o<od fmryer 1

wei< fyj;a udifhys cQ,s udifhys

^cq,s-wf.da
Èjhsifa;ka=& m%Èjhs
Odkfúydria
ka m%O :dk
lsysmhla
úydria :dkuq,lsa yfldgsmhla uqf.k ,a fldg meje;a
f.k fjk meje;a
w,xldr
fjk
fmryer foafmryer
w,xldr YSh ckhdf.a foaYSh fukackhdf.a
u úfoaYslfuka hkaf.a uo
wdl¾IKhg
úfoa Yslhkaf.a ,la o wdl¾IKhg
jQ foaYSh ixia ,lalD;sjQldx.hls
foaYSh'
uykqljD;s
ixia r" lw¨;adx.hls kq'jr"uykqkj.uq
jr j"fuka fojqku aor" w¨;a
r;akk mqrqjh"
r"
l;r.u
kj.uq j" wdÈ fojqk ia:aor"
dkj,r;akomqrwei< h" l;r.u
fmryer wdÈmeje;a
ia:dkj,jqK
o b;dfmryer
wei< W;al¾Ifhka meje;awei< jqK o fmryerb;d W;almeje;a
¾Ifhka fjkawei<
fka
uykqjr meje;a
fmryer o<od ud,sfjka .f djkawdYs
uykq %;jrh'o<od ud,s.dj wdYs%;j
h'
mrïmrdkq.;j mejf;k k¾;k" jdok yd rx.k
wx. rdYsh.
mrïmrdkq ls;j
ka yd mejf;k
bmer‚ k¾;k" pdß;%j,sjdok
ka iuka ydú; rx.k fï
fmryer"
wx. rdYshls YSk% a ,dxfla
yd bmer‚ h wkkH;dj pdß;%j,ska msiuka
<sìUqú;lrk fï
W;aijhla YSf,i
fmryer % ,dxfla ie,flhs
h wkkH;dj ' wfma wei< ms<sìUqfmryer
lrk
mer‚
W;a ijhla bkaÈhdfõf,i mej;s ie,flhs wdIdV ' wfma
W;aiwei<
j fyj;a fmryer
wei<
fl<sfhabkamßKdufhka
mer‚ Èhdfõ mej;s we;s wdIdVjQW;a jlaijfia fyj;a
ie,flhs
wei<'
uykqfjha
fl<s r wei< mßKdufhka fmryerwe;s j¾;udk
jQjla uqfiayqKmsqj<
r s.f.k
efka'
we;afj;ar lSwei<
uykq ¾;s YSfmryer
% rdcisxyj¾;udk rc iufhka uqyqKqj miq
r jf.k nj
fmfka
we;a f;a' úúO lS¾;sm%fYSoa%Yj,
rdcis wei<
xy rc fmryer
iufhys meje;amgka
fjkqf nj ha
ta ta m%f
fmfka ' úúO
oaYhgm%f wêm;s
oaYj,fia wei<ie,flk fmryerfoúhl=
meje;afuqjkq,a lr
fha
.kstañm%ksf' oauykq
ta Yhgjwêm;sr wei<fia fmryer
ie,flk o<odjfoúhl=
uq,a ;eka
uq,aylr s,d
meje;a
.ks ñksf' jk tfy;a fn!oa uykq
O j ufyda
r wei< ;aijhls
fmryer
' tfy;ao<odjthg uq,a
mßjdr
;eka ys jYfhka
,d meje;a úúOfjk foújreka
fn!oaO iïnka ufyda;Oailrjhla.ekS jk u
isÿ flf¾'
w;r tfy;atfyhs thgkmßjdr a o<od fmryerjYfhka úúO úúO wd.ïfoújreka
w;r
iyÔjkh
iïnka O lr j¾Okh
.ekSu is lrk ÿ flf¾'
pdß;%tfyhspdß;%kja o<od
,ska iuka
fmryer ú;
jQjla wd.ï
úúO fia w.h w;rl< iyÔjkh
yels h' j¾Okh isxy, úYa lrk
jfldapdß;%
Ifha
;=kajk
jdß;% j,sldKa ka iukavfhaú; wei< jQjla
fmryer fia w.h uefhkal< jk yels,smh' sh
wdY%
is xy,
fhkaúYa iïmdÈ;
jfldaIfha fuu ;=mdvukajko<od ldKafmryer
vfha mswei<<sn|
flá ye¢ka
fmryer uefhka
ùuls' jk ,s m s h wdY% f hka iïmdÈ; fï
mdvu o<od fmryer ms<sn| flá ye¢kaùuls'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 1

 o<od fmryer wdrïN jQfha ljod o hkak ms<sn| ksYaÑ; ks.ukhla Èh yels fkd
fõ' úch m%uqL W;=re bkaÈhdkq wd¾h ckhdf.a wd.ukh iu. oUÈj mej;s wdIdV
W;aijh fuys o meje;aùug lghq;= fh§u wei< fmryer wdrïN ùug fya;= jQ nj
fuys wdrïNh iïnkaO tla woyils' wei< fmryer" iqrdiqr hqoaOfha § iqrhka
ch.%yKh ,eîu ieuÍug wdrïN jQ njg o u;hla fjhs' ;j;a woyila kï
jxlkdisl ;siai rcq ^ls%'j' 110-113& iufhys fid<S wdl%uKfha § meyer .;a isxy,
isrlrejka 12000la o 12000la fid<S ckhd o md;%d Od;=j o iu. m;a;sks foaúhf.a
rka i,U wdÈ mQcH jia;=" .cnd rcq úiska kej; isß,lg f.k tau isys lsÍug
wei< fmryer wdrïN jQ nj hs'
j¾;udk uykqjr wei< fmryef¾ wdrïNh ls%'j' oy wgjk ishji ueo Nd.fha §
muK isÿ jkakg we;ehs ie,fla' Bg we;=<;a jQfha kd:" l;r.u" úIaKq" m;a;sks
hk i;r foajd,fha fmryer mu‚' je,súg irKxlr ix>rdc ysñhkaf.a wkqYdikd
mßÈ lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rcq ^ls%'j'1747-1782& úiska tlS i;r fmryerg o<od ud,s.dfõ o<od ud,s.dfõ kel;a fudfydÜgd, úiska kshu lrkq ,nk iqn fudfyd;ska ‘lma
fmryerla o tla lsÍu fya;=fjka wei< fmryerg fn!oaO uqyqKqjrla ,enqKq fia isgqùfuka’ fmryer wdrïN fjhs' lma isgqùu hkq i;r foajd,fha msßila wei< ui
ie,lsh yels h' ta wkqj j¾;udk o<od fmryef¾ wdrïNh lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rc wudjl Èkg Èk lsysmhlg fmr m, fkd yg .;a fldia .ilg mqo mQcd mj;ajd
oji isÿ jQ fia ie,lSu fhda.H h' tys wrla .;a foúfhla fõ kï bj;aj hk f,i wdhdpkd fldg .i lmd" tys
mer‚ o<od fmryer ixialD;sldx. m%o¾Ykhg jvd rdcH n,h fmkaùfï wjia:djla lf|ka ßhk ne.ska È.e;s fldgia i;rla lmd f.k foajd, i;rg fnod f.k
jQ nj mer‚ jd¾;d msßlaiSfï § fmkS hk lreKls' tjlg ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhd fmryeßka f.k f.dia foajd, N+ñfhys isgqùu hs'
jQ YS%u;a tâjâ ndkaiaf.a wjirh mßÈ 1828 uehs 29 Èk meje;ajqKq o<od fmryer i;r foajd,fha lmqjka foajd,hg wh;a rka wdhqO lm jgd jevu lrjk" l=v"
ms<sn| ,sÅ; úia;rhg wkqj" fmryer wdrïN ù we;af;a hqoaOdpdr uOHfha h' fldä" fiai;a" ojq,a" fydrKE iys; fmryer" ‘foajd, fmryer’ f,i ye¢kafjhs'
th lma isgqjQ Èk isg mia Èkla ikaOHd ld,fha meje;afjhs' mia jk Èkfha isjq
foajd,fha niakdhl ks,fujreka we;=¿ ks,OdÍyq rkaisúf.hl rka wdhqO ys÷jd
“ld,;=jlal= fjä iy fldä;=jlal= úismy .Kka .; fkd yels ;rï
rkaisúf.h we;=msg ;nd fmryeßka wjq;a o<od ud,s.dj bÈßmsg foaj ixysf|a § o<od
uy;a f>daIdjla tod meje;a;=jd h' fuhdldr uy;a f.!rjfhka lr`vqj
lr`vqj iys; rkaisúf.h jevujk" ud,s.dfõ we;d m%uqL fmryer fmrgq lr f.k
jevujd f.keú;a we;d <Õ isáh m,af,a.ïmfya uyks,fï w;g
mia Èkla ùÓ ixpdrh lr;s' fuh ‘l=U,a fmryer’ kï fjhs' fmruqfKa rd,"
W;=udKkajykafiaf.ka lr`vqj ,enqKd h' we;d msg isáh ud;f,a
.ckdhl ks,fï" ldßhlrjk rd," Èhjvk ks,fï wdÈ ks,OdÍka o lilrejka"
Èidm;s uy;auhd iy Wvm<df;a Èid uy;auhd;a úiska rkays,sf.a
fldä" fiai;a" mkaoï orkakka" mdjv t<kakka" ojq,a" fnr" fydrKE wdÈh
wNHka;rhg lr`vqj jevujd we;d msáka ìug neyemq ;ek f;ajdj
jhkakka" keÜgqjka" mkaf;arelrejka wd§kaf.ka fï fmryer iukaú; fjhs'
NdKav wr.;a iEu ro,jre úiska u W;=udKkajykafiag jev isàug
;kd ;snqK m%:u uKavmhg W;=udKkajykafia le|jdf.k f.dia tys
fmdfrd;a;= l<d h'”

tl, w,s we;=ka msßjrd .;a m%foaYSh kdhlfhda Tjqkaf.a Oc iy ,dxPk /f.k
yuqqodj msßjrd f.k fmryerg tla jQy' j¾;udkfha th o<od ud,s.dfõ ks,OdÍka
iy .x oyfha úodfk,d we;=¿ m%dfoaYsl iq¿ ks,OdÍka msßilg iSud ù ;sfí' by;
oelajqK wjêhg jvd j¾;udkfha o<od fmryer k¾;kdx. /ilska iukaú; h'
fjia kegqï wdÈ úÑ;%dx. /ila thg tla ù ;sfí'

2 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 3
 i;r foajd,hkays foajdNrK jevujk jdyk ^rka foda,s&" l=U,a fmryer wdrïN ù
mia jk Èkfhys fmryer w.g tla flfrhs' ‘rka foda,s fmryer’ kñka ye¢kafjkafka
th hs' o<od fmryef¾ l+gm%dma;sh f,i ie,lsh yels fuu fmryer fyaúislrejka
yd fydrKElrejka" keÜgqjka" w,s we;=ka wd§kaf.ka m%udKd;aulj l=U,a fmryerg
jvd úYd, jk w;r u úÑ;%j;aNdjfhka o wkQk h' fuh o Èk myla uq¿,af,a
meje;afjk w;r wjidk Èk foflys fmryer w;sYh w,xldrj;aj mj;ajkq ,efí'
lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rc iuhg fmr we;a fmryf¾ tla mfilska rka foda,s f.k hEfï
isß; mej;sh o rcqf.a ksfhda. mßÈ th fmryef¾ w.g tla jQ nj lshefõ'
rka foda,s fmryef¾ mia jk Èk rd;s%fha fmryer wjidkfha wia.sß úydrfha
wdodyku¿ úydrfhys lr`vqj pdß;%dkql+,j ;ekam;a flfrhs' miqod w¨hu i;r
foajd, fmryer .egfò f;dfÜ Èh lemSug tla fjhs' Èh lemSu iqr wiqr hqoaOfha
§ wiqrhka uerE lvq iqrhka úiska fia§u ixfla;j;a lrkq ,nk njg u;hls' ta
ms<sn| wfkla woyi jkafka .cnd rcq iu. fid<S rgg .sh kS, uyd fhdaOhd ish
h.odfjka .id uqyqÿ Èh fonE l< whqre oelaùug Èh lemSu isÿ flfrk njhs'
foajd,hj, lmq uy;ajre .Õ ueog .uka lr fmryerg isgqjQ lm iy .sh j¾Ifha
,nd .;a c,h .x c,hg tl;= lr;s' bka miqj rka lvqfjka .Õ Èh fonE lr
flKaähg .kakd c,h fmryeßka f.k tkq ,efí' Èh lemSfuka miq uykqjr .K
foú fldaú,g meñfKk fuu fmryer tys § kej;S mqo mQcdj, ksr; fjhs' ijia
jrefõ o<od fmryer wia.sß úydrfha § iQodkï jk w;r kshñ; fõ,dj yÕjk
fjä y`v wkqj isjq foajd, fmryer o tla ù ùÓ ixpdrh fldg iqn fudfyd;ska
o<od ud,s.hg m%úIag fjhs' isjq foajd, fmryer ta ta foajd, lrd hhs' fuh ‘oj,a
fmryer’ kï fjhs' ñka miq Èk y;la úIaKq foajd,fha ‘j,shla kegqu’ kue;s
Ydka;sl¾uh isÿ flfrk w;r i;a jk Èkfha jia fodia yeÍu i|yd jk ‘.rd hla
kegqfuka’ fmryer yd iïnkaO lghq;= wjika flfrhs'
4 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
w;S;fha isg fï olajd úúO fjkialïj,g Ndckh fjñka mj;ajd f.k wd kuqÿ
o<od fmryer .uka lsÍfï idïm%odhsl wkqms<sfj<la o olakg ,efí' tlS
fm<.eiafï ;sfnk iuyr fmryer wx.j, ixfla;d;aul w¾: o we;s njg woyila
mj;S' kshÕfhka yd ÿ¾NslaIfhka rg wdrlaId lr f.k rdcH úpdÍu md,lhdf.a
hq;=luls' ta i|yd c,h w;HjYH h' jeiaig wêm;s bkaø foúhkaf.a ksfhdað;hd
f,i rc;=ud fï ish,a, ixfla;d;aulj bgq lrhs' lma isgqùu" Èh lemSu wdÈh
c,h yd iïnkaO ixfla;d;aul ld¾h fia ie,fla' tksid u o<od fmryer c,h
wdYs%; W;aijhla f,i o ie,flhs' jeiai wdYs%;j flfrk úÿ,s flàu li
msmsrùfuka ixfla;j;a flfrhs' bkaø foúhkaf.a jeis j,dl=¿ fuka u rcqf.a
Yla;sh o w,s we;=kaf.ka ixfla;j;a flf¾' idudkH ckhdf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka
flfrk fmryerj, § w,s we;=ka fjkqjg .jhd fhdod .ekSu oelsh yels h'
kj.uqj m;a;sks foajd,fha wei< fmryer Bg ksoiqkls' fyK yf`vys fodaxldrh
isys .ekaùug fnr y`v fhdod .efkk nj ms<s.efka'
uq,a hq.fha wei< fmryefrys wisßh yd ieris,s pdß;% jdß;% ms<n
s |j foaYh
S uQ,dY%hj,
fuka u *dyshka" yshxq idx wd§kaf.a foaYdgk jd¾;dj, o i|yka fõ' frdnÜ
fkdlaif a .a ,xldj ms<n
s | .%k:
a fhys iy ì%;dkH md,k iufha Wvrg ixpdrhl
fhÿKq ffjµ jhsg¾ fydama bÈßm;a l< jd¾;dj, lma isgù q fï mgka f.j§u olajd
jQ ish¨ úia;r we;=<;a lr we;' fcdaka fâú" ú,afy,aï .hs.¾" y¾nÜ l=Iu a dka
wd§kaf.a f,aLkj, o wei< fmryer ms<n s | f;dr;=re we;=<;a h' ú,shï ,sÜ,audka
keue;a;d wei< fmryer Ñ;%hg o kÕd we;'
úfoaYslhkaf.a weiska ÿgq idlaIsj,g wu;rj uydjxih" §mjxih" odGdjxih"
mQcdj,sh" o<od isß;" o<od mQcdj,sh" o<od j;=r" t¿ o<od jxYh" o<od mqj;" o<od
jreK wdÈ .%ka:j, o ta ta wjêfha o<od fmryer meje;ajQ wdldrh ms<sn| f;dr;=re
/ila we;=<;a h'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 5
 wjfndaOh
1' uq,a hq.fha wei< fmryer iukaú; jQfha l=uk foajd,j, fmryerj,ska o@
2' ‘lma isgqùu’ hkafkka woyia flfrkqfha l=ula o@
3' o<od ud,s.dj wdYs%; W;aijj,g wjYH ish¨ kele;a ilia lrk ,oafoa
ljqreka úiska o@
4' o<od fmryefrys .uka .;a w,s we;=kaf.ka ixfla;j;a jQfha l=ula o@
5' ‘rka foda,s fmryer’ hkq l=ula o@
jpk fjka fldg ,sùu
úfYaIK mo
hula j¾Kkd lsÍu" úia;r lsÍu" iajNdjh oelaùu i|yd Ndú; lrk mo ‘úfYaIK
mo’ hs' bka j¾Kkd fjk moh ‘úfYaIH moh’ hs'
W.;a úpdrlhd ish¨ idys;H ks¾udK uOHia:j úfõpkh lrhs'
by; jdlHfha ‘úpdrlhd’ hk kdu mohg ‘W.;a’ hk úfYaIK moh;a ‘úfõpkh
lrhs'’ hk ls%hd mohg ‘uOHia:j’ hk úfYaIK moh;a fhdod we;' kdu mohlg
uq,ska fhfok úfYaIK mo ‘kdu úfYaIK’ f,i;a ls%hd mohlg uq,ska
fhfok úfYaIK mo ‘ls%hd úfYaIK’ f,i;a ye¢kafõ'
fuu ljr úfYaIKhla jqj o f,aLkfha § fjk u mo f,i fjka fldg ,sùu Í;sh
hs' tfy;a úfYaIKh úfYaIHh yd tla fldg ,sùfï iïm%odhla o mj;S'
r;= u, r;=u,
WKq j;=r WKqj;=r
N+ p,k N+p,k
N+ñ lïmdj N+ñlïmdj
Wmi¾.
Wmi¾.hla ks;r u kdu mohl fyda ls%hd mohl uq,g tl;= jkakls' tksid
Wmi¾. fjk u mohla f,i f,aLkfha fkd fhfohs'
w;solaI f,i wNsO¾uh foiQ wkqkdysñhkag odhlfhda oyï m`vqre ms<s.kaj;s'
fuys w;solaI" wkqkdhl" wNsO¾uh" ms<s.kaj;s hk moj, w;s" wNs" wkq" ms<s hk
Wmi¾. olaI" kdhl" O¾uh" .kaj;s hk mo iu. tlaj fh§ we;'
6 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
m%;Hh
w¾:j;a kdu mohla fyda ls%hd mohla iEfokafka m%lD;shg m%;Hhla tla ùfuks'
kdu mohl kï Yío m%lD;shlg úNla;s m%;Hhla o" ls%hd mohl kï Od;= m%lD;shlg
ls%hd m%;Hhla o tl;= fjhs'
fufia m%;Hhla m%lD;shlg tla ùfuka ñi fjk u mohla f,i Ndú; fkd fjhs'
ñksia¬wdf.a > ñksidf.a
fuys ‘wdf.a’ hk m%;Hh ‘ñksia’ hkakg tl;=j ñi fjk u fkd fhfoa'
lr¬hs > lrhs
fuys ‘hs’ hk m%;Hh ‘lr’ hkakg tl;=j ñi fjk u fkd fhfoa'
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ¸' úfYaIK mo fh¥ jpk mylaa mdvfuka Wmqgd olajkak'
¸¸' my; oelafjk jpkj,g úfYaIK mo fhdod ,shkak'
<uhd" foudmshka" ßhÿrd" f,aLlhd" fmd;" lrhs" kghs" iskdfihs" ,shhs"
ÿjhs
2' ¸' my; oelafjk Wmi¾. fhdod jpk idokak'
mr" iq" ÿ" ix" ÿIa" ks¾" wê" ú" m%
¸¸' my; oelafjk moj, we;s Wmi¾. háka bß w¢kak'
ksYaYío" w;sri" ikaksfõokh" mn," wjudkh
3' m%lD;s yd m%;Hh tla fldg ,shkak'
n¨¬wd" ß<d¬wd" ñksia¬wdf.a" fmd;a¬j," .ia¬tka"
lr¬ñ" ÿj¬;s" kg¬ñka" n,¬uq" ,sh¬ys
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 7