2/2/2018

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method
The force method was originally developed by James Clerk
Maxwell in 1864 and later refined by Otto Mohr and Heinrich
Müller-Breslau.

Method of Consistent This method was one of the first available for the analysis of
statically indeterminate structures.
Deformation (Force Method)
*for Indeterminate Trusses*

Prepared by:
Engr. Jerome Jordan F. Famadico, CE
Instructor

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method
Consider beam shown in figure a. If its free-body diagram were
drawn, there would be four unknown support reactions;
therefore the beam is indeterminate to the first degree.
Force Method
Consequently, one additional equation is necessary for solution.
To obtain this equation, we will use the principle of
superposition and consider the compatibility of displacement
at one of the supports.

This is done by choosing one of the support reactions as

“redundant” and temporarily removing its effect on the beam so
that the beam then becomes statically determinate and stable.
This beam is referred to as the primary structure.

The excess restraints removed from the given indeterminate

structure to convert it into the determinate primary structure
are called redundant restraints, and the reactions or internal
forces associated with these restraints are termed redundants.
Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method Force Method
The redundants are then applied as unknown loads on the
primary structure, and their values are determined by solving
the compatibility equations based on the condition that the
deformations of the primary structure due to the combined
effect of the redundants and the given external loading must be
the same as the deformations of the original indeterminate
structure.

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Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method Force Method
The redundant Cy can be determined by using the reasoning
that if the value of the unknown load Cy acting on the primary
beam (Fig.(b)) is to be the same as that of the reaction Cy
exerted on the indeterminate beam by the roller support C (Fig.
(a)), then the deflection at the free end C of the primary beam
due to the combined effect of the external load P and the
redundant Cy must be the same as the deflection of the
indeterminate beam at support C.

Therefore,
Eq. (1)

But,
Eq. (2)

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method Force Method
By substituting Eq. (2) into Eq (1) . and equating to zero, we
obtain the compatibility equation:

which can be solved to express the redundant Cy in terms of the

deflections of the primary beam:

fcc = flexibility coefficient

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses) Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses)
Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the Step 1: Compute Degree of Indeterminacy
truss shown in Fig. 13.6(a) using the method of consistent The truss is indeterminate to the 1st Degree.
deformations.

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Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses) Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses)
Step 2: Draw Primary Truss Next, the primary truss is subjected separately to the
The horizontal reaction Dx at the hinged support D is external loading and a unit value of the unknown redundant Dx,
selected to be the redundant. as shown in Fig. (b) and (c), respectively.

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses) Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses)
Step 3: Compatibility Equations
The compatibility equation can be written as:
Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses) Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses)
Step 4: Compute and Tabulate

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Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses) Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses)
Step 4: Compute and Tabulate Step 4: Compute and Tabulate

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses) Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses)
Step 5: Compute the Magnitude of Redundant Step 6: Compute for the rest of the Reactions

The negative answer for Dx indicates that our initial assumption about
Dx acting to the right was incorrect and that Dx actually acts to the left.
Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses) Force Method (for Indeterminate Trusses)
Step 7: Compute for member axial forces Support Reactions and Member Forces

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Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy) Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy)
Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the Step 1: Compute Degree of Indeterminacy
truss shown in Fig. 13.6(a) using the method of consistent The truss is indeterminate to the 2nd Degree.
deformations.

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy)
Step 2: Draw Primary Truss
The vertical reaction Dy at the roller support D and the
axial force FBG are selected to be the redundant.
Engr. Jerome Famadico
Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy)
Next, the primary truss is subjected separately to the
external loading (Fig. b), a unit value of the redundant Dy (Fig.
c), and a unit tensile force in the redundant member BG (Fig. d).

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy) Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy)
Next, the primary truss is subjected separately to the Step 3: Compatibility Equations
external loading (Fig. b), a unit value of the redundant Dy (Fig. The compatibility equation can be written as:
c), and a unit tensile force in the redundant member BG (Fig. d).

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Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy) Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy)
Step 3: Deflections of Primary Truss Step 4: Compute and Tabulate
The virtual work expressions for the preceding
deflections are

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy) Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy)
Step 4: Compute and Tabulate Step 5: Compute the Magnitude of Redundant
By substituting these deflections and flexibility
coeffcients into the compatibility equations, we write:

Solving equations simultaneously:

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy) Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy)
Step 6: Compute for the rest of the Reactions Step 7: Compute for member axial forces

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Engr. Jerome Famadico

Force Method (Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy)
Support Reactions and Member Forces