H.J.

THIM TRUST’S
Theem College of Engineering
Boisar,Chillar Road,Boisar(E),Tal & Dist.Palghar,Pin-
401501

Academic Year 2019-2020

Certificate
This is to certify that the micro project report has been submitted by following
student
(Last (First Name) (Middle (Enrollment
Name) Name) No.)

Mr. Shaikh Faheem Riyaz 1716350061

This project work has been completed by Third Year students of program
Mechanical Engineering, of Refrigerator and air conditioning engineering (22660)
as a part of term work prescribed by Maharashtra State Board of Technical
Education, Mumbai.
We have guided and assisted the students for the above work, which has
been found Satisfactory/Good/Very Good.
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
Name and Signature Name and Signature Name and Signature
Of Of Of
Teacher/Guide H.O.D Principal

MICROPROJECT REPORT ON

Study of different types of refrigerants with properties,

designation,selection & applications.

SUBMITTED BY:
Mr. Faheem Riyaz Shaikh

PROJECT GUIDE
Prof. Abdul Nadeem

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 H.J. THIM TRUST’S
THEEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Boisar,ChillarRoad,Boisar (E),Tal.Palghar
Dist.Palghar,Pin-401501
2020-2021

Declaration
I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and
where others ideas or words ave been included;I have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources.I also declare that I have adhered to all principals of
academics honestly and integrity have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified
any idea/data/fact/sources in my submission.I understand that any violation of the
above will be cause for disciplinary action by the institute and can also evoke penal
action from the source which has thus not been properly cited or from whom
proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Mr. Faheem Riyaz Shaikh

 Acknowledgement
It’s my pleasure to take this opportunity to thank wit deep sense of gratitude to our
guide,staffmenbers of -MECHANICAL- Department and everyone who have
directly or indirectly contributed to our project as a success.With immense pleasure
we express our deep sense of gratitude and vote of thanks to our project guide Prof.
Abdul Nadeem for his constant interest,motivation and valuable guidance during
work and completion of this project report.
We are very thankful to Lectr. Prof. Abdul Nadeem and the whole
staff -MECHANICAL- Department for giving us the opportunity to work on this
project and for his extensive co-operation and guidance.We offer sincere thanks to
Principle Sayyad Layak and HOD Prof. Nitin Galwade (Head of Department) for
their inspiration and providing full administrative support and department
infrastructure facilities for this report.
We are also very thankful to all those who supported us without which project
would not have been completed successfully.

Mr. Faheem Riyaz Shaikh

 INTRODUCTION

The refrigerant is a heat-carrying medium which during their cycle (i.e

comparison, condensation, evaporation) in the refrigeration system absorbs heat
from allow temperature system and discards the eat so absorbed to higher
temperature system.
The natural ice and mixture of ice and salt were the first refrigerants. In 1834,
edger ammonia, sulphur dioxide, methyl chloride, and carbon dioxide came into
use as refrigerants in compression cycle refrigeration machines. Most of the early
refrigerant materials have been discarded for safety reasons or for lack of chemical
or thermal stability. In the present day, many new refrigerants including halo-
carbon compounds, hydrocarbon compounds are used for air-conditioning and
refrigeration applications.

The suitability of a refrigerant for a certain application is determined by its

physical thermodynamic, chemical properties, and by various practical factors.
There is no one refrigerant that can be used for all types of applications i.e there is
no ideal refrigerant. It one refrigerant has certain good advantages, it will have
some disadvantages also. Hence, a refrigerant is chosen which has greater
advantages and fewer disadvantages.

WORKING PRINCIPAL
DEFINATION:-Refrigerant is chemical used in a cooling mechanism, such as an
air conditioner or refrigerator, as the heat carrier which changes from gas to liquid
and then back to gas in the refrigeration cycle.

Refrigerants are divided into groups according to their chemical composition.

Following the discovery that some of these chemical compounds may be harmful
to the environment, they are being replaced with more environmentally friendly
alternatives. The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old
refrigerants, the new ones are usually not flawless.
In the following section, different groups of refrigerants are discussed, some
examples are given and their fields of application are described.
CFC = ChloroFluoroCarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons are refrigerants that contain chlorine. They have been banned
since the beginning of the 90's because of their negative environmental impacts.
Examples of CFCs are R11, R12 and R115. The conversion of equipment and
systems using CFCs has not yet been completed. On the contrary, the illegal
market for this type of refrigerants flourishes worldwide, and it is estimated that no
more than 50% of CFC systems worldwide have been upgraded.
HCFC = HydroChloroFluoroCarbons
The slow phase-out of CFCs shows it is a costly process. However, and more
importantly, it also shows the problems and indecisiveness surrounding the
availability of HCFCs, which were officially indicated as temporary (until 2030)
substitutes for CFCs. The hasty actions of the European Union that culminated in
the ban of HCFCs, immediately for refrigeration and soon (2004 at the latest) for
air conditioning, has upset the industry's programs and plans.
The HCFCs contain less chlorine than CFCs, which means a lower. Examples of
hydrochlorofluorocarbons include R22, R123 and R124.
HFC = HydroFluoroCarbons
The hydrofluorocarbons are refrigerants that contain no chlorine and are not
harmful to the ozone layer (ODP = 0). However, their impact on global warming is
very large compared with traditional refrigerants. The most common HFC
refrigerants available since the ban on HCFCs are presented.

The most common refrigerants among halogenated hydrocarbons.

Some comments on the refrigerants presented in the table are given below:
R32 and R125 are seldom used as single refrigerants, but only in mixtures with
particularly favorable thermodynamic properties.
R245c and R245fa are used almost exclusively in the United States and in a rather
experimental way.
R404A has been developed as an alternative to R502 for refrigerators and freezers.
R134a was the first HFC introduced in refrigeration and air conditioning with great
success, because it requires almost no changes in the equipment designed for R22.
However, it offers a very limited efficiency, about 40% lower than that obtained
with R22. Consequently, the manufacturer has two choices: either to accept a
substantial reduction in the thermal capacity in a given system, or to increase its
dimensions (and cost) to achieve the same capacity. For this reason, R134a is used
mainly in large systems (over 250 kW) that can afford the higher costs.
R407C is, like R134a, thermodynamically similar to R22 and works as a "drop in"
refrigerant. However, unlike R134a, which is a pure compound, R407C has a glide
of 7 K, making it barely usable in small residential (household) equipment. There
are two reasons to justify such a limitation: residential equipment is more subject
than other equipment to sudden accidental losses, and it is usually serviced on site.
In the event of a sudden leakage, a 7K glide may result in changes in the
proportions of the mixture, because the relative losses of its most volatile
components will be disproportionately high. If a standard refill is used, there is no
guarantee that the new refrigerant mixture has the same proportions as it had
before the leakage. Due to its high glide, this refrigerant is used only in medium-
capacity systems (50-250 kW), which are usually serviced by skilled personnel.
R410A has very attractive thermodynamic properties, higher energy efficiency
than R22, no glide and hence no problem with the mixture remaining after charge
loss and refill. However, it has an operating pressure almost double that of R22,
and therefore requires a redesign of the whole system with larger compressors,
expansion valves, etc.
R507A is used successfully in industrial and commercial refrigeration.
R508B is less frequently used in low temperature cycles. R507A and R508B have
favorable thermodynamic properties and no problems with temperature glides,
because they are azeotropic mixtures.
FC = FluoroCarbons
Fluorocarbons contain no chlorine and are not harmful to the ozone layer.
However, they are extremely stable, and they have a high GWP. R218 is an
example of a fluorocarbon, and FCs are also present in the mixtures R403 and
R408.
HC = HydroCarbons
Hydrocarbons are a very limited solution to the environmental problems associated
with refrigerants. They are harmless to the ozone layer (ODP = 0) and have hardly
any direct green house effect (GWP<5), but they are highly flammable. The use of
HCs as refrigerants is confined to Europe, because many other countries elsewhere
have banned the use of flammable gas in the presence of the public. According to
the standards ISO 55149 and EN 378.2000, this should apply also in Europe.
However, the standard IEC 355.2.20 allows the use of HCs in household
refrigerators with refrigerant charges up to 150 g.
This standard has opened the way for some European refrigerator manufacturers to
produce household refrigerators with flammable isobutene, R600a.
These have been accepted enthusiastically by environmentalists, and have achieved
great success in the market.
NH3 = Ammonia
Ammonia, R717, is an attractive refrigerant alternative. It has been used in
refrigeration systems since 1840 and in vapor compression since 1860. In terms of
its properties, it should be considered a high-class refrigerant. Furthermore, its
ODP and GWP are 0. However, although it is a selfalerting gas, i.e. leaks can
easily be detected by the smell, ammonia is very hazardous even at low
concentrations because the smell often causes panic. This is the main reason why
ammonia was withdrawn from applications for use by unskilled people and
retained only for industrial applications.
It is also quite common in commercial refrigeration, although safety regulations
require that it be used with a secondary distribution loop. Obviously, this
secondary loop reduces the efficiency.
CO2 = Carbon Dioxide
R744, carbon dioxide, has several attractive characteristics: non-flammable, does
not cause ozone depletion, very low toxicity index (safety A1), available in large
quantities, and low cost. However, it also has a low efficiency and a high operating
pressure (approximately 10 times higher than R134a). For the two latter reasons,
efforts are needed to improve its refrigeration cycle and related technology,
particularly heat exchangers and expansion devices. A major forthcoming
CO2 application seems to be air conditioning in the automotive industry. Heat
pumps could also benefit from CO2 due to the higher temperature that can be
obtained even at very low ambient temperatures.
Summary Table
 COMPONENTS AND SPECIFICATION

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), including R12. This is known to contribute to the

greenhouse gas effect. ...
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), including R22. ...
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), including R410A and R134.

The 6 Main Components of a Refrigeration SystemTHERMOSTATIC

EXPANSION VALVE (TXV)
Before the evaporator, this is located at the end of the liquid line. TXV is a device
that controls the amount of refrigerant that flows to the evaporator. There you will
find the floodback that is essential to maximise the productivity of the evaporator,
while stopping the extra liquid refrigerant from going back to the compressor.
This device also helps to separate the high pressure and the low pressure sides of
an air conditioning system. Through the system’s liquid line, high pressured liquid
refrigerant enters the valve but with the TVX’s presence, the amount of liquid
refrigerant entering the evaporator will be abridged.

EVAPORATOR
The sole purpose of the evaporator is to remove the unwanted heat from the
product through liquid refrigerants. The liquid refrigerant must be at a low-
pressure. This low-pressure can be determined by two factors – one is the heat
being absorbed from the product to the liquid refrigerant and the other is the
removal of low-pressure vapour by the compressor.
CAPACITY CONTROL SYSTEM
As its name might suggest, the capacity control system regulates the power and
energy consumption, although it can also manage dehumidification or decrease
compressor cycling. The on/off cycling of the compressor is the simplest form of
capacity control.
COMPRESSOR
This draws low-temperature and low-pressure vapour from the evaporator through
the suction line; the vapour will automatically be compressed once diverted – there
will also be a rise in the temperature if the vapour is compressed. In simple terms,
a compressor can convert low-temperatures to high-temperatures, which can be the
cause of an increase in pressure. Through a compressor, heat can be easily
released.

CONDENSER
This device can extract heat from the refrigerant. Fans placed above the condenser
unit draw air over the condenser coils. The temperature of condensation should
range from around -12°C to -1°C; vapour will be cooled until it becomes a liquid
refrigerant again, whereby it will retain some heat.
RECEIVER
As a temporary storage and a surge tank for liquid refrigerant, the receiver acts as a
vapour seal. With a primary purpose of preserving the vapour moving down the
liquid line to the expansion valve, receivers can be made for both horizontal and
vertical installation.
TABLE
 Conclusion

        Without the advent of refrigerators, the unreliable methods of storing food
would not only cause problems for taste, but also health, even without rotting the
methods to preserve some foods required use of chemicals that were particularly
hazardous over time. Refrigeration eliminated much of this, and as a result has had
a major impact on economy.

    The basic explanation for how a refrigerator works is a pipe going into a loop,
where a refrigerant moves through this pipe by a condenser affecting the vapor
pressure of the refrigerant, and this pressure difference through the pipe is what
makes it move, and the cold part of the pipe region in the refrigerator is what takes
away heat from the food in the fridge and freezer, cooling it. For the efficiency of a
consumer refrigerator when you're buying one, one with an energy star label will
indicate high efficiency, as well as other appliances. Refrigeration has become and
likely will likely for as long as imaginable be the prime way to store food.
  
 In terms of future technology, although it seems like just sci-fi, there is research
into "refrigerating" people, to keep their body in a halted state until undoing this
process much, much, later in the future, making it a potential candidate idea for
space travel. Perhaps one day it can be viable option for suspending a living
biological system to be resumed again.
 Future scope
With 46 years of history and a presence in more than 80 countries around the
world, Embraco is a well established cooling specialist with particular expertise in
natural refrigerants.

Embraco has been using natural refrigerants in its solutions portfolio, which covers
commercial and household applications, for more than 20 years.

Attentive to market demands, the company believes that these fluids represent the
future of refrigeration by sustainably aligning economic and environmental needs.
That's because these refrigerants reduce the negative effects on the ozone layer,
greenhouse effects and improve the equipment's energy efficiency.

Natural refrigerants are naturally occurring substances such as hydrocarbons (R-

290, R-600a), CO2, ammonia, water and air.

Hydrocarbons, specifically, are very energy efficient gases that have zero ozone
depleting characteristics, ultra-low global warming impact and provide a low cost
refrigerant option. These fluids have no refrigerant glide, which provide an easier
evaporator design.

They are perfect for self-contained equipment, including household refrigerators

and freezers, small ice makers, commercial kitchens, medical freezers and
refrigerators, water coolers, vending machines and bottle coolers.

These substances can be used as cooling agents (heat transfer medium) in

refrigeration systems and provide significant compressor performance
improvements. R-290 efficiency reaches up to 2.05 W/W and at least 2.7 million
HFC-free light-commercial refrigeration appliances already exist worldwide.

Other benefits of R-290 and R-600a include: no liquid return issues, no refrigerant
glide, low refrigerant charge as well as being an established technology.

The use of natural refrigerants with low GWP is on the agenda worldwide.
Embraco reinforces its commitment to global sustainability by offering a full range
of high efficiency compressors for light commercial applications utilising Propane
(R-290) as a refrigerant.

Propane brings lower noise levels and also provides significant gains in system
efficiency. Last year Embraco presented a Position Paper with long term, and
transition period recommendations based on extended testing of various low GWP
solutions to determine suitable non-flammable, synthetic alternatives to R404A
and R134a.

One of the company's goals is to offer the best refrigeration solutions for its
customers and educate the market on their use.
While safe and non-toxic, there are some concerns regarding the flammability of
R290 and R600a.

Flammability risk, however, is very low. In fact, most household and light
commercial applications refrigerant charges are equivalent to the charge of a
handful of lighters.

Due to some safety concerns, rules on how to design and maintain equipment using
these gases have already been very well established. Additionally, manufacturing
companies and industry organisations have been working diligently to make sure
technicians are trained to safely handle these refrigerants and service equipment
that use hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons represent the best and long term solution for low and medium
pressure. Totaline Australia supports Embraco's position and products and is
offering its hydrocarbon compressors to the Australian market.

Together, Totaline Australia and Embraco are working towards a cleaner and
greener environment for future generations to come.
 Reference

Written by Sachin Thorat in Thermal Engineering

 cornwall@bartlettltd.co.uk.