall be
thoroughly compacted with appropriate and sufficient compaction equipment authorized by
the engineer immediately after each layer has been spread and formed satisfactorily.
Improved subgrade material that does not contain enough moisture to be compacted in
compliance with the conditions of this Section must be watered at the Contractor's expense
using methods authorized by the Engineer. The finished improved subgrade strictly conforms
to the required grades and cross-sections and shall not vary more than 20 mm above or below
the defined level at any stage.
Measurement: The average width and thickness of the strengthened subgrade seen on the
Drawings, as well as the real length measured horizontally along the centerline of the road's
surface, would be used to determine the length by cubic meters.
Payment: This work would be accounted for at the Contract unit cost per cubic meter for
improved subgrade, as measured above. The charge shall be full compensation for all goods,
Hauling, placing, compacting, sprinkling, finishing, and shaping, as well as all labor,
machinery, supplies, and other incidentals required to accomplish the specified work.
 BITUMINOUS TACK COAT (3.7)

Description: This job entails furnishings and adding bituminous material to a roadbed that
has already been prepared under the Specifications.
Materials: Bituminous material shall be either 60/70 or 80/100 penetration grade bitumen,
cut back bitumen RC 30, RC 70 cut back bitumen RC 30, RC 70, or rapid setting emulsion
conforming to the requirements.
Construction Methods
Equipment: Construction machinery and procedures, including labor-intensive methods,
must be approved by the Engineer then the contractor carries out the work.
Cleaning Surface: A power brush can be used to scrub the whole width of the surface to be
handled to minimize loose dirt, sand, dust, and other objectionable material.
Application of Bituminous Material: Bituminous material shall be added immediately after
cleaning the surface at the rate directed by the Engineer, but not to exceed 0.45 liters per
square meter. The tack coat material must be evenly spread around the surface without
streaking. The surfaces of structures and trees next to the areas being cleaned must be
covered so that they are not splashed or destroyed. After applying the tack coat, the
Contractor must cover it from damage until the surface course is completed.
Measurement: The amount of bituminous content to be paid for must be estimated in square
meters. The calculated quantity must be the theoretical quantity required to comply with the
Contract.
Payment: The rates and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and installing the
materials, as well as all labor, machinery, supplies, and incidentals required to complete the
work.
PRIMER SEAL (3.8)

Description: In compliance with these Specifications, the job shall consist of applying
bituminous material followed by spreading pea-gravel, a cover coat material, to the area
indicated on the Drawings or as instructed by the Engineer.
Materials
Bituminous Material: By fluxing and thoroughly mixing 4 percent diesel with the bitumen
after it has been heated, 80-100 penetration grade bitumen can be converted to cutback.
Cover Coat Material: This work cover coat material must be screened Pea gravel that meets
the Specification and is graded such that 100% of the material falls within the size range of
2.4 mm to 6.3 mm.
Construction Methods
Cleaning Surface: The washing must be done in such a way that all dirt, dust, and other
foreign materials are thoroughly removed. The road's edges must be cleaned with special
care.
Applying Bituminous Materials: Work on the primer seal must be done only when the
surfaces and aggregates are dry, and only in areas that can be completed in dry conditions.
Fluxed bitumen, at a rate of 1.0 L/m2 or as directed by the Engineer, shall be applied evenly
to the prepared surface.
Spreading and Rolling: Screened pea gravel aggregate, to the required density, shall be
applied evenly over the bitumen prime as soon as possible after the application of the
bitumen to have a dense uniform cover one stone thick. The aggregate application rate would
be about 10kg/m2, or as instructed by the Engineer. A rubber tyred roller must be used to roll
the aggregate onto the bitumen over at least four passes.
Measurement: The number of square meters of appropriate work done shall be used to
quantify surface dressing work under this item.
Payment: The prices and fees shall be full payment for washing, bitumen application,
compaction, material supply, inspection, site trials, and all labor, tools, machinery, and
incidentals required to complete this item.

PAINTING METAL STRUCTURES (5.6)

Description: The preparation of metal surfaces on existing structures, the application,

protection, and drying of paint coatings, and the procurement of all equipment, tackle,
scaffolding, labor, and supplies used for the whole work as seen on the Drawings are all
included in this work.
Materials
General: All paints used in the printing system must be purchased from a single
manufacturer. Paint must be kept in locked containers in a lock-up store away from high
temperatures. Paint that has not been used during the shelf life specified on the bottle.
Prime Coat: The metal primer coat should be red lead paint that meets the AASHTO
Specification for Red Lead Ready-Mixed Paint, M 72. Paint should ideally be factory mixed.
The pigment can also be supplied in the form of red lead paste as an alternative.
Undercoat: Red lead paint, tinted light brown with lamp black in a quantity not exceeding
1/32 kilogram per liter of linseed oil, shall be used as the undercoat.
Finish Coat: The finish coat should be as defined by the Engineer or as seen on the drawings
and also specified in AASHTO Specifications.
Construction Methods
Cleaning of Surfaces:
General: Cleaning may be carried out by hand, mechanical means, chemically, sandblasting,
or by flame cleaning.
Hand Cleaning: Metal brushes, scrapers, chisels, hammers, or other effective means should
be used to remove rust, scale, and dirt.
Mechanical Cleaning: Steelwork can be mechanically cleaned with power tools like
carborundum grinding discs, chipping hammers, and needle arms, then steel wire brushed,
washed, and dusted to remove any loose stuff.
Sandblasting: Sandblasting can be used to remove any loose mill scale and other substances
down to the bare metal.
Number of Coats and Colour: One primer coat and at least two field coats must be applied
on all steel. The color shall be as specified by the Engineer.
Weather Conditions: Paint shall not be used when the weather is foggy or when the
Engineer determines that the surroundings are otherwise unsuitable for the work.
Application
Brushing: When using brushes, the paint must be manipulated under the brush in such a way
that it produces a smooth, uniform, even coating in direct contact with the metal or previously
applied paint, and it must be worked into all corners and crevices.
Spraying: Power spraying equipment should apply the paint in a perfect, even spray with no
thinner added.
Thinning Paint: It is required to thin the paint for it to spread more freely; this must be
managed either by boiling it in hot water or on steam radiators, with no liquid applied or
removed until the Engineer approves.
Painting Galvanised Surfaces: For conditioning the surface of galvanized surfaces for
painting, the painting shall be deferred as long as possible so that the surface may weather.
Measurement: The amount of work completed under this clause must be estimated in square
meters and must contain all painting requirements for each structure or structural unit.
Payment: Payment would be made for the work, materials, labor, and equipment specified in
the Bill of Quantities and detailed on the Drawings.

ROADWAY EXCAVATION (2.2)

Description: This shall entail, where appropriate, the excavation of side ditches, the removal,
hauling, and proper allocation or disposal of all excavated materials, as well as forming and
preparing of uncovered excavation surfaces along the entire length of the roadway, in
compliance with these Specifications and the lines, heights, grades, measurements, and cross-
sections displayed on the Drawings, or as necessary by the engineer.
Materials: Existing pavement materials, such as bituminous surfacing, bricks, and brick
materials, cement, asphalt, and concrete materials, should not meet the Standard for the
intended use in their entirety, but should be of sufficient quality to allow the Specifications to
be met after breaking, processing, and, if necessary, mixing with better quality materials.
Existing pavement surfaces that contain an excessive amount of mud, dirt, or organic material
will usually not be considered suitable for the reuse of new pavement.
Construction Methods
General: All roadway excavation and embankment construction will be done by this section
and Section 2.6 (Embankment), and the excavation, as well as the constructed roadway, must
meet the necessary alignments, heights, grades, and cross-sections.
Excavated Material Used in the Works: As far as possible, suitable soil from the roadway
excavation can be used as fill or topsoil material.
Unsuitable Material from Roadway Excavation: excavated road pavement material that
was not approved by the Engineer for use in the new road pavement shall be known as waste.
Slopes: All slopes must be completed neatly and skilfully, as seen in the drawings or as
guided by the Engineer.
Drainage: Any temporary ditches and channels must be constructed and protected so that the
highway portion is not damaged.
Preparation of Excavated Areas: All excavated areas should be neat and workmanlike,
with the appropriate forms, super elevations, levels, grades, and cross-sections.
Measurement: All necessary and accepted roadway excavations, including suitable soil,
unsuitable soil, and existing road pavement, should be measured in cubic meters separately.
Payment: The price shall include all labor, supplies, equipment, facilities, and incidentals
used to complete the excavation and stockpiling or disposal work at locations approved by
the Engineer, including shaping and preparing of all excavated surfaces and working in small
areas as needed. Under the Contract, the quantities of roadway excavation in concrete,
suitable soil, and unsuitable soil specified above will be accounted for at the corresponding
unit price per cubic meter.