Excavators

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Dr.K.B.Anand
Digging motion of hydraulic excavators
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Dr.K.B.Anand
 HYDRAULIC
EXCAVATORS

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HOE
3
Dr.K.B.Anand
HYDRAULIC
HOE
Stick
Boom

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Dr.K.B.Anand
 HYDRAULIC HOES

Bucket penetration (break out force) is

developed by the hydraulic cylinders of
the bucket, stick, and boom.

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Dr.K.B.Anand
 HYDRAULIC HOES

The boom and stick of a hoe are

arranged for downward arc
motion.
This downward swing dictates
usage for excavating below the
running gear.
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Dr.K.B.Anand
 HYDRAULIC HOES

A hoe is sometimes referred

to by other names --
• BACKHOE OR
• BACK SHOVEL
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Dr.K.B.Anand
 HYDRAULIC HOES
The modern hydraulic excavator
is a multipurpose tool - a work
platform designed for number of
applications.

This is possible because of the

many special attachments
available.
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Dr.K.B.Anand
 HYDRAULIC
HOES

Wheel mounted

Track mounted

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Dr.K.B.Anand
 MULTIPURPOSE
TOOL

A crane for
carefully lifting
heavy loads
into position.

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Dr.K.B.Anand
MULTIPURPOSE TOOL

Handling
building
debris.
(Hydraulic
thumb)
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Dr.K.B.Anand
 MULTIPURPOSE
TOOL

A drill mount
allowing easy
positing.

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Dr.K.B.Anand
MULTIPURPOSE TOOL

A mount for
an impact
hammer.

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Dr.K.B.Anand
 LIFTING LOADS

See manufacturer’s performance

data. (Fig.)
Lifting capability is given for over
the front and over the side
conditions.

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Dr.K.B.Anand
 LIFTING LOADS
Over the front
means boom
extended over
the idler end
of the tracks.

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Dr.K.B.Anand
 LIFTING LOADS

Over the front means boom extended

over the idler end of the tracks.

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idler 17
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Dr.K.B.Anand
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Dr.K.B.Anand
 HYDRAULIC HOES

These machines offer precision

and efficiency.
The average (first owner) life is
about seven years.

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Dr.K.B.Anand
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 1: Bucket size (lcy)
Many different size buckets
will fit the same machine.
Interested in heaped capacity.

General purpose buckets

available for a CAT 325B
hoe, lcy rating.
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Dr.K.B.Anand
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 1: Bucket size (lcy)
• Heaped capacity ratings for hoe
buckets assume a 1:1 material angle
of repose.

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Dr.K.B.Anand
 PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 2: Material type &
Fill factor, Table
HEAPED CAPACITY is a net section
1:1 slope volume. It must be adjusted
based on the characteristics of the
material being handled.

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Dr.K.B.Anand
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING

BUCKET VOL.(lcy) =
HEAPED CAPACITY
X Fill Factor

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Dr.K.B.Anand
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING

STEP 3: Cycle time, (load, swing

load, dump and swing empty).
Typical excavation cycle times based
on machine size are give in Table.
Swing is influenced by job conditions
such as obstructions and clearances.

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Dr.K.B.Anand
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Dr.K.B.Anand
PRODUCTION
ESTIMATING
Check depth of
cut
Typical cycle times
are for depth of cut
between 40-60% of
maximum digging
depth.
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Dr.K.B.Anand
 PRODUCTION
ESTIMATING

Check depth of cut

Check manufacturer's data.
Table gives typical information
based on hoe size.

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Dr.K.B.Anand
 PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
These cycle times
must be
increased when
loads are
dumped into
haul units.

Hoe cycle times are 20% longer than similar-size

shovel because the hoisting distance is greater
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Dr.K.B.Anand
CYCLE TIME
Small machines swing
faster than large ones.

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Spotting of haul units below the level of the hoe
will increase production (12% cycle time savings) 31
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Dr.K.B.Anand
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
Check loading
height
Does the selected
hoe have the E
reach capability
to load the haul
unit. Table
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Dr.K.B.Anand
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 4 - Efficiency factor

STEP 5: Class of material

bcy, lcy, tons
May have to apply a swell factor

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Dr.K.B.Anand
 STEP 8: CALCULATION
Efficiency
Step 1 Step 2   lcy/hr
Bucket size Step 3
Bucket Fill  fill factor 
sizeFactor
Efficiency
 =lcy
lcy/hr
/hr
cycle time
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Dr.K.B.Anand
Additional data tables

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 Standard Cycles per 60 minute-hour for hydraulic backhoes

Machine Size
Type of Material Wheel Small Medium Large
Tractor Excavator Excavator: Excavator
1 yd(0.76 m3) 1¼- 2¼yd Over 2½yd
Or less (0.94-1.72m3) (1.72 m3)
Or less

Soft 170 250 200 150

(sand,
gravel,loam)

Average 135 200 160 120

(common
earth,softclay)

Hard 110 160 130 100

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Dr.K.B.Anand
 Swing –depth factor for backhoes

Depth of cut Angle of Swing(deg):

(% of
maximum)

45 60 75 90 120 180

30 1.33 1.26 1.21 1.15 1.08 0.95

50 1.28 1.21 1.16 1.10 1.03 0.91

70 1.16 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.83

90 1.04 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75

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 Bucket fill factors for excavators

Material Bucket Fill Factor

Common earth , loam 0.80-1.10
Sand and gravel 0.90-1.00
Hard clay 0.65-0.95
Wet clay 0.50-0.90
Rock well blasted 0.70-0.90
Rock, poorly blasted 0.40-0.70

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Adjustment factor for trench production

Type of Material Adjustment Factor

Loose 0.60-0.70
(Sand, gravel, loan)
Average 0.90-0.95
(Common earth)
Firm 0.95-1.00
(firm plastic soils)

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Dr.K.B.Anand