Trucks and Hauling

Equipment

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EARLY DUMP
TRUCKS

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EARLY WAGONS

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 TRUCKS

Distance is a major
factor in selecting
haul units.

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Classification
• Method of discharging the load - Rear, bottom, side,
conveyor, push plate
• Type of frame - Rigid or articulated
• Size and type of engine
• Steering - Front axle or multiple axles
• Configuration of drive - All-wheel, rear-wheel, or front-
wheel
• Transmission of power - Direct drive, torque converter,
diesel electric
• Class of material hauled - Earth, rock, coal, ore,
unclassified
• Capacity – Gravimetric or volumetric
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HIGHWAY REAR-DUMP

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OFF HIGHWAY TRUCKS

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They are

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TRACTOR with
BOTTOM DUMP TRAILER

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 Bottom
dump trailer
deposits a
windrow of
material.

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TRACTOR with
SIDE DUMP TRAILER

• Combination of smooth curvature and an elongated

cargo body permits a rapid discharge
• Ability to safely place material down steep slopes and
maintain a low profile
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 ARTICULATED
TRUCKS

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ARTICULATED TRUCKS
Can operate over bad ground.

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 ARTICULATED TRUCKS
• Have high hydraulic system pressure, which
means the dumping cylinder hoists the bed
faster

• Further the bed achieves a steeper dump

angle

• These two attributes translates into quick

dump times

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TRUCKS
MOVE the FLEET

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 SERVICE TRUCK

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Safety

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 TRUCK
PRODUCTION

A
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STEP 1 BUCKET LOADS

Number of bucket loads required
to fill the truck.
Truck capacity
Bucket loads 
Loader Bucket capacity
Bucket loads must be an
integer number.
Lesser no. of bucket loads if haul roads are poor
or grades are steep
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 MATCH THE LOADER TO
THE TRUCK

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MATCH THE LOADER TO

THE TRUCK

Match to 988F 990 992D

769C 3 pass
771 Quarry Tk 4 pass
773B 5 pass(HL) 3 pass
775B Quarry Tk 4 pass 3 pass
777C 4 pass

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 TRUCK CAPACITY

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TRUCK CAPACITY

Manufacturer's
specification sheets
will list both struck
and heaped STRUCK
capacities.

- material measured straight

across the top of the body.
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 TRUCK CAPACITY

HEAPED
- based on a 2:1 slope above
hauler bodies.
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WEIGHT LIMIT

Check load weight against

gravimetric capacity of the haul
unit.

Max. gross weight 50,000 kg

Operating weight (empty) 23,000 kg
Therefore the max load is 27,000 kg
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 WEIGHT LIMIT

Check load weight against

gravimetric capacity
Note the difference. Sideboards

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WEIGHT LIMIT
Overloading will cause the tires to
flex excessively and produce high
internal tire temperature

Tires are about 35% of a truck’s

operating cost.

Overload a truck
and you abuse the
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 STEP 2
LOAD TIME

LOAD TIME =
Excavator cycle time
 No. of bucket loads
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STEP 3 HAUL
TIME

Haul time
Haul distance

Haul speed

If required for each section of haul road

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Typical performance chart

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STEP 4 RETURN
TIME

Return time
Return distance

Haul speed
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STEP 5 DUMP TIME
This will depend on the type of hauling
unit. Rear dumps must be
spotted before
dumping. Total
dump time can
exceed
2 minutes.

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STEP 5 DUMP TIME

Bottom dump units dump while moving.

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 STEP 5 DUMP TIME

Project Specific Factors

Is the dump area

smooth
permitting safe
maneuvering to
dump.

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STEP 5 DUMP TIME

Project Specific Factors
Is the dump area crowded with
support equipment.

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STEP 5 DUMP TIME
Maneuver and dump times

Conditions BD RD
Favorable 0.3 min 0.7min
Average 0.6 min 1.0min
Unfavorable 1.5 min 1.5min

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STEP 6 TRUCK CYCLE

TIME
CYCLE TIME =
Load Time
+ Haul Time
+ Dump Time
+ Return Time
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STEP 7 NUMBER OF TRUCKS
REQUIRED

TRUCKS REQUIRED =

Truck cycle time

Load cycle time
May not be an integer
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STEP 8 PRODUCTION
The Loader will control production
if at least one extra truck is used.

PRODUCTION (LOADER) =
60 min/hr
 Truckload
Load cycle time (min)

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 STEP 9 PRODUCTION

Trucks control production if fewer than

the balance number of trucks are used.

PRODUCTION (TRUCK) =
60 min/hr
 Trk load  No. Trks
Trk cycle time (min)

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STEP 9 EFFICIENCY

Three critical factors to consider:

• Bunching
• Operator
• Equipment availability

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 STEP 8 EFFICIENCY
Bunching:
With a perfect loader - hauler match
the effect of bunching is a 10 to 20%
production loss.

If there are extra haulers the effect is

reduced as there is always a line of
trucks waiting to be loaded.

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STEP 8 EFFICIENCY
Operator:
Longer hauling distances usually
results in better operator efficiency.

Operator efficiency increases as haul

distance increases upto about 2.4km,
after which it remains constant.

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 STEP 8 EFFICIENCY

Equipment availability:
When the excavator breaks
down, production drops to zero.

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Balancing the capacities of Hauling units with Excavator size

If not balanced, operating difficulties will develop and combined
cost of excavating and hauling will be high

Small trucks:
easy maneuvering on short hauls, higher speeds,
less loss if one truck in a fleet breaks down, more number of
trucks makes spotting difficult, increased investment and
maintenance

Large trucks:
reduced investment and maintenance, easy synchronization,
larger target for loading,
heavier loads cause more damage to haul roads
Rule of thumb:

•Haul units loaded by shovels, backhoe and loaders, should have a minimum
capacity of 4 to 5 times excavator bucket capacity.
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•Draglines require larger target – 5 to 10 times bucket capacity 46

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