UNIT 2 PART 1

Types of Research (Based on Intent)

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A) PURE RESEARCH
It is undertaken for the sake of knowledge without any intention
to apply it in practice.

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 B) APPLIED RESEARCH
It is carried on to find
solution to a real life
problem requiring an
action or policy decision.

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A) PURE RESEARCH B) APPLIED RESEARCH

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A) PURE RESEARCH B) APPLIED RESEARCH

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C) DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
It is a fact finding investigation with adequate interpretation,
providing scope for elaborate investigation later.

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C) DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

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C) DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

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D) DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH
It is also a fact finding investigation but directed towards why
it is happening and what can be done about.

It is concerned with causal relationships of variables and

their implications, guided usually by hypothesis in relatively
advanced disciplines.

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E) EVALUATION RESEARCH
It is made for assessing the effectiveness of social or
economic programmes implemented.

Types: Concurrent, Periodic, Terminal Evaluation.

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F) ACTION RESEARCH
It is a concurrent evaluation study of an action programme
launched for solving a problem.

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F) ACTION RESEARCH

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 UNIT 2 PART 2
Types of Research (Based on Methodology)

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A) EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Meaning
 Experimental research is designed to assess the effects
of particular variables on a phenomenon by keeping the
other variables constant or controlled.
 It aims at determining whether variables are related to
each other and if so, in what way they are related.

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A) EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Example

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 Students: 869
 Groups: 2 (Horlicks group, Normal group)
 Experimental Group: Horlicks Group
 Controlled Group: Normal Group
 Common Variables: Food, Teachers, Physical Activities, Routine
 Different Variables: Horlicks
 Time: 14 Months
 Type: Experiment
 Hypothesis: Horlicks  Children, Horlicks NOT Children

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A) EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Important Points
1. Dependent Variable: The factor which is influenced
by other factors.
2. Independent Variable: The factors that influence the
dependent variable.
3. Hypothesis: The nature of the relationship between
independent variables and dependent variables is stated
in the form of hypothesis and tested later.

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A) EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Important Points
4. Groups: Two identical groups are selected namely the
experimental group and the control group. The
experimental group is exposed to an experimental
variable and the control group is not exposed to it.
5. Ceteris Paribus Assumption: This research assumes
that all the other factors that will influence the results
are constant and only the independent variable, whose
influence has to be measured is not kept constant.
6. Evaluation: It can be used to study the present only.

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B) ANALYTICAL STUDY OR STATISTICAL METHOD

 Analytical study is a system of procedures and

techniques of analysis applied to quantitative data. It
may consist of a system of mathematical models or
statistical techniques applicable to numerical data.

 It aims at testing hypothesis and interpreting

relationships by analysing data in depth with as many
relevant variables as possible.

 It is extensively used in business and other fields where

quantitative numerical data are generated.
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B) ANALYTICAL STUDY OR STATISTICAL METHOD

 Analytical studies in Commerce field can be carried out

using the data published by RBI, SEBI, IRDA, NABARD,
CSO, BSE, NSE etc.,

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C) HISTORICAL RESEARCH

 It is a study of past records and other information

sources with a view to reconstructing the origin and
development of an institution or a movement or a
system and discovering the trends in the past.

 It is descriptive, difficult, depends upon inference,

indirect evidences rather direct observation.

 Sources: Eyewitness accounts, Oral testimonies by

elders, Records and other documentary materials,
Relics.
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C) HISTORICAL RESEARCH

 Its objective is to draw explanations and generalizations

from the past trends in order to understand the present
and anticipate the future. It enables us to grasp our
relationship with the past and to plan more intelligently
for the future.

 Example:https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/
doi/10.1108/AFR-05-2017-0035/full/html

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D) SURVEYS

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D) SURVEYS

Meaning
 Survey is a fact finding study that involves collection of
data directly from a population or a sample, at a particular
point of time using techniques like observation,
interviews and questionnaires.
 Survey requires expert and imaginative planning, careful
analysis and rational interpretation of the findings.

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D) SURVEYS

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 D) SURVEYS
Characteristics
1. It is always conducted in a natural setting and a definite
geographical area.
2. It seeks responses directly from the respondents.
3. It can cover a very large population using sampling
techniques.
4. It can be extensive or intensive (Wider/Deeper Sampling)

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D) SURVEYS
Purpose
1.To provide information to the govt. and other institutes.

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D) SURVEYS
Purpose
2. To help in understanding the causal relationship of variables
3. To make predictions using the established causal
relationship of variables

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D) SURVEYS
Purpose
4. To make comparisons of demographic groups.

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D) SURVEYS
Difference between Sample and Census

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D) SURVEYS
Difference between Sample and Census

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D) SURVEYS
Difference between Sample and Census

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E) CASE STUDIES

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E) CASE STUDIES
Meaning

 Pauline V. Young describes case

study as “a comprehensive study of a
social unit be that unit a person, a
group, a social institution, a district
or a community.”

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 E) CASE STUDIES
Important Points

 It is a very popular form of qualitative research.

It is a method of study in depth rather than breadth.

The case study places more emphasis on the full analysis of

a limited number of events or conditions and their
interrelations.

It is a very useful design when exploring an area where little is

known or where you want to have a holistic understanding of
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situation, phenomenon, episode, site, group or community.
F) FIELD STUDIES

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F) FIELD STUDIES
Meaning

 Field research is defined as a qualitative method of data collection

that aims to observe, interact and understand people while they are in
a natural environment.

 For example, social scientists conducting field research may

conduct interviews or observe people from a distance to understand
how they behave in a social environment and how they react to
situations around them.

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 F) FIELD STUDIES
Important Points

 It is also a very popular form of qualitative research but still

uses variety of quantitative techniques.

 Field research encompasses a diverse range of social research

methods including direct observation, limited
participation, analysis of documents and other
information, informal interviews, surveys etc.

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 F) FIELD STUDIES
Important Points

 It is conducted in a real-world and natural environment

where there is no tampering of variables and the environment is
not doctored.

 The researcher gains a deep understanding into the research

subjects due to the proximity to them and hence the research
is extensive, thorough and accurate.

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