OF Problems Reservoirs: The Application The Laplace Transformation To Flow IN

T.P.
2732
THE APPLICATION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION

TO FLOW PROBLEMS IN RESERVOIRS
A. F. VAN EVERDINGEN, SHELL OIL CO., HOUSTON, AND W. HURST, PETROLEUM

CONSULTANT, HOUSTON, MEMBERS AIME
ABSTRACT diffusivity equation. Multiple·phase fluid flow has not been

considered.
For several years the authors have felt the need for a source
A previous publication by Hurst' shows that when the pres·
from which reservoir engineers could obtain fundamental
sure history of a reservoir is known, this information can be
theory and data on the flow of fluids through permeable media
used to calculate the water influx, an essential term in the
in the unsteady state. The data on the unsteady state flow are
material balance equation. An example is offered in the lit-
composed of solutions of the equation
erature by Old' in the study of dxe Jones Sand, Schuler Field,
O'P 1 oP oP
-+--=- Arkansas. The present paper contains extensive tabulated
Or' r Or ot data (from which work curves can be constructed), which data
Two sets of solutions of this equation are developed, namely, are derived hy a more rigorous treatment of the subject mat·
for "d~e constant terminal pressure case" and "the constant ter than available in an earlier publication.' The application of
terminal rate case." In the constant terminal pressure case the this information will enable those concerned with the analysis
pressure at the terminal boundary is lowered by unity at zero of the behavior of a reservoir to obtain quantitatively correct
time, kept constant thereafter, and the cumulative amount of expressions for the amount of water that has flowed into the
fluid flowing across the boundary is computed, as a function reservoirs, thereby satisfying all the terms that appear in the
of the time. In the constant terminal rate case a unit rate material balance equation. This work is likewise applicable to
of production is made to flow across the terminal boundary the flow of fluid to a well whenever the flow conditions are
(from time zero onward) and the ensuing pressure drop is such that the diffusivity equation is obeyed.
computed as a function of the time. Considerable effort has
DIFFUSITY EQUATION
been made to compile complete tables from which curves can
be constructed for the constant terminal pressure and constant The most commonly encountered flow system is radial flow
terminal rate cases, both for finite and infinite reservoirs. toward the well bore or field. The volume of fluid which flows
These curves can be employed to reproduce the elIect of any per unit of time through each unit area of sand is expressed
pressure or rate history encountered in practice. by Darcy's equation as
K ,)P
Most of the information is obtained by the help of the v=---
Laplace transformations, which proved to be extremely helpful II> Or
for analyzing the problems encountered in fluid flow. The where K is the permeability, II> the viscosity and oPlor the
application of this method simplifies the more tedious mathe· pressure gradient at the radial distance r. A material balance
matical analyses employed in the past. With the help of La· on a concentric element AB, expresses the net fluid traversing
place transformations some original developments were ob- the surfaces A and B, which must equal the fluid lost from
tained (and presented) which could not have been easily within the element. Thus, if the density of the fluid is ex-
foreseen by the earlier methods. pressed by p, then the weight of fluid per unit time and per
unit sand thickness, flowing past Surface A, the surface near·
INTRODUCTION est ·the well bore, is given as
This paper represents a compilation of the work done over
the past few years on the flow of fluid in porous media. It
27rrp K
OrII>
oP =
II>
2"K
Or
(pr OP)
concerns itself primarily with the transient conditions prevail· The weight of fluid flowing past Surface B, an infinitesimal
ing in oil reservoirs during the time they are produced. The distance ar, removed from Surface A, is expressed as
study is limited to conditions where the flow of fluid obeys the
Manuscript received at office of Petroleum Branch January 12 1949 27rK oP 0( pr 0; )
Paper pr...ented at the AIME Annual Meeting in San Francisco, 'Febru:
ary 13·17. 1949. - [pr -.+ 6rJ
1 Refereneee are eiven at end of paper. II> or or
December, 1949 PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME 305

T.P. 2732 THE APPLICATION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION TO FLOW PROBLEMS
IN RESERVOIRS
The difference between these two terms, namely, implied by Eq. UI·I, the partial differential can be trans·
2rK
o( pr~) or .
formed to a total differential equation. This is performed by
multiplying each term in Eq. U4 by e-" and integrating with
- --
p. or or,
is equal to the weight of fluid 105t by the element AB, or
respect to time between zero and infinity, as follows:
co ( O'P 1 oP ) 00 oP
Op f e-" - - + - -- dt = J e-" -..:-...Jt (1lI·2)
- 2.. fr - - or
aT
o Or' r Or 0 at
where f is the porosity of the formation. Since P is a function of radius and time, the integration with
This relation gives tl:e equation of continuity for the radial respect to time will automatically remove the ti~e function
system, namely, and leave P a function of radius only. This reduces the left
side to a total differential with respect to r. namely,
K o(pr ~) = fr Op t;I)
(II.I) 0' J ~ e-'" P dt ~
p. or aT 00 O'p 0 dipl.)
From the physical characteristics of fluids, it is known J e....' - - dt = = - - - etc.
that density is a function of pressure and that the density of o or' Or' dr'
a fluid decreases with decreasing pressure due to the fact that
and Eq. Irr-2 becomes
the fluid expands. This trend expressed in exponential form
is d'P IP • 1 drIP. co dP
I' = p.e.... (r.-P l ••••••• (II.2) -dr'- + -
r
-dr- = f 0
e....' - - dt
dt
where P is less than P., and c the compressibility of the fluid.
If we substitute Eq. II·2 in Eq. II.I, the dilfusivity equation
can be expressed using density as a function of radius and P, PRESSURE
time! or
0'1'
( Or' +!.-
r
01')
or
~
fp.c
= 01'
aT
(IIoS)
For liquids which are only slightly compressible, Eq. II·2

simplifies to I' e= P. [1- c (P. - P) ] which further modifies
Eq. 11·3 to give
O'P + _1 a p ) _K __ aP Furthermore, if the
( Or' r or fltc aT'
radius of the well or field, R., is referred to as a unit
radius, then the relation simplifies to
a"P -L I oP _ oP
-or' . -; or - at ..... {n-4}
where t = KT!fp.cR.' and r now expresses the distance as a
multiple of R., the unit radius. The units appearing in this
paper are always used in connection with Darcy's equation, so
that the permeability K must be expressed in darcys, the
time T in seconds, the porosity f as a fraction, the viscosity FJ.
in centipoises. the compressibility c as volume per volume
per atmosphere, and the radius R. in centimeters.
q(t}, RATE
LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION
In all publications, the treatment of the diffusivity equation
has been essentially the orthodox application of the Fourier-
Bessel series. This paper presents a new approach to the
solution of problems encountered in the study of flowing fluids,
namely, the Laplace transformation, since it was recognized
that Laplace transformations offer a useful tool for solving
difficult problems in less time than by the use of Fourier.
Bessel series. Also, original developments have been obtained
which are not easily foreseen by the orthodox methods.
If PI') is a pressure at a point in the sand and a function
of time, then its Laplace transformation is expressed by the
infinite integral
(III.I) 'I '2". TIME

'3
where the constant p in this relationship is referred to as the FIG. 1A - SEQUENCE CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURES.
operator. If we treat the diffusivity equation by the process 1B- SEQUENCE CONSTANT TERMINAL RATES.
306 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME December, 1949

A. F. VAN EVERDINGEN AND W. HURST T.P. 2732
Furthermore, if we consider that P ltl is a cumulative pressure The next step in the development is to reproduce the boun-
drop, and that initially the pressure in the reservoir is every- dary condition at the well bore or field radius, r = I, as a
where constant 50 that the cumulative pressure drop P, ...,=O, Laplace transformation and introduce this in the general solu-
the integration of the right hand side of the equation becomes tion for Eq. II1-S to give an explicit relation
o
j e...• dP dt
dt
= e...• PIC)
co
I+
co
0
p
0
j e-11' P ICI dt PI,I = f l , ••)
By inverting the term on the right by the Mellin's inversion
formula, or other methods, we obtain the solution for the
= poI e-Pt P u > dt cumulative pressure drop as an explicit function of radius
As this term is also a Laplace transform, Eq. 111-2 can be writ- and time.
ten as a total differential equation, or ENGINEERING CONCEPTS
Before applying the Laplace transformation to develop the
d'Pc,1
---
+ -I dPc,)_
- - - pPI,1 (meg) necessary work-curves, there are some fundamental engineer-
dr' r dr ing concepts to be considered that will allow the interpreta-
y tion of these curves. Two cases are of paramount importance
in making reservoir studies, namely, the constant terminal
pressure case and the constant terminal rate case. If we know
B
the explicit solution for the first case, we can reproduce any
variable pressure history "at the terminal boundary to deter-
i!: PLANE mine the cumulative influx of fluid. Likewise, if the rate of
fluid influx varies, the constant terminal rate case can he used
to calculate the total pressure drop. The constant terminal
pressure and the constant terminal rate case are not inde-
pendent of one another, as knowing the operational form of
one, the other can he determined, as will be shown later.
C L.----_f----............
Comtant Terminal Pressure Case
---------_-+;:rl-_+..:.(.,..::..L.:O:.:)~ x
o
D r-----i~---__f..,
The constant terminal pressure case is defined as follows:
At time zero the pressure at all points in the formation is con-
stant and equal to unity, and when the well or reservoir is
opened, the pressure at the well or reservoir boundary, r = I,
immediately drops to zero and remains zero for the duration
of the production history.
If we treat the constant terminal pressure case symbolically,
the solution of the problem at any radius and time is given
by P = PI•. t). The rate of fluid influx per unit sand thickness
A under these conditions is given by Darcy's equation
FIG. 2 - CONTOUR INTEGRATION IN ESTABLISHING THE CONSTANT

qCT) =
2rK
,.
(r
p
)
ar r = I
a. . . . . (IV.I)
TERMINAL RATE CASE FOR INFINITE EXTENT. If we wish to determine the cumulative influx of fluid in
absolute time T, and having expressed time in the diffusivity
y
=
equation as t KTjf/'CR.', then
T 2...K £,.cR: t ( ap )
= J dT = - - x -- J -- dt
Or r = 1
QlTl qCT)
o ,. K 0
= 2"£cR.' Q'tl • • • • • (IV-2)
i!: where
PLANE
Q(t) = o/ (aapr )
r 1
dt
= (IV-3)
In brief, knowing the general solution implied by Eq. IV·S,
which expresses the integration in dimensionless time, t, of the
-t-if--:H----+-1-+-+-1-+-t--f-f.--f-l--+-x pressure gradient at radius unity for a pressure drop of one
atmosphere, the cumulative influx into the well hore or into the
(~ ,0)
oil-bearing portion of the field can be determined by Eq. IV-2.
Furthermore, for any pressure drop, L\.P, Eq. IV-2 expresses
the cumulative influx as
Q(T) = 2".fcR b• l:l.P Q(cl • • • • • (IV4)
per unit sand thickness. *
• The set of symbols now introduced and the symbols reported In
Hurst'a1 earlier paper on water-drive are related as follQW1I:
t
G(Cl' 8jR') = QUI and G(Cl' ejR') =J Q(tl dt where
FIG. 3 - CONTOUR INTEGRATION IN ESTABLISHING THE CONSTANT
TERMINAL RATE CASE FOR LIMITED RESERVOIR. Cl' SIR' = t

IN RESERVOIRS
When an oil reservoir and the adjoining water·bearing for- where q,n is the rate of water encroachment per unit area of
mations are contained between two parallel and sealing fault. cross-section, and p,,) is the cumulative pressure drop at the
ing planes, the How of Iluid is essentially parallel to these sand face per unit rate of production.
planes and is "linear," The constant terminal pressure case
can also be applied to this case. The basic equation for linear Superposition Theorem
flow is given by With these fundamental relationships available, it remains
a'p P a to be shown how the constant pressure case can be interpreted
ax' = at (IV.S) for variahle terminal pressures, or in the constant rate case,
where now t = KT/fpc and x is the absolute distance meas. for variable rates. The linearity of the dilfusivity equation al·
ured from the plane of inHux extending out into the water- lows the application of the superposition theorem as a se·
be4I"ing sand. If we assume the same boundary conditions as quence of constant terminal pressures or constant rates in
=
in radial flow, with P P(x, t) as the solution, then by such a fashion that it reproduces the pressure or production
history at the boundary, r = 1. This is essentially Duhaznel's
Darcy's law, the rate of fluid influx across the original water·
oil contact per unit of cross-sectional area is expressed by principle, for which reference can be made to transient electric
circuit theory in texts py Karman and Biot,' and Bush" It has
q,,'l = K,. (~)
ax X=o
(IV-6) been applied t oilie flow of fluids hy Muskat,' Schilthuis and
Hurst,' in employing the variable rate case in calculating the
The total fluid influx is given by pressure drop in the East Texas Field.'
The physical significance can best be realized by an appli.
Q(TI = J'!q""dT=-.--
o
K fl"C
K ,. 0
J t (-
ap)
-
OX x=o
dt
cation. Fig. I·A shows the pressure decline in the well bore
=f C Qltl • : • • • • (IV.7) or a field that has been flowing and for which we wish to ob·
where Qltl is the generalized solution for linear flow and is tain the amount of fluid produced. As shown, the pressure
equal to history is reproduced as a series of pressure plateaus which
represent a sequence of constant terminal pressures. Therefore,
Q", = o j (~)
ax x=o
dt (IV-B) by the application of Eq. IV4, the cumulative fluid produced
in time t by the pressure drop e:,.P0' operative since zero time,
Therefore, for any over·all pressure drop liP, Eq. IV·7 gives is expressed by Q<Tl = 2..fcR: L\P. QU)' If we next consider
Q<Tl = fcAP Q", (IV·9)
per unit of cross-sectional area.
Comtant Terminal Rate Case

In the. constant terminal rate case it is likewise assumed that r- 01tJ
3o..------r-------..,....-----.
initially the pressure everywhere in the formation is constant
hut that from the time zero onward the fluid is withdrawn
from the well bore or reservoir boundary at a unit rate. The
=
pressure drop is given by P p(.,t\> and at the boundary of
the field, where r = 1, (aP/ar) •., = -1. The minus sign
is introduced because the gradient for the pressure drop rela·
tive to the radius of the well or reservoir is negative. If the
cumulative pressure drop is expressed as liP, then
20b------l--.1'....----/
e:,.p = q", p(.,,, (IV·lO)
where q", is a constant relating the cumulative pressure drop
with the pressure change for a unit rate of production. By
applying Darcy's equation for the rate of fluid flowing into
the well or reservoir per unit sand thickness
q'T' = -2rK ( oL\P ) =-2r K q(t) (ap(.,tl )

,. or =I , . or r =I IOI---/---/-+"L------+------I
· h simp
wh Ie . lifi es to q(1l =--.
q('f,1' Therefore, for any constant
2,..K
rate of· production the cumulative pressure drop at the field
radius is given by
L\P = q(T)I' Pu ) (IV-H)
2..K
Similarly, for the constant rate of production in linear {low, O~I----~5------I~O:--------J
the cumulative pressure drop is expressed by
(IV.12) FIG. 4 - RADIAL FLOW, CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE CASE, INFIN·

ITE RESERVOIR, CUMUtATIVE PRODUCTION VS. TIME.
308 PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS. AIME December, 1949

the pressure drop t\.p.. which occurs in time t" and treat this If the increments are infinitesimal, or the smooth curve reb.·
as a separate entity, but take cognizance of its time of incep- tionship applies, Eq. IY·IS becomes
tion t.. then the cumulative fluid produced by this increment
t dq(t')
of pressure drop is Q(t) = 2".fcR.' t\.P, Q("'I)' By super-
imposing all these effects of pressure changes, the total influx
lI.P = q,.) Pm + o f -dt'- PH"') dt' (IV·16)
in time t is expressed as If ql.) = 0, Eq. IV·16 can also be expressed as

t
QIT) = 2,..fcR.' [LlP.QII) + t\.P,Qu.•,) + lI.P = of q(.') P'".,,) dt' (IV·17)
lI.P,Q".<,,) + lI.P,Q[ •.•,) + ... ] (IV.IS)
where P'w is the derivative of Pl') with respect to t.
when t > t,. To reproduce the smooth curve relationship of
Since Eqs. IY·13 and lV·IS are of such simple algebraic
Fig. I-A, these pressure plateaus can be taken as infinitesim·
ally small, which give the summation of Eq. IY·I3 by the fOrIDs, they are most practical to use with production history
integral in making reservoir studies. In applying the pressure or rate
t Oll.P plateaus as shown in Fig. 1, it must be realized that the time
Q(T) == 2ricR.' f - - Ql •.•·) dt' . • . (IV·H)
a at' interval for each plateau should be taken as small as possible,
50 as to reproduce within engineering accuracy the trend of
By considering variable rates of fluid production, such as the curves. Naturally, if an exact interpretation is desired, Eqs.
shown in Fig. I·B, and reproducing these rates as a serles of IV.14 and JV·16 apply.
constant rale plateaus, then by Eq. IV·ll the pressure drop in
the well bore in time t, for the initial rate q. is lI.P. = q.PI.).
At time t" the comparable increment for constant rate is ex·
pressed as q, - q., and the effect of this increment rate on FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
the corresponding increment of pressure drop is lI.P, = In applying the Laplace transformation, there are certain
(q. - q.) PI'· .... Again by superimposing all of these effects, fundamental operations that must be clarified. It has been
the determination for the cumulative pressure drop is ex·
stated that if P ICI is a pressure drop, the transformation for
pressed by
PIt) is given by Eq. III-I, as
lI.P + [q,(t,) - qt.)] Pl.· ••) + [q"(.,) -

== ql.) Pl') q(.,)] _ CIO
p("',) + [q(,,)-q(,:/] PI ....) + (IV.IS) PIP) == of e....• Pm dt
To visualize more concretely the meaniilg of this equation, if

the unit pressure drop at the boundary in the constant termi·
rr=-Q(-t)--r----r----,r--~..__,,,.._-_r_--.., nal pressure case is employed in Eq. Ill.I, its transform is
35f----l----f---+
given by
_
P (p)
CIO
== o f e- P ' I dt
-e'
== - p
P
'
1
I
(Xl
o
=-p
1
(Y-I)
3.ot---+---+----h~,.L--_r_--_1_--_l
The Laplace transformations of many transcendental functions
have been developed and are available in tables, the most com·
plete of which is thc tract by Campbell and Foster.' It is there·
fore often possible after solving a total differential such as
Eq. ill-3 to refer to a set of tables and transforms and deter-
2.0-1---+--+-7-+---+---+---+---1 mine the inverse of Pl.) or PH)' It is frequently necessary to

simplify PIP) before an inversion can be made. However, Mel.
lin's inversion formula is always applicable, which requires
1.51-_ _-if-__-:=::!==---r--+__-=:A:;SY;.:"'::..:T..:OT.:.:'::.C....:V.:::J\L:r;:U::E....:I::..:.500=L/
analytical treatment whenever used.
There are two possible simplifications for PIP) when time
is small or time is large. This is evident from Eq. m·3, where
p can be interpreted by the operational calculus as the oper-
ator dl dt. Therefore, if we consider this symbolic relation,
ASYMTOTIC VAI.UE O.ElZ!> then if t is large, p must be lImall, or inversely, if t is small,
"R • 1.5 p will be large. To understand this, if P,P) is expressed by an
involved Bessel relationship, lhe substitution for p as a small
or large value will simplify PCP) to give PIt) for the corre·
sponding times.
O.OO~----;,'=.O,--------:2-:-..0;;----3,fO;;----4-='.O~----=5!-::.O;----6-=!.O
Mellin's inversion formula is given on page 71 of Carslaw
FIG. 5 - RADIAL FLOW, CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE CASE,
CUMULATIVE PRODUCTION VS. TIME FOR LIMITED RESERVOIRS.
and Jaeger:'
December, 1949 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME 309

IN RESERVOIRS
r-PRESSURE DROP IN ATMOSPHERES-PCtl.
1.80.....--,,-.......""'T"---r---r---r--"""T--..-----.
where P(X ) is the transform PCP) Where this report is con-
corned with pressure drops, the above can be written as

'Y+iex. J.901---++-t\-1t.--+--f---+--f---+--l
1 Xt, At, -
PI,,) -p Ct,) =- f (e -e ) P d A. (Y.2)
2ri (X)
')'-i ex.
The integration is in the complex plane). x + iy, along a =
line parallel to the y·axis, extending from minus to positive
infinity, and a distance 'Y removed from the origin, so that all 2.00J.---f--H--\t-\\-i--1t--1t--I---;
poles are to the left of this line, Fig. 2. The reader who has a
comprehensive understanding of contour integrals will recog-
nize that this integral is equal to the integration around a
~-circle of infinite radius extending to the left of the iine
=
x 'Y, and includes integration along the "cuts," which joins
the poles to the semi-circle. Since the integration along the 2.101--+---+11--+-\
semi-circle in the second and third quadrant is zero for radius
infinity and t>O, this leaves the integration along the "cuts"
and the poles, where the latter, as expressed in Eq. Y·2, are
the residuals.
Certain fundamental relationships in the Laplace trans-
formations are found useful:'· 2.201---I----!--\-+--+--\--+-\
Theorem A - If PCP) is the transform of Pc 'll then
I
00 00
+ P of e-9 l Pl') dt
0
2:3()I.-........,,12!::--~16,.----;!2:!;-0--::;2;l;4---;:;;~--;f;;-.....l.-:h---i40'
= P PCP) - P Wo) TIME(t)
dPlt) - •
or the transform of - -
dt
= p PCP) - P Wolt provided e-9' P Ct) FIG. 6 - RADIAL FLOW, CONSTANT TERMINAl RATE CASE, PRESSURE
DROP VS. TIME. P(t) VS. t
approaches zero as time approaches infinity.
00
This integral is comparable to the integrals developed by the
Theorem B - The transform of of P (,') dt' is expressed by
superimposition theorem, and of appreciable use in this
paper.
00 t -e-9' t
o
f e-9t
0
f Pet') dt'dt =--
p 0
fPc.') dt'
CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE AND
CONSTA1'I"T TERMINAL RATE CASES,
p INFINITE MEDIDM
or the t~ansform of the integration P Ct ') with respect to t' The analytics for the constant terminal pressure and rate
_ t
from zero to t is P cpJ P, if e-9 t f P (t') dt' is zero for time cases have been developed for limited reservoirs'" when the
o exterior boundary is considered closed or the production rate
infinity.
through this boundary is fixed. In determining the volume of
Theorem C - The transform for e±ct p,,) is equal to water encroached into the oil.bearing portion of reservoirs.
00 00 _ _ few cases have been encountered which indicated that the
of e-9' e±ct Pct) dt = of e-CP.C)t PCt) dt = P CP;C) sands in which the oil occurs are of limited extent. For the
if p - c is positive. most part, the data show that the influx behaves as if the
water-bearing parts of the formations are of infinite extent,
TheoremD-Ifp,(p) is the transform of P,(t), and P,(p) because within the productive life of oil reservoirs, the rate of
is the transform of P,(tlt then the product of these two trans- water encroachment does not reflect the influence of an ex·
forms is the transform of the integral terior boundary. In other words, whether or not the water sand
t is of limited extent, the rate of water encroachment is such as
of PUt') P,Ct.,·) dt' if supplied by an infinite medium.

Computing the water inflWl for an infinite reservoir with the

help of Fourier-Bessel expansions, an exterior boundary can ( _o~)
or r=l = -1 at all times.
be assumed so far removed from the field radius that the pro-
duction for a considerable time will reflect the infinite ca~e. A reference to a text on Bessel functions, such as Karman
and Biot: pp. 61.63, shows that the general solution for Eq.
Unfortunately, the poor convergence of these expansions inval.
III·3 is given hy
idates this approach. An alternative method consists of using
increasing values for exterior radius, evaluating the water in.
(VI.l)
flux for each radius separately, and then drawing ~he envelope
of these curves, which gives the infinite case, Fig. 5. In such where I. (rvp) and K.(rYp) are modified Bessel func.
a procedure, each of the branch curves reflects a water reser. tions of the first and second kind, respectively, and of zero
voir of limited extent. Inasmuch as the drawing of an envelope order. A and B are two constants which satisfy a second order
does 110t give a high degree of acuracy, the solutions for the differential equation. Since P(r,p) is the transform of the
constant terminal pressure and constant terminal rate cases pressure drop at a point in the formation, and hecause at a
for an infinite medium are presented here, with values for point not yet affected hy production the absolute pressure
Q(C) and Pit) calculated directly. equals the initial pressure, it is required that P (r,p) should
The constant terminal pressure case was first developed by approach zero as r becomes large. As shown in Karman and
Nicholson" by the application of Green's function to an instan. Biot: I.(rVp) hecomes increasingly large and K.(r'/p)
taneous circular source in an infinite medium. GoldsteinU pre.
approaches zero as the argument (r'/p) increases. There·
sented this solution by the operational method, and Smith"
fore, to obey the initial condition, the constant A must equal
employed Cai"slaw's contour method in its development. Cars.
zero and (VI·I) becomes
law and Jaeger..·.. later gave the explicit treatment of the
constant terminal pressure case by the application of the La. (VI.2)
place transformation. The derivation of the constant terminal
rate case is not given in the literature, and its development To fulfill the second boundary condition for unit rate of
is presented here. production, namely (oPlor)r-1 = -1, the transform for
unity gives
The Constant Rate Case
(VI-3)
As already discussed, the boundary conditions for the con-
stant rate case in an infinite medium are that (1) the pres· by Eq. V·l. The differentiation of the modined Bessel func·
sure drop p(•. lI is zero initially at every point in the forma. tion of the second kind, Watson's Bessel Functions," W.B.F.,
tion, and (2) at the radius of the field (r = 1) we have p. 79, gives K.' (z)=- K, (z). Therefore, differentiation Eq.
r-: PRESSURE DROP
~11,.. . .
xtl::lnO!:- -..:3i!-_-..:jS~_..!8i!_!_¥=:....,.--_r~_r_--,...-__r-r_-----T"':;r_-r_-..,.._, u
.-l._--R-200
I
3.. ~-----f_-----1I--_+A-~~,.£..--+15.2--+--___.,I__+_---__,"__~=---+_-_+__16.S
3.6.~----1----+ ~~-k-$------!15r-~f---+--+---#~---=====-~(-6
I ...
3.41-------I..'--:l~-+_7~jl-+_----_f14.8 R-'OO'-+---1U
5.21-----..P+--+-If---=l--f--- R.wo+l;--t--79f=--t-:::::===-- --1----4--16.0
I
F-:±===F=hlfi1jro---l14.4-~;.q...---j---j-----t--+--+---J5.8
I _~--R-300
2.8~(L--.l.~--L---L--l.-..L.T .. ----L.l..L.-..c....L.---I-.L....s~---___:~-_:_--_:___'5.6
s
IXlO 3 l5 8 IXIO 3 3 !l 8
t
FIG. 7 - RADIAL FLOW, CONSTANT TERMINAL RATE CASE. CUMULATIVE PRESSURE DROP VS. TIME PIt) VS. t

IN RESERVOIRS
VI·2, with re~pect to r at r = 1, gives where "f is Euler's constant 0.57722, and the logarithmic term
consists of natural logarithms. When z is small
( .aort ) r=l. =-BVp K.( 'vp) z
K.,(z) ~ - [log:2 + 'Y] (VI·12)
and ..ince
(-~~ )r=1 = - ;
K,(z) ~ liz .. .. (VI.l3)
Therefore. Eq. VI·4 becomes
- -logp (log2-"Y)
the constant B = IIp'/1 K, (Vp). Therefore, the transform p u ."
2p
= --- + p
(VI·14)
for the pressure drop for the constant rate case in an infinite
medium is given by The inversion for the first term on the right is given by Camp.
bell and Foster, Eq. 892, and the inverse of the second term by
(VI-4)
p'rK, (vp) I o.
r-"'"
To determine the inverse of Eq. VI-4 in order to establish f-- e· o
the pressure drop at radius unity, we can resort to the sim. 7' ./
plification that for small times the operator p is large. Since / V /'
lP 17/
Y 1/
K.,(z) = ~;z (VI·S) r= E='t.'~~
for z large, W.B.F., p. 202, then , ..
~
:to' "",
1 17 r7 ~.p
PU.,I = -,,; (VI-6)
p
The inversion for this transform is given in Campbell and o.J? I....
:j::j::Ij
Foster, Eq. 516, as
2
PUI = - - t'/1 (VI-7)
v-;; V
In brief, Eq. VI.7 states that when t = K T/fpeR.' is small,
Ol ,
which can be caused by the boundary radius for the field, R., ro ro' ro'
III
being large, the pressure drop for the unit rate of production FIG. 8 - CONSTANT RATE OF PRODUCTION IN THE STOCK TANK,
approximates the condition for linear flow. ADJUSTING FOR THE UNLOADING OF FLUID IN THE ANNULUS. pet)
To justify this conclusion, the treatment of the linear flow VERSUS t where; =
c!2ncR.', AND c is the VOLUME OF FLUID UN·
equation, Eq. IV-S, by the Laplace transformation gives LOADED FROM THE ANNULUS. CORRECTED TO RESERVOIR CONDI.
TlONS, PER ATMOSPHERE BOTTOM·HOLE PRESSURE DROP. PER UNIT
d' :PI" -
---
dx'
= pP,,1 (VI.S) SAND THICKNESS.
for which the general solution is the expression

Eq. V·I. Therefore, the pressure drop at the boundary of the
P,x." = Ae-' vp + Be"V> (VI·9) field when t is large is given by
By repeating the reasoning already employed in this develop.
1
ment, the transform for the pressure drop at x = 0 gives = -- [log 4t - "f]
2
P(OVPf lip'!' = 1
which is identical with (VI.6) with p the operator of t = = - [log t + 0.80907] (VI.lS)
2
KT/fl'c.
The second simplification for the transform (VI-4) is to The solution given by Eq. VI-ISis the solution of the con·
consider p small, which is equivalent to considering time, t, tinuous point source problem for large time t. The relationship
large. The expansions for K. (z) and K, (z) are given in Cars. has been applied to the flow of fluids by Bruce," Elkins," and
law and Jaeger,' p. 248. others, and is particularly applicable for study of interference
between flowing wells.
K.,(z) = - I.(z) { log~ + 'Y ~ + ( ~:l )' The point source solution originally developed by Lord Kel·
2
vin and discussed in Carslaw" can be expressed as
~ ~
1 ) ( )' ( 1 1) ( ) ' (VI.lO)
+ ( 1+ 2 + 1+"2+"3 Pl•. ., =.-!2 it sex> e-' dn =..!. { -Ei
n 2
(_.!4t ) ~ . (VI.16)
(2!)' (3!)' +
z often referred to as the logarithmic integral or the Ei·func·
K.(z)=-(-I)'·'I.(z) {log2+'Y~ tion. Its values are given in Tables of Sine, Cosine, and Expo.
nential Integrals, Volumes I and II, Federal Works Agency,
1 ex> ( -=-)u'"
oJ
W.P.A., City of New York. For large values of the time,t,
+ -2 (_1)' 2: - - - - - [ ~ m-' + 2: m-']
,.. r! (n+r) ! m-' mA Eq. VI·16 reduces to P" .., = 21 [log 4t-')'] which is Eq.
+ -21 n·l
2:
,..
(-1)'
(
-
2
Z ) _.., (n-r-l)!
r!
(VI·H)
VI-IS, and this relation is accurate for values of t>100.

By this development it is evident that the point source solu· Likewise, the integration along the under portion of the
tion doe3 not apply at a boundary for the determination of the
pressure drop when t is small. However, when the radius, R..
negative real "cut" is expressed by A = u· e-i,.. and
is small, such as a well radius, even small values of the abso·
lute time, T will give large values of the dimensionless time t,
1 1 (e ~t.
-e
At. -
) 1(.(V A r) d A
2". 0:>
and the point source solution is applicable. On the other ~'i' K,(v'~
hand, in considering the pressure drop at the periphery of a
= -1 0:> (e- '_e-U 1,) 1(. (u e-1.,.. /2 r) du
"
ut
field (in which case R. can have Il large numerical value) the
value of t can be easily less than 100 even for large values of -;-J u' e
-j,r/2
K,(u e
-ir/2
)
absolute time, T. Therefore, for intermediate times, the rig·
orous solution of the constant rate case must be used, which Using Eq. VI·IS, yields the relationship
we will now proceed to obtain. -u't, -u't
Io:>(e -e ') [Y1 (u) I.(ur)-J,(u) Y.(ur)] du
To develop the explicit solution for the constant terminal
rate case, it is necessary to invert the Laplace transform, Eq.
-;-J u' [1,'(u) + Y,'(u)]
(VI·20)
VI4, by the Mellin's inversion formula. The path of integra· The integration along Paths DO and DC is the sum of the
tion for this transform is described by the "cut" along the relations VI·I9 and VI·20, or
negative real axis, }'ig. 2, which give3 a single valued function
on each side of the "cut." That is to say that Path AB re·
p(" '1) - PI', ,,) =
quired by Eq. V-2 is equal to the Path AD and CB, both of 2 0:> (e-u't'_eu't,) [Y,(u} l.(ur} -l,(u) Y.(ur}] du
-Of ----~~~~_:_::_-_...:...--
which are described by a semi-eircle of radiu3 infinity. Since r u'[1,'(u) + Y,'(u)]
'Its integration is zero in the second and third quadrant, this Initially, that is Ilt time zero, the cumulative pressure drop at
Jeaves the integration along l'aths DO and UC equal to All. any point in the formation is zero, p(,. ,••) O. Hence, the =
The integration on the upper portion of the "cut" can he ob- pressure drop since zero time equals:
tained by making ~ == u' e +i~ which yields 2 o:>(l-e
-u't
) [1,(u) Y.(ur) -Y.(u) l.(url] du
1 _~(e
At,
-e
At. -
)1(.(Y A r) p(,.., =-;J u'[1,'(u) + Y.'(u)]
2ri a
J dA == (VI·21)
~.{S K.( v'A ) which is the explicit solution of the constant terminal rate case
2 ir for an infinite medium.
-u't, -ut, -
1 00 (e - e ) 1(. (u e' r) du To determine the cumulative pressure drop for a unit rate
ria) - - - - i - r - - - - i r - - - - of production at the well bore or field radius, (where r == 1)
then Eg. VI·21 changes to
u' e' K, ( u e' ) (VI.17) -u't
Carslaw and Jaeger' (page 249) shows that modified Bassel 2 0:> (1 -e ) [1.(u) Y.{u) - Y.{u) I.(ll)] du
i1l' p u • t) =-;of u' [J,'(u) + Y,'(u)]
±-
2 (VI·22)
functions of the /irst and second kind of arguments z e By the recurrence formula given in W.B.F., p. 77
can be expressed by the regular Bessel functions as complex 2
values, as follows: I, (u) Y. (u) - J. (u) Y. (u) = (VI-23)
ru
i,..
±- Equation VI·22 simplilies to
2 -u't
I. (z e ) == 1. (z) 4 co (I - e ) du
111'
:!:- p(,) ,...of = (VI·24)
u' [J,'(u) + Y1'(u)]
2 - ,..i -
1(.(z e ) = + -~ I.(z) +i Y.(z) }
2
Constant Terminal Pressure Case
As already shown, the transform of the pressure drop in
I".
±- aninfinitemediumisP(,.•,=B K,('Ipr). In the constant
I,(z e ') = ± i I,(z) • • • • . (VI·IS) terminal pressure case it is assumed that at all times the pres-
and
±-
i". sUre drop at r =
1 will be unity, which is expressed as a
2 r transform by Eg. V·I
K,(z e ) = -"2 [I,(z) + i Y,(z) ]
PU ••l = 1/p
The substitution of the corresponding values for By solving for the constant B at r == 1 in the above formula,
K, (u e
iTr/2
r) and K, (u e
ir/2
) from Eq. VI·IS in Eq. VI-17 we find B =
lip K, (vp), so that the transform for the
gives the integration along the upper portion of the negative pressure at any point in the reservoir is expressed by
real "cut" as - 1(.(Vp r)
-ut t1 _utt: PI'." =_..:-....:.........:...
(VI·25)
1 CD (e -e ) [Y,(u) J.Cur) -I,(u) Y.(ur) ] du p1(.(Vp)
_f ;-;:-;,-:-;-;--;--:::-;;-:;-::-;;- ..:.-_
u' [J,'(u) + Y,'(u) ] The comparable solution of VI·25 for a cumulative pressure
(VI.I9) drop can be developed as before by considering the paths of
where the imaginary term has been dropped. Fig. 2, with a pole at the origin, to give the solution

IN RESERVOIRS
TABLE I - Radial Flow, Comtant Terminal Pressure
p(l'. t:L) -P(r. =
~ Constant Terminal Rate ClUes Jar Infinite
tl)
2 co(e-u't '-e-u'Es ) [J.(u) Y.(ur) - Y.(u) J.(ur)] du

Reservoirs
-;J u'[J:(u) + Y.'(u)] (VI·26)
If we are interesterl in the cumulative Buid influx at the field p(U
radius, r =
I, then the relationship Eq. IV·3 applies, or 1.0(10)"
~.O "
0.112
0.27S
0.112
0.220
1.8(10)'
2.0 ..
4.138(10)'
UI5 ..
Q(t) = o
Jt (oP)
-or- r=l dt (IV·3)
1.0(10)-'
1~6 ..
2.0 "
0.104
0.620
0.5OG
0.315
0.375
0.424
2.6
3.0
4.0
5.0
u
"
..
..
8.480 ..
1.890 ..
0.757
11.88
..
"
2.6 u 0.580 0.450
0.7$0 0.150:1 0.0 .. 13.05 ..
The determination of the transform of the gradient of the 3.0 " 7.0 .. 15.QU ..
4.0 " O.80S 0.6M
6.0 u 1.020 0.010 S.O " 18.00 "
pressure drop at the field's edge follows from Eq. VI·25, 0.0 " 1.140 0.860 G.O " IG.QU ..
0.702 1.0(10)' 21.1l8 ..
1.0 u 1.261
8.0 u I.~ 0.136 1.5 .. 3.140(10)'
oPI •••) ) _ K.(Yp ) 8.0 u 1.450 o.m 2.0 oW
2.6 ..
4.070 ..
4.QU4 ..
( 1.0 1.670 0.802
r=l orp'I'K.(Vp) 1.8
2.0
2.032
2.442
0.127
UI20
3.0 "
4.0 M
5.801 ..
7.534 ..
2.83S 1.101 8.0 .. 0.542 M
since K.'(z) =-K,(z). Since the pressure drop Pl', Cj corre· 2.0 11.03 ..
3.0 3.m l.tau 0.0 ..
12.80 ..
aponds to the difference between the initial and actual pres' 4.0 3.m 1.276 7.0
8.0
"
.. 14.33 ..
8.0 4.541 1.3112
1.430 0.0 .. 16.8$ ..
sure, the transform of the gradient of the actual pressure at 0.0 5.148
5.740 1.600 1.0(10)' 17.88 ..
7.0 2.538(10)'
1.5 "
r = I is given by 8.0
8.0
U14
8.1151
U80
1.504 2.0 .. 3.308 M
2.5 .. 4.080
( oP) _ (-OP",.)) U61 M

1.0Cl0)' 7.417
O.oeo 1.820 3.0 .. 4.817 ..
1.8 " 4.0 .. 8.207 ..
2.0 u I.22tCIO)1 !.OSO
or r=1 or r=l 2.5 u
3_0 u
1.4M ..
1.881 "
2.001
2.141
5.0 ..
0.0 M
7.0Q9
9.113
..
..
4.0 .. 2.088 .. 2.282 7.0 .. 10.51 ..
or 6.0 .. 2.482 .. .2.3&3 8.0 .. 11.80 ..
0.0 .. 2.1150 .. 2.478 8.0 .. 13.28 ..
3.228 .. 1.0(10)' 14.112 ..
oP ) K...c
1 (c....Y.;:,..P..;..)_ 7.0 u
8.0 .. 3.500 ..
2.660
2.115 1.5 M 2.120(10)
( 0.0 u 3.1l42 .. 2.112 2.0 .. 2.781 ..
or r=l p'fJ K.( Vp> 1.0(10)1
1.5 •
4.301 "
6.080 ..
2.723
2.021
2.5 M
3.0 ..
3.m ..
4.1ld4 ..
which corresponds to the integrand of Eq. IV-3. Further, from 2.0 .. 7.m
9.120
.. ,~
3.004 4.0 u
6.0 oW
5.313 ..
8.544 ..
2.6 • 3.113
3.0 • 10.&3 " 3.253 8.0 .. 7.781 •
7.0 .. 8.1l88 ..
the definition given by Theorem H, namely, that if P (p) is the 4.0 •
8.0 u
13.48 "
18.24 "
3.40$
3.518 8.0 .. 10.18 ..
t e.o .. J8.~ Ie U08 0.0 .. 11.14 ..
12.62 ..
transform of P(Ch then the transform of o f P CC') dt' is given by 7.0
8.0
u
u
21.150 Ie
24..23 j~
3.584
3.750
1.0Cl0l'
0.0 .. 20.17 .. 3.818

P(p)/p and the Laplace transform for Q(tl is expressed by 1.0(10)' 2G.31 .. 3.1150
K,( Yp)
QI.) = ._-:.:~.:..-.:....- (VI·27) TABLE 1- COnlirwed
pi/, K.( Vp)
The application of the Mellin's inversion formula 10 Eq. VI·27
1.5(10)' 1.828(10)' l.5(10)1l 1.17CI0)"
follows the paths shown in Fig. 2, giving 2.0 .. 2.3G8 .. 2.0 .. 1.85 ..
2.5 .. 2.G81 u 2.5 .. 1.82 ..
-u't 3.0 .. 3.011 .. 3.0 .. 2.20 ..
4 ex> (I-e ) du 4.0 .. 4.&10 .. 4.0 .. 3.02 ..
(VI·28) 5.0 .. 3.15 "
Q(tl = rlof u' + Y:(u) ][J:(u)
5.0 II
8.0 ..
7.0 u
5.889 "
8.788 ..
7.818 If
6.0 ..
7.0 'I.
8.0 C4
~.47 ,.
5.10 ..
8.0 .. 8.M8 .. 6.8Q ..
With respect to the transform 'O"H there is the simplification U.O .. G.Oll .. G.O ..
1.0(10)0:
8.&3 "
7.28 "
1.0(10)1 )G.D.S "
that for time small. p is large, or Eq. VI·27 reduces 10 1.5 " 1.804(101' 1.6 .. 1.08(10)"
2.0 .. 2.108 .. 2.0 " 1.42 ..
2.S01 u
'0(0) = IIp'l' (VI.29) 2.8 "
3.0
t.O ..
u 3.1DO "
4.071 ..
and the inversion is as hefore 5.0 .. 5.032 ..
8.0 .. 5.084 ..
2
QUl t'l' =--- (VI·30) 7.0 ..
8.0 ..
8.028
1.866
..
oW
Y-;- 0.0 ..
1.0(10)'
l.5 u
8.701
o.m"
1.429(10r
..
2.0 .. 1.880 u
which is identical to the linear flow case. For all other values 2.5 " 2.328 ..
of the time, Eq. VI·28 must be solved numerically. 3.0 "
4.0 ..
2.171 "
3.M5 ..
5.0 II 4.510 II
Relation Between Q(p) and pep) 5.0 " 8.388 ..
7.0 " 8.220 ..
It is evident from the work that has already gone before. 8.0 u 1.OM "
9.0 .. 7.000 ..
that the Laplace transformation and the superimposition the· 1.0(10)" 8.747 ..
1.6 '1 1.288(10)'
orem offer a basis for interchanging the constant terminal 2.0 .. 1.097 ..
2.5 " 2.103 "
pressure to the constant terminal rate case, and vice versa. In 3.0 " 2.505 ..
4.0 u 3.2GO ..
any reservoir study the essential interest is the analyses of 4.0 u 4.081 ..
8.0 " 4.868 ..
the flow either at the well hore or the field boundary. The 7.0 .. lii.643 u
8.0 u 8.414 ..
purpose of this work is to determine the relationship between 9.0 u 7.183 ,.
Q (t), the constant terminal pressure case, and P (tl. the con· 1.0(10)11 7.048 ..
stant terminal rate case, which explicitly refer to the boundary

=
r 1. Therefore, if we conceive of the influx of fluid into a
PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME December, 1949

314
A. f. VAN EVERDINGEN AND W. HURST T.P. 2732
TABLE II - Comtant Terminal Pressure Ca.se well or field 85 a constant rate problem, then the actual cumu·
Radial Flow. Limited Reservoirs lative fluid produced as a·function of the cumulative pressure
drop is expre3~ed by the superposition relationship in Eq.
R _ 1.6 R _ 2.0 R _ 2.5 R = SoD IV·14 as
lit =
2.8899 CI, = 1.3606 lit = 0.8663 lit = 0.6%56
... =
'.S452 lit = 4.U58 lit = 3.0876 ... = 2.3041 Q(T) = t
2...fcR.' of
d6P
---;w-
Quo,'. dt' (IV-H)
t Q lI ) t QCt) t Q(t) t Q(l)
5.0(10)-' 0.275 5.0(10)-> 0.278 1.0(IW' 0. 408 1----

3.0(10)-< 0.755
- when 6P is the cumulative pressure drop at the well bore
8.0 M 0.304 7.6 II 0.3~ 1.5 M 0.509. t.O 0.895
W affected by producing the well at constant rate which is estab-
7.0 M 0.330 1.0(10)-' 0.404 2.0 M 0.899 5.0 .. 1.a23
8.0 .. 0.304 1.25 .. 0.448 2.5 M 0.881 5.0 .. 1.1'3 lished by
1.SO •• 3.0 .. 7.0 .. 1.258
9.0 ..
1.0(10)-1
1.1 M
1.2 ..
0.318
0.398
0.41'
0.431
1.75
2.00
2.25
..
..
..
0.507
0.553
0.597
0.838
3.8 ..
4.0 ..
4.6 II
0.758
O.ll2lI
o.m
0.962
8.0 ..
'.0 ..
1.00
1.31l3
1.448
l.81l3
6P = Q(\t')2::c t) (IY·U)
1.3 M 0.4~ 2.50 .. 0.878 8.0 .. 1.024 1.25 1.191
1.4 .. 0.~1 2.78 .. 0.715 &.5 I' 1.083 1.50 1.997 The substitution of Eq. IY-l1 in IV·14 gives
1.8 .. 3.00 .. 0.751 5.0 .. 1.140 1.15 2.184
1.8 ..
0.414
0.484 3.25 II 0.785 8.8 .. 1.198 2.00 2.&l3 Q _ q(T) f/'CR.' ft d p u') Q
1.7 M 0.4f7 3.50 .. 0.817 7.0 M
1.5 ..
1.248 2.25 2.507
2.848
(T) - K 0 ~ u·,', dt'
1.8 .. 0.507 3.75 .. 0.848 1.z:n 2.50
l.t .. 0.817 4.00 .. 0.817 8.0 .. 1.148 2.15 2.772
2.0 .. 0.&28 4.25 .. 0.908 8.8 .. 1.398 3.00 2.885 Since the rate is constant. Q(T,=q(T' x T, and as t=KT/f.ucR.'
2.1 M 0.833 4.50 .. 0.832 9.0 .. 1.440 3.25 2.990
2.2 M 0.041 4.78 M 0.988 9.8 .. l.484 3.50 8.084 this relation becomes
2.3 M 0.848 5.00 .. 0.183 1.0 1.525 3.75 8.110
a.241 t dPc.')
2.4 ..
2.' M
2.8 ..
0.884
O.sst
0.868
5.50
8.00
8.50
..
..
..
1.028
1.070
1.108
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.505
1.571
1.747
4.00
4.25
4.50
a.811
8.181
t = J ~ Qc.-") dt' • • • • (VI-31)
2.8 .. 0.814 1.00 M 1.143 1.4 1.811 4.75 a.439
3.0 .. 0.682 1.50 .. 1.174 1.8 1.810 5.00 8.m To express Eq. VI·31 in transformation form. the tran3form
3.2 .. 0.883 8.00 .. 1.203 1.8 1.924 8.50 8.881
3.4 .. 0.894 t.OO M 1.253 1.7 1.118 5.00 8.655
3.717
for t is I/p', Campbell and Foster, Eq. 408.1. The trllIl9form
8.5 M 0.899 1.00 1.298 1.8 2.022 8.50
3.' .. 0.803 1.1 1.330 2.0 2.106 7.00 3.757
4.0 .. '0.505 1.2 1.388 2.2
2.4
2.178
2.241
7.80
8.00
3.l!OD
3.843
for PO) at r =
1 is P(Ph and it follows from Theorem A that
4.8 .. 0.813 1.3 l.882
8.0 .. 0.817 1.4 1.402 2.8 2.294 9.00 3.~ dP(t) -
5.0 M 0.821 l.5 1.432 2.8 2.340 10.OJ 3.1128 the transform of - - - is pP Cp) as the cumulative pressure
1.0 .. 0.823 1.7 1.«4 3.0 :1.380 11.00 3.981 dt
8.0 .. 0.824 1.8 1.453 3.4 2.«4 12.00 8.m
2.0 1.468 3.8 2.491 1UlO 1.885 drop P(t) for constant rate is zero at time zero. Finally from
2.5 1.481 4.2 2.&28 15.00 Ut3
8.0 1.498 4.8 2.851 18.00 3.997 Theorem D. the transform for the integration of the form Eq.
4.0 1.499 8.0 2.570 20.00 3.m VI-31 is equ81 to the product of the transforms for each of the
5.0 l.500 8.0 2.599 22.00 3.m
1.0 2.813 24.00 4.000 two terms in the integrand, or
8.0 2.81t
t.O
10.0
2.822
2.824 I
TABLE IT - Continued TABLE IT - Continued
B _U R _ 4.0 R _ 4.6 It _ 6.0 It = 6.0 R 7_0
... = 0.1167
R _ 8.0
... = 0.1476
It _ 9.0
... =
R _10.0
... = 0.4861 ... = 0.8986 ... = 0.3295 ... = 0.2823 lit = 0.2182 ... = 0.8438 ... =
0.1264 ... ::::: 0.1104
... =
... = 1.8374 ... = 1.5267 ... = 1.3061 ... = 1.1S92 ... = 0.9025 ... = 0.7634 0.6140 0.4919
t t t Q(t) t Q Ct ) t Q(I) t Q(U t Q lI ) t Q(,)

t
1.00
Q(,)
1.511 2.00
Q(,)
2.W!
- 2.5
Q(l)
2.835 3.0 3.195

- 8.0 5.148
5.440
-- --- - - - ------
9.00
9.80
6.861
7. i27
9
10
6.851
7.398
10
15
7.417
9.945
15
20
9.985
12.32
1.20 1.781 2.20 2.598 3.0 3.196 3.5 3.542 6.5
1.940 2.40 2.148 3.8 3.537 4.0 3.875 7.0 5.724 10 7.389 11 7.920 20 12.26 22 13.22
1.40 7.902 12 8.431 22 13.13 24 14.09
l.50 2.111 2.80 2.893 4.0 3.859 4.5 4.113 7.8 8.002 11
2.273 2.80 3.034 4.5 4.185 5.0 4.4g~ 8.0 8.273 12 8.397 .3 8.930 24 .3.98 25 14.95
1.80 8.876 14 9.418 26 14.79 28 16.78
2.00 2.427 3.00 3.170 5.0 UM 5.5 4.792 8.5 8.537 13
15 9.895 28 15.89 30 16.59
2.20 2.674 3.25 3.334 5.6 4.727 6.0 5.074 9.0 5.795 14 '.341
3.493 8.0 4.984 6.6 5.345 9.6 7.047 15 g.791 16 10.361 30 15.35 32 17.36
2.40 2.715 3.50 10.82 32 '7.10 34 18.16
2.849 3.76 3.845 8.5 5.231 7.0 $.IlOS 10.0 7.~3 16 10.23 17
2.50 17 10.85 18 11.26 34 17.82 36 18.91
2.80 2.978 4.00 3.792 7.0 5.484 7.5 6.854 10.5 7.533
4.25 3.932 7.5 6.884 8.0 8.094 11 7.787 18 11.05 19 11.70 36 18.82 38 19.85
3.00 3.098 20 12.13 36 19.19 40 20.37
3.25 3.242 4.50 4.088 8.0 5.892 8.5 8.325 12 8.220 19 11.45
4.198 8.5 6.089 9.0 8.547 13 8.651 20 11.85 22 12.95 40 19.85 42 21.07
3.50 3.379 4.76 13.14 42 20.48 44 21.18
3.507 6.00 4.323 9.0 8.218 9.5 8.780 14 9.083 22 12.58 24
3.16 24 13.27 26 14.80 H 21.09 .8 22.42
4.00 3.828 5.80 4.580 9.5 6.453 10 8.985 15 9.458
5.00 4.779 10 8.821 11 7.350 18 9.829 26 13.92 28 15.23 46 21.89 48 23.07
4.26 3.742 15.92 48 22.28 50 23.71
3.850 8.50 4.982 11 6.930 12 7.708 17 10.19 28 14.53 30
4.50 30 15.11 34 17.22 80 22.82 82 24.33
4.15 3.951 7.00 6.169 12 7.208 13 8.035 18 10.53
13 7.457 14 8.339 19 .0.65 S5 16.39 38 18.41 82 23.36 84 24.t.
8.00 4.047 7.50 6.343 18.97 84 23.89 58 25.53
4.222 8.00 6.504 14 7.880 15 8.820 20 11.18 40 17.49 40
6.50 .5 16.43 45 20.28 50 24.39 58 28.11
8.00 4.378 8.80 5.653 15 7.880 16 8.879 22 11.74
4.518 9.00 8.790 15 8.060 18 9.338 24 12.28 50 19.24 80 21.42 18 24.88 60 25.87
5.80 20.51 55 22 ••6 50 25.36 65 26.02
7.00 4.839 9.80 5.917 18 8.385 20 9.731 25 12.50 80
8.035 20 8.511 22 10.07 31 13.74 70 2'.45 60 23.40 85 26.48 70 29.29
7.80 4.749 10 24.98 70 27.62 75 3O.4g
4.845 11 8.248 22 8.809 24 10.35 35 14.40 80 22 ••3 70
8.00 go 22.83 80 26.26 75 28.46 80 3Ul
8.50 4.!l32 12 8.425 24 8.958 26 10.89 39 1U3
25 9.097 28 10.80 51 15.05 100 23.00 90 27 .26 SO 2g.38 85 32.87
9.00 5.009 13 8.5SO 30 .•8 90 33.86
8.712 28 9.200 30 10.98 80 15.58 120 23.47 100 28.11 85
9.80 5.078 14 120 29.31 go 30.g3 95 34.50
8.138 15 5.825 30 9.283 34 11.25 70 15.91 140 23.71
10.00 180 23.85 140 30.08 . g6 31.53 100 36.46
11 5.241 18 8.922 34 9.404 38 11.48 80 17.14
7.004 38 9.481 42 11.81 eo 17.27 ISO 23.92 160 30.88 100 32.27 120 38.81
12 5.321 17 ISO 30.U 120 34.39 IH 40.89
8.385 18 7.078 42 9.532 46 11.7. 100 17.38 200 23.96
13 24.00 200 31.12 140 35.92 160 42.15
l4 5.435 20 7.189 46 9.565 50 11.79 110 lUI 500 37.04 180
7.272 50 9.586 50 11.91 120 17.45 240 31.34 160 44.21
15 5.475 22 2SO 31.43 180 37.85 200 45.38
18 5.806 24 7.332 60 9.612 70 11.96 130 11.46
26 7.377 70 9.821 60 11.98 140 .7.48 320 31.47 ZOO 38.U 240 46.95
17 6.531 360 31.49 240 39.17 280 47.94
18 6.851 30 7.434 80 9.823 90 11.99 150 17.49
280 39.16 320 48.54
34 7.454 90 9.624 100 12.00 160 IU9 400 31.50
20 5.579 500 31.80 320 39.77 380 48.tl
25 5.811 38 1.481 100 9.625 120 12.0 180 IUO
200 17.50 300 39.88 400 49.14
30 8.821 42 7.490 400 39.94 440 49.28
35 5.824 \6 7.4" 220 17.80
440 39.97 4SO 49.36
40 5.825 50 7.497 480 39.16

IN RESERVOIRS
1 .& du t
pi = pP IPl Qu, (VI-32) Q Ct,
&
== t J ---,:-::----:-:--:-:-:-:- == --::~:--
0 u(log u - 0.11593]' [0.11593 -log &J
----=
Evidence of this identity can be confirmed by substituting (VI.34)
Eqs. VI-4 and VI·27 in Eq. VI·32. In brief, Eq. VI·32 is the The integration for P Itl close to the origin is expressed by
relationship between constant terminal pressure and constant
terminal rate cases. If the Laplace transformation for one is
known, the transform for the other is established. This inter·
change can only take place in the transformations and the
P .Ct)
u
40
... 0
=..
J
&=0.02 (1 - e-u't ) du
ul[J,'(u) + Y,'(u)]
. (VI-.35)
final solution must be by inversion.
For u equal to or less than 0.02, J,{U) = 0, and Y,(u) ==
2/... u so that Eq. VI.35 reduces to
Computation 01 Pit) and Q", -u't
& (l-e )
To plot P Itl and Qlt' as work-curves, it is necessary to de·
P
"
It) ==
o'
r u
du (VI-36)
termine numerically the value for the integrals shown in Eqs.
VI·24 and VI.28. In treating the infinite integrals for P It I and
If we let n =u't
QUit the only difficult part is in establishing the integrals for -n
1 . .1t (1- e )
small values of u. For larger values of u the integrands con- P (t)=- J dn (VI-37)
& 2 o' n
verge fairly rapidly, and Simpson's rule for numerical integra-
tion has proved sufficiently accurate. Further,
To determine the integration for Qlt' in the region of the "'t(I- e-n ) lI
1 (1- e- ) dn
dll
origin, Eq. VI-28 can he expressed as o
f = J
nOli
- - -
-u't
4 .& (1- e ) du
Q"m = "..oJ ul[J"{u) +Y.'(u)] (VI-33) Since Euler's constant 'Y is equal to
1 (l-e-) dn CXl e-
where the value for & is taken such that 1- e-u't ::: u't. 'Y= J -J- dn
• n
which is troe fgr u't equal to or less than 0.02, or" = YO.02/t
and the simplification for Eq. VI·33 becomes Substitution of this relation in Eq. VI-3S gives
4t" du &'t (1- e-) dn CXl e- 1 dn
f ='Y+ f - n dn- .ftnf-
Q,Ilt) =".. J
u[J:(u) + Y:(u)] o n &'t
For u less than 0.02, I.(u) == I, and and since the second term on the right is the Ei·function al-
2 u 2 ready discussed in the earlier part of this work, Eq. VI-37
Y.{Ii) ::: - { log - + 'Y ~ == - { log u - 0.11593 ~ reduces to
... 2 ...
AB the logarithmic term is most predominant in the denom-
inator for small values of u, this equation simplifies to
P (I)
&
= -12 ['Y-Ei(-a't) + log &'t] (VI.39)
TABLE III - Comtant Terminal Rate Case Radial Flow - Limited Reservoirs
_ C
H, 1.5 R _ 2.0 R _2.6 R _ 3.0 R _ 8.5 R R - C.5
P, == 8.3225 P, == 3.1955 p, =2.1584 p, == 1.8358 p, 1.3218= p, =
=
1.1120 fl, = 0.9609
fll = 11.92C fl, == 8.8118 p, =4.2280 fJ. ::; 3.t787 (J, = 2.6526 p, 2.1342 fl, = 1.8356
t P
ltl
t P
Ctl
t PC,) t PIll t P
Ctl
t P
ltl
t P
ltl
5.0(10)" 0.251 2.2(10)-1 0.«3 C.0(10)-I O.aM 5.2(10)-1 0.ll27 1.0 0.802 1.5 0.927 2.0 1.023
8.0 u 0.288 2.4 u 0.459 C.2 u 0.578 5.4 u 0.&8 1.1 0.830 1.8 0.948 2.1 1.040
1.0(10)-1 0.322 2.8 II 0.476 C.C U 0.187 8.5 U
8.0 U
0.14$ 1.2 0.857 1.7 0.988 2.2 I.Ose
1.2 u 0.385 2.8 U 0.492 C.8 u 0.598 0.e82 t.3 0.882 1.8 0.988 2.' t.072
1.4 u 0.387 3.0 u 0.807 4.8 U 0.808 8.5 .. 0.883 I.C 0.906 1.0 1.007 2.4 1.087
1.8 u 0.420 3.2 .. 0.522 6.0 .. 0.618 7.0 U 0.703 1.6 0.929 2.0 1.1>26 2.8 1.102
1.8 u 0.452 3.C U 0.&38 6.2 .. 0.528 7.5 .. 0.721 1.8 0.9St 2.2 I.OS9 2.8 1.116
2.0 .. 0.4IU 3.8 u 0.651 5.C .. 0.&8 8.0 II 0.740 1.7 0.973 2.4 1.092 2.7 1.130
2.2 u 0.at6 3.8 .. O.aM 5.6 .. 0.647 8.5 U 0.788 1.8 0.9U 2.8 1.123 2.8 1.1CC
2.' .. 0.M8 4.0 .. 0.579 5.8 U 0.667 9.0 U 0.776 1.9 1.014 2.8 1.IM 2.9 I.ISS
2.5 .. O.UO ,(.2 .. 0.593 5.0 .. 0.566 9.5 .. 0.791 2.0 1.034 3.0 1.184 3.0 1.17l
2.8 " 0.6IZ 4.4 u 0.807 6.5 ,. 0.1188 1.0 0.8>6 2.25 1.083 3.8 1.258 3.2 1.197
3.0 .. 0.1l« 4.5 U 0.521 7.0 H 0.710 1.2 0.866 2.80 1.130 4.0 1.32C 3.C 1.222
3.5 .. 0.724 4.8 u 0.&34 7.3 u O.73t t.f 0.920 2.78 1.176 U 1.392 3.8 1.246
C.O .. 0.1ll4 5.0 u 0.648 8.0 .. 0.752 1.8 0.973 3.0 1.221 8.0 1.4OO 3.8 1.269
C.5 .. o.ssc 5.0 II
7.0 ..
0.715 8.5 ..
9.0 u
0.772
0.792
2.0
3.0
1.075
1.328
4.0
6.0
UOI U
6.0
1.527 4.0 t.292
5.0 " 0.1lM 0.782 U79 1.894 4.3 1.349
5.3 u 1.0« 8.0 U O.84D D.5 .. 0.8IZ 4.0 1.578 6.0 1.787 U 1.6OO 5.0 1.403
6.0 u 1.124 9.0 U 0.915 t.O 0.832 5.0 1.828 7.0 1.727 8.5 1.457
1.0 0.982 2.0 1.215 8.0 1.861 8.0 UIO
2.0 1.649 3.0 1.893 9.0 1.994 7.0 1.815
3.0 2.31B 4.0 U77 10.0 2.IZ7 8.0 1.719
8.0 3.649 3.0 2.368 9.0 1.823
10.0 1.92'1
11.0 2.031
12.0 2.135
!J.O 2.239
I H.O
15.0
2.343
2.CC7

The values for the integrands for Eqs. VI-24 and VI-28 there exists a restriction such that no fluid can flow past this
have been calculated from Bessel Tables for or greater than
0.02 as given in W.RF., pp. 666-697. The calculations have
barrier 50 that at that point ( OP)
Or r=
R = O.
been somewhat simplified by using the square of the modulus The general solution of Eq. VI.I still applies, but to fulfill
of the boundary conditions it is necessary to re-determine values
IH.c'> (u) 1=IJ. (u) +i Y.(u) I and IH.(1) (u) l=jJ.Cu) +i Y,(u) I for constants A and B. The transformation of the boundary
which are the Bessel functions of the third kind or the Hankel condition at r =
1 is expressed as
functions. 1 - -
- = AL( \' p ) + BK,,( v' p ) (VII-I)
Table I shows the calculated values for Qlt) and PIt) to p
three significant figures, starting at t = 0.01, the point where and at r = R the condition is
linear flow and radial flow start deviating. PIt) is calculated o= AI. (v'pR) - BK. (v'pR) . . • . (VII-2)
only to t = 1,000 since beyond this range the point source since it is shown in W.B.F., p. 79, that K,,' (z) = - K. (z), and
solution of Eq. VI-15 applies. The values for Qlt) are given I: (z) = I. (z). The solutions for A and B from these two
up to t = 10". simultaneous algebraic expressions are
The reader may reproduce these data as he sees fit: Fig. 4
is an illustrative plot for QI'» and Fig. 7 is a semi-logarithmic
A=K.(v'pR)/p[K.(v'pR) !.(v'p)+K.(v'p) I,(v'pR)]
relationship for P (I). and
B=I,( v'p R)/p[K.( v'p R) 1.( v'p)+K.( v'p) 1.( yIp Rl]
LIMITED RESERVOIRS By substituting these constants in Eq. VI-I, the general solu-
As already mentioned, the solutions for limited reservoirs tion for the transform of the pressure drop is expressed by
of radial symmetry have been developed by the Fourier-Bessel
- [K.(v'p R) r.(vp r) +I.(v'p Rl K.(Vpr)]
type of expansion.I • I •n Their introduction here is not only to Pc •. p> = -=-...::..:.-..:...--::....-:..:..-=_:.-_.:....:..--::.-....:....-::.;..-.....:....:.::..::.
show how the solutions may be arrived at by the Laplace p[K.(vpR) I.(v'p) +I.(VpR) K.(vP}J
transformation, hut also to furnish data for PIll and QIll (VII-3)
curves when such ca::es are encountered in practice.
To find Q(t) the cumulative fluid produced for unit pres-
sure drop, then the transform for the pressure gradient at
No Fluid Flow Across E:tterior Boundary r = 1 is obtained as follows:
The first example considered is the constant terminal pres-
sure case for radiallIow of limited extent. The boundary con- _(O:).~ [I,(Vp_R) K.(v'~ -K.(V!R) II(V~)]
ditions are such that at the well bore or field's edge, r 1, = -0 pIP[K.( v' p R) 1.( v' p) +1.('1 p R) K.( V p )]
the cumulative pressure drop is unity, and at some distance
removed from this boundary at a point in the reservoir r = R. where the negative sign is introduced in order to make Q(t)
TABLE III - Continued

R 5 R 6.0 R 7.0 R 8.0 R 9.0 R - 10
fl. = 0.8472 P. = 0.6864 fl. = 0.5782 P. = 0.4999
= 0.9352
P, = 0.4406
= 0.8216
P, = 0.3940
= 0.7333
P, = 1.6112 P. = 1.2963 P. = 1.0860 P. P. P.
t Pit> t Pit> t p(,> t PIt) t PI'> t Pc,>
3.0 1.167 4.0 1.275 6.0 1.436 8.0 1.558 10.0 1.lJ51 12.0 1.732
3.1 1.180 4.5 1.322 6.5 U70 8.5 1.582 10.5 l.G73 12.6 1.750
3.2 1.1D2 6.0 1.384 7.0 1.501 9.0 1.807 11.0 1.8G3 13.0 •.788
3.3 1.204 5.5 U04 7.6 l.631 9.5 1.831 11.6 1.713 .3.6 1.784
3.4 1.215 8.0 1.441 8.0 1.659 10.0 1.863 12.0 1.732 14.0 1.801
3.5 1.227 0.6 1.477 8.6 l.68& 10.5 1.575 12.6 1.750 14.5 1.817
3.8 1.238 7.0 1.511 9.0 1.813 11.0 1.897 13.0 1.788 15.0 1.832
3.7 1.249 7.6 1.5« 9.5 1.838 1l.G 1.717 13.5 1.78& 15.5 1.847
3.8 1.259 8.0 1.878 10.0 1.863 12.0 1.737 14.0 1.803 18.0 1.882
3.9 1.270 8.6 1.507 11.0 1.711 12.5 1.757 14.5 1.819 17 .0 1.890
4.0 1.28t 9.0 1.838 12.0 1.757 13.0 1.778 15.0 1.835 18.0 1.917
4.2 1.301 9.6 1.088 13.0 1.801 13.5 1.795 15.5 1.861 19.0 1.943
4.4 1.321 10.0 1.898 14.0 1.845 14.0 I.S13 18.0 1.8&7 20.0 1.988
4.8 1.340 11.0 1.757 15.0 1.888 14.5 1.831 17.0 •. 897 22.0 2.017
4.8 1.350 12.0 1.815 15.0 1.G31 15.0 1.849 18.0 1.D28 24.0 2.083
5.0 1.378 13.0 1.873 17.0 l.914 17.0 1.919 19.0 1.9055 28.0 2.108
5.6 1.424 14.0 1.931 18.0 2.018 19.0 1.988 20.0 1.983 28.0 2.151
8.0 1.489 15.0 1.988 19. 2.~8 21.0 2.051 22.0 2.037 30.0 2.194
6.5 1.513 10.0 2.045 20.q 2.100 23.0 2.118 24.0 2.090 32.0 2.238
7.0 1.558 17.0 2.103 22.Q 2.184 25.0 2.180 28.0 2.142 U.O 2.278
7.5 1.698 18.0 2.150 24.00 2.287 30.0 2.340 28.0 2.t93 30.0 2.319
S.O 1.841 19.0 2.217 28.0 2.351 35.0 2.499 30.0 2.244 38.0 2.360
9.0 1.725 20.0 2.214 28.0 2.434 40.0 2.lJ58 34.0 2.345 40.0 2.401
10.0 1.808 25.0 2.sao 30.0 2.617 45.0 2.817 38.0 2.440 50.0 2.804
11.0 1.892 30.0 2.846 40.0 2.496 00.0 2.806
12.0 U75 45.0 2.621 70.0 3.008
13.0 2.~9 50.0 2.148
14.0 2.142
15.0 2.225
December, 1949 PETROLEUM TRANSACT/ONS, A/ME 317

IN RESERVOIRS
pos1tlve. Theorem B shows that the integration with respect which indicate the pole~. Since the modified Bessel functions
to time introduces an additional operator p in the denomi. for positive real arguments are either increasing or decreas-
nator to give ing, the bracketed term in the denominator does not indicate
any poles for positive real values for p. At the origin of the
QIP' = [I, ( vp R) K, ( v'p] -K,(vp R) I,(vp )] plane of Fig. 2 a pole exists and this pole we shall have to
investigate first. Thus, the substitution of small and real
p"l'[K, ( vp R) 1.( vp ) + 1.( vp R) K.( vp )] values for z (Eqs. VJ·12 and VI·13) in Eq. VII4, gives
(Vll4)
(R'-I)
In order to apply Mellin's inversion formula, the first con· QIP) = 2p
sideration is the roots of the denominator of this equation ~
TABLE IV - Comtant Terminal Rate CaJe Radial Flow

Preuure at Exterior Radiu$ Comtant
= =
~LO
B = L5 B 2.11 R 3.0 B = 3.5
A, = a.4~2~ >., = 1.7140 >., = 1J!426 A, = 0.9696 A, = 0.7862
>.. = 9.5207 A. = 4.8021 >.., = 3.2285 A. = 2.4372 A. = 1.9624
t Pu > t Pit) t Pit) t Pc I) t pc.)

5.0(10)-1 0.230 2.0(10)-1 0.424 3.0(10)-1 0.502 5.0(10)-1 0.617 5.0(10)-1 0.120
1.1 .. 0.2((l 2.2 .. 0."1 3.5 .. 0.1535 1.1 ..
1.0 ..
O.S(() 8.0 ..
7.0 ..
o.eea
1.0 .. 0.249 2.4 .. 0.457 4.0 .. 0.1iM 0.142 0.705
7.0 .. 0.2flG 2.5 .. 0.472 4.5 .. 0.691 7.0 .. 0.702 8.0 .. 0.741
8.0 .. 0.282 2.8 .. 0.486 5.0 .. 0.618 8.0 .. 0.738 9.0 .. 0.774
~.O .. ·0.2ll2 3.0 .. 0.498 1.1 .. 0.838 ~.O .. 0.770 1.0 0.S>4
1.0(10)-1 0.307 3.5 .. 0.527 6.0 .. 0.159 1.0 O.ns 1.2 0.858
1.2 .. 0.828 4.0 .. 0.552 7.0 .. 0.691 1.2 0.850 U 0.1104
1.4 .. 0.144 4.5 .. 0.573 8.0 .. 0.728 U 0.892 1.8 0.145
1.6 .. 0.140 5.0 .. 0.691 9.0 .. 0.755 1.6 0.1l27 1.8 0.981
1.1 .. 0.167 5.5 .. O.IOS 1.0 0.771 1.8 0.155 2.0 1.012
2.0 .. 0.175 6.0 .. 0.119 1.2 0.115 2.~ 0.980 2.2 t.041
2.2 .. 0.881 6.5 .. 0.830 U 0.842 2.2 1.000 2.4 1.051
2.4 .. O.JIlI 7.0 .. 0.839 1.5 0.801 2.4 1.011 2.5 1.017
2.6 .. O.IBO 7.5 .. 0.647 1.8 0.8711 2.1 1.030 2.8 1.1011
2.1 .. 0.8n 1.0 .. 0.854 2.0 0.887 2.8 1.042 3.0 1.121
1.0 ..
I ....
4.0 ..
4.1 ..
O.UG
0.400
0.402
0.404
8.5 ..
9.0 ..
9.5 ..
1.0
O.IGO
0.1&1
0.849
0.1173
2.2
lU
2.8
2.8
0.8115
O.BOO
0.905
0.90S
1.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
1.051
1.059
1.080
1.017
3.6
4.0
5.0
11.0
l·m
1.158
1.25
1.2#
1.0 .. 0.405 1.2 0.582 3.0 0.910 5.0 1.0Il1 7.0 1.242
e.o .. 0.405 U 0.188 3.1 0.~13 1.1 l.em 8.0 1.247
7.0 .. 0.405 1.1 O.IBO 4.0 0.~1I 8.0 1.096 9.0 1.2aO
1.0 .. 0.405 1.8 0.1182 4.6 0.9111 11.1 1.097 10.0 1.251
2.0 0.582 1.0 0.9111 7.0 1.01l7 12.0 1.252
2.1 O.eva 1.1 0.9111 5.0 1.0Il8 14.0 1.263
3.0 0.893 8.0 0.9111 10.0 1.01l9 18.0 1.253
TABLE IV - Continued
R = 4.0 R = 6.0 R = 8.0 R = 10 £=15
A, = 0.5870 >., = 0.4205 A, = 0.8090 A, = 0.2448 >., = 0.1518
=
>.., = 1.6450 >.., = 1.0059 >.., = 0.7285 >.., =
0.6726 >.., 0.8745
t pc.) t PCI) t PCI) t PCI) t pc.)
1.0 0.802 4.0 1.276 7.0 1.499 10.0 1.161 20.0 1.veo
1.2 0.867 4.6 1.320 7.6 1.527 12.0 1.730 22.0 2.003
1.4 0.901 5.0 1.381 8.0 1.654 14.0 1.798 24.0 2.043
1.8 0.947 6.6 1.398 8.6 1.680 18.0 1.856 28.0 2.080
1.8 0.985 8.0 1.432 9.0 1.604 18.0 1.907 28.0 2.114
'!.O 1.020 8.5 1.4e2 ~.8 1.827 20.0 1.952 30.0 2.148
2.2 1.052 7.0 UBO 10.0 1.1148 25.0 2.043 35.0 2.218
2.4 1.080 7.6 1.518 12.0 l.72t 30.0 2.111 ((l.0 2.279
2.6 1.108 8.0 1.539 14.0 1.785 35.0 2.160 45.0 2.332
2.8 1.130 8.6 1.551 16.0 1.837 fO.O 2.197 60.0 2.379
3.0 1.152 9.0 1.580 18.0 1.879 45.0 2.224 60.0 2.455
3.4 1.190 10.0 1.816 20.0 1.914 50.0 2.245 70.0 2.513
3.8 1.222 12.0 1.587 22.0 U43 55.0 2.260 80.0 2.168
4.5 1.258 14.0 1.704 24.0 1.987 60.0 2.271 90.0 2.582
5.0 1.290 111.0 1.730 28.0 1.985 55.0 2.279 10.0(10)1 2.819
5.5 1.309 18.0 1.749 28.0 2.002 70.0 2.286 12.0 .. 2.166
8.0 1.325 20.0 1.7112 30.0 2.016 76.0 2.290 H.O .. 2.877
7.0 1.347 22.0 1.771 35.0 2.0fO SO.O 2.293 18.0 .. 2.8811
8.0 1.381 24.0 1.777 ((l.0 2.055 BO.O 2.297 18.0 4f 2.897
9.0 1.370 25.0 1.781 45.0 2.064 10.0(10)1 2.300 20.0 .. 2.701
10.0 1.376 28.0 1.784 50.0 2.070 11.0 .. 2.301 22.0 .4 2.70t
12.0 1.382 30.0 1.787 60.0 2.078 12.0 ,( 2.302 24.0 .. 2.705
H.O 1.386 36.0 1.789 70.0 2.078 13.0 .. 2.302 28.0 .. 2.707
18.0 1.386 ((l.0 1.791 80.0 2.079 It.O .. 2.302 28.0 .. 2.707
LIS.O 1.386 50.0 1.792 18.0 .. 2.303 30.0 .. 2.708

and by the application of Mellin's inversion formula applied

at the origin, then lished by the Mellin's inversion formula by letting A = u'eir ;
then by Eqs. VI-IS
_1_
2ri
f/t..!-2 --A--
(R'-I) R'-I
dA = - 2 - (VII·S) 2~ f
A" A" etc.
e
At-
Q(A)d A =
A=.
_ ~fe
-u't
[1.(uR) Y,(u) -Y.(uR) ll(u)] du
(VII-6)
An investigation of the integration along the negative real ri u'[J,(uR) Y.(u) -YI(uRl J.(u)]
"cut" both for the upper and lower portions, Fig. 2, revea1l as, a:. etc.
that Eq. VII4 is an eYen function for which the integration where a" as, and a. are the roots of
along the paths is zero. However, poles are indicated along [J,(a.R) Y.(a.) - Y,(a.R) I.(a.)] = 0 (VII·7)
the negative real axis and these residuals together with Eq. and the poles are represented on the negative real axis
VII·S make up the solution for the constant terminal pressure by A. = - a.', Fig. 3. The residuals of Eq. VII-6 are the series
case for the limited radial system. The residuals are estab· expansion
TABLE IV -Continued
a _ 20
As = 0.1208
B_ 25
=
As 0.09648
R = 800.08032
A, =
a _
A, =
40
0.05019
R
A,
== 500.04813
As = 0.2788 A, =
G.2:l23 >., = 0.1849 A, = 0.1384 A, = 0.1106
t l' (t) i I'll) t PC,) i I'll) i I'll)
30.0 2 ••t8 110.0 2.18ll 70.0 2.MI 12.0(10)1 2.813 20.0(10)1 3.084
85.0 2.219 M.O 2.434 SO.O 2.815 H.O U 2.888 22.0 " 3.111
40.0 2.282 SO.O 2.478 ;0.0 2.872 15.0 U 2.~ 24.0 u 3.184
41.0 2.838 85.0 2.114 10.0(10)1 2.723 18.0 u 3.011 28.0 u 3.193
10.0 2.888 70.0 2.&60 12.0 U 2.812 20.0 .. 3.003 28.0 u 3.229
10.0 2.f75 75.0 2.583 14.0 U 2.88& 22.0 U 3.109 30.0 " 3.283
70.0 2.841 SO.O 2.814 15.0 u 2.0lI0 2t.0 .. 3.152 35.0 u 3.339
80.0 2.tlO9 85.0 2.843 •S.I U 2.985 25.0 .. 3.191 40.0 " 3.406
90.0 2.858 90.0 2.871 17.0 U 2.979 28.0 .. 3.228 45.0 .. 3.481
10.0(10)' 2.107 95.0 2.897 17.5 U 2.m 30.0 .. 3.259 10.0 .. 3.112
10.1 U 2.728 10.0(10)1 2.721 18.0 U a.DOe U.O .. 3.831 85.0 .u a.558
11.0 u 2.7f7 12.0 U 2.Sl7 20.0 •• a.084 40.0 u a.891 eo.O u 3.195
n.1 U 2.7&4 14.0 U 2.878 25.0 U a.115O ·45.0 .. a.44O 85.0 U a.830
12.0 U 2.181 15.0 u 2.935 30.0 .. a.219 60.0 CI 3.482 '70.0 •• 3.GS1
12.1 U 2.m 18.0 U 2.984 35.0 U 3.289 M.O U 3.515 75.0 u a.888
13.0 U 2.810 20.0 U 3.024 40.0 .. UOO eo.O U 3.845 SO.O U 3.713
la.& .. 2.823 22.0 U 3.057 45.0 U U32 85.0 U 3.888 85.0 u 3.735
14.0 .. 2.835 24.0 U 3.085 150.0 U 3.351 70.0 u 3.888 go.O u 3.7M
14.1 .. 2.848 25.0 U 3.107 GO.O u 3.375 SO.O .. a.819 g6.0 u a.771
15.0 U 2.857 28.0 U 3.125 70.0 u a.887 go.o u a.S40 10.0(10)' 3.787
18.0 .. 2.875 30.0 u 3.142 SO.O u a.a~ 10.G(l0)' U611 12.0 .. 3.833
18.0 U 2.go5 35.0·" a.171 90.0 u 3.397 12.0 U 3.1172 14.0 u 3.882
20.0 II 2.1129 40.0 u 3.189 10.0(10)' a.399 14.0 " 3.581 15.0 " 3.881
24.0 " 2.g58 46.0 u 3.200 12.0 u 3.401 15.0 .. 3.585 18.0 u 3.892
28.0 U 2.g7S 60.0 u· 3.207 14.0 " 3.401 18.0 .. a.m 20.0 u 3.;00
30.0 .. 2.9ao eo.O .. 3.2U 20.0 u 3.188 22.0 " 3.go4
40.0 u 2.m 70.0 .. 3.217 25.0 It 3.889 24.0 " 3.;07
150.0 •• 2.996 ao.O u 3.218 25.0 " 3.m
90.0 If 3.2U 28.0 " 3.UO
n = 60 R = 10 R = 80 B = 90 R = 100
tl Pit) t I'll) t pc.) t P
ltl t 1'Ct)
3.0(10)' 3.257 S.0(10)' 3.612 8.0(10)' 3.eoa 8.0(10)' 3.747 1.0(10)' 3.SS9
t.O U 3.401 5.0 U 3.eoa 7.0 U a.sso 9.0 " 3.B05 1.2 u 3.849
5.0 U 3.612 7.0 U 3.SSO 8.0 .. 3.747 1.0(10)' 3.SS8 1.t: It 4.025
5.0 .. a.802 8.0 " 3.748 9.0 Ie 3.ll3S 1.2 u 3.U4U 1.5 U 4.092
7.0 ,. 3.575 9.0 U 3.803 10.0 U 3.SS7 1.3 u 3.U88 1.8 .. 4.1150
8.0 U a.nu 10.0 U a.884 12.0 " a.945 1.4 U 4.025 2.0 .. 4.200
U.O u a.7UZ 12.0 If 3.US7 14.0 " 4.01U 1.6 .. 4.058 2.5 U 4.303
10.0 " a.832 14.0 II 4.003 HLO ., 4.061 1.8 .. Uff 3.0 " 4.:179
12.0 It 3.908 18.0 " 4.084 15.0 u 4.0BO 2.0 .. UUZ 3.a n 4.434
14.0 " 3.959 18.0 U 4.095 18.0 " 4.lao 2.5 " 4.285 4.0 U 4.478
3.905 20.0 4.127 4.171 3.0 u 4,34U 4..5 u 4.510
15.0
18.0
"
u 4.023 25.0 u
30.0 u
II
4.181
20.0 "
25.0 f. 4.248 3.6 ..
4.0 If
4.3Uf
4.425
5.0
5.5
If 4.534
20.0 U 4.043 4.211 30.0 " 4.297 If 4.852
25.0 .. 4.071 35.0 •• 4.228 305.0 If 4.328 4.5 n 4.448 8.0 " 4.565
30.0 .. 4.084 40.0 .. 4.2:17 4O:G ,. <1.847 &.0 " U&4 0.3 If 4.579
35.0 .. 4.090 405.0 It 4.242 45.0 .. 4.3eo 5.0 " t.482 7.0 U 4.883
40.0 I' 4.m ~.O It 4.245 ro.D U 4.358 7.0 II 4.491 7.3 If 4.588
45.0 u 4.093 611.0 U 4.247 eo.O .. 4.375 8.0 .. 4.496 8.0 .. 4.593
80.0 Ie 4.094 60.0 u 4.247 70.0 .. 4.380 g.o u 4.498 9.0 .. 4.6U8
55.0 II 4.094 65.0 It 4.248 80.0 .. 4.381 10.0 u 4.4UU 10.0 .. 4.1101
70.0 " 4.248 ;0.0 u 4.382 11.0 " U90 12.1 If 4.1104
75.0 .. 4.248 10.0(10)' 4.382 12.0 u 4.1500 15.0 .. 4.1106
80.0 u 4.248 11.0 .. 4.382 14.0 (l 4.1500

IN RESERVOIRS
Therefore, the solution for Q(t) is expressed by
CD e-Ga't [J.(a.R) Y.(a.) - Y.(a.R) JI(a.)]
-2 % • (VII-B) -all't
a"a. a.'lim-[J.(uR)
d
Y.(u) - Y.(uR) J.(u)] R'-I CD e J.'(a.R)
etc.
u~
du Q(C) = - -2- - 2 %
a"a, a.' [J.' (a.) - J,') a.R)]
(VII.IO)
since etc.
J.'(z) = J.(z) -J.(z)/z (VII·9)
and This is essentially the solution developed in an earlier work,'
J:(z) = -J.(z) but Eq. VII·IO is more rapidly convergent than the solution
which are recurrence formulae for both first and eecond kind previously reported.
of Bessel functions, W.B.F., p. 45 and p. 66, then by the iden-
tities of Eqs. VII·7 and VI-23, the relation VII-B reduces to The values of Q(t) for the constant terminal pressure case
for a limited reservoir have been calculated from Eq. VII-lO
CD e-Ga't J.' (a.R) for R = 1.5 to 10 and are tabulated in Table 2. A reproduction
- 2 %
of a portion of these data is given in Fig. 5. As Eq. VII-IO is
a"a, a.' [J:(a.) -J,'(aoR)]
etc. rapidly convergent for t greater than a given value, only two
B = 200 R = SOO R = 400 R = 500 R = eoo

, PCII t PUI t P
cu
t P
Ctl
t PUI
~
U(10)' 4.11e1 e.o(IO)' 4.754 1.5(10)4 1.212 2.0(10)' 1.3M 4.0(0)4 6.703
2.0 .. UOS 8.0 " 4.lIa8 2.0 " 1.166 2.1 Ie 5.468 4.8 " 8.7112
2.1'" 4.117 10.0 " 1.010 a.o .. 1.616 a.o .. 8.569 &.0 .. 1.814
a.o .. H08 12.0 " 5.101 4.0 " 1.68ll a.1 " &.838 8.0 " 8.004
••8'"
•• O~ ..
H8& 14.0 " 5.177
1.242
5.0 " 1.781 4.0 " &.102 7.0 ..
8.0 ..
I.m
4.682 18.0 " !.O " 1.1146 4.1 " &.75Q 8.041
'.0"'''' 4.833 18.0 .. 5.2eO 7.0 .. 1.880 5.0 .. 5.810 0.0 .. 8.54
8.0 .. 4.754 20.0 ., 5.~8 8.0 " I.v.zo 8.0 " 5.8a4 10.0 " Ua9
7.0 .. 4.1129 24.0 " 5.429 9.0 " 1.942 7.0 " &.DeD 12.0 " 80210
1.0 " 4.8a4 28.0 .. 5.401 10.0 " 1.957 8.0 " 8.013 14.0 " 8.2S'Z
'.0 " 4.H9 30.0 .. 5.117 11.0 .. I.M7 9.0 " 8.051 18.0 .. 8.299
10.0 " 4.998 40.0 " 5.aoe 12.0 " 6.976 10.0 .. 8.088 18.0 .. 8.12a
12.0 " 6.072 &0.0 " 1.M2 12.1 " 1.977 12.0 " 8.151 20.0 " U411
14.0 " 3.m SO.O" 5.878 13.0 .. 5.98> 1•.0 " 5.154 21.0 .. U7.
18.0 " 1.171 70.0 " I. lIDO 14.0 " 1.983 18.0 " 8.183 30.0 " 8.187
18.0 " &.203 80.0 4f 5.806 18.0 " 1.988 18.0 " 8.103 3&.0 " 8.192
20.0 " &.227 90.0 " 8.700 18.0 u
20.0 II
I.m 20.0 .. 8.202 40.0 c. U9S
21.0 .. 6.284 10.0(10)' 1.702 1.991 25.0 .. 8.211 SO.O .. 8.a97
10.0 " 6.282 12.0 u 5.703 24.0 " 1.991 30.0 .. 8.213 80.0 " 8.1.7
38.0 " 1.2DO 14.0 .. 5.704 28.0 " 1.991 a5.0 .. 8.214
40.0 " 1.294 11.0 .. 5.704 40.0 .. 1.214
R = 700 R = 800 R = 900 R = 1000 R = 1200
t P
Ctl
t PCt) t P
Ctl
, PC'I
t Pcu
6.0(10)' 5.814 7.0(10)' 5.983 8.0(10)' 1.040 1.0(10)1 6.UI 2.0(10)1 8.1107
8.0 .. 1.90S 8.0 " 8.049 SI.O .. 8.108 1.2 .. 8.252 3.0 .. 6.704
7.0 .. U82 0.0 " 6.108 10.0 .. 6.181 1.4 " 8.329 4.0 " 6.833
8.0 " 1.048 10.0 " 6.180 12.0 .. 8.251 1.8 u 8.395 5.0 " UI8
9.0 .. 8.105 12.0 II 8.249 14.0 .. 6.327 1.8 " 6.432 8.0 u 8.976
10.0 " 8.118 14.0 .. 8.322 18.0 .. 8.392 2.0 u 8.503 7.0 u 7.013
12.0 .. 8.239 16.0 .. 8.382 18.0 " 6.447 2.5 II 8.805 8.0 " 7.038
14.0 .. 6.305 18.0 .. 8.432 20.0 .. 6.49. 3.0 u 8.881 9.0 u 7.058
IS.O" 6.357 20.0 .. 6 .•74 25.0 " 8.187 3.6 II 1.738 10.0 .. 7.087
18.0 .. 1.308 25.0 .. 8.8&1 30.0 .. 6.852 4.0 u 8.781 12.0 I' 7.08>
20.0 Ie 1.430 30.0 " 8.6DD 40.0 .. 6.729 4.1 .. 8.813 14.0 .. 7.08&
25.0 " 8.484 35.0 " 8.830 45.0 .. 8.751 5.0 I' &.837 16.0 .. 7.081
10.0 .. 1.614 fO.O u 6.850 &0.0 II 8.788 6.6 u 8.8&4 18.0 " 7.080
36.0 " 8.830 45.0 .. 1.833 15.0 II 8.777 6.0 'I 8.868 19.0 " 7.089
40.0 " 8.140 60.0 II 8.171 80.0 " 8.785 7.0 It 1.885 20.0 II 7.090
46.0 .. 1.545 M.O Ie 6.878 70.0 .. 8.794 8.0 u 8.SD5 21.0 .. 7.090
80.0 .. 8.1148 eo.O u 8.879 SO.O u 6.798 9.0 .. 8.901 22.0 .. 7.090
80.0 " 8.150 70.0 .. 8.882 GO.D U 6.800 10.0 .. 8.90~ 23.0 .. 7.090
70.0 • 8.511 so.o .. 1.884 10.0(10)1 6.8>1 12.0 .. 6.907 2~.0 .. 7.00J
80.0 .. 8.511 100.0 .. 1.884 H.O .. 6.007
18.0 .. 8.908

terms of the expansion are necessary to give the accuracy - 1 R' R (R'-r') R'logR
needed in the calculations. P I ... l = pi (R'-I) log-- +
r 2(R'-I) (R'-I)'
p-70
Likewise from the foregoing work it can be easily shown (R' + 1) 1 2
that the transform of the pressure drop at any point in the - 4(R'-I)'~ +7 (R'-l) (VII-I2)
formation in a limited reservoir for the constant terminal rate
case, is expressed by This equation now indicates both a single and double pole at
the origin, and it can be shown from tables or by applying
P,•. P) = .:0-
[K,(vpR) I.(vpr) +I,(VpR) K..(Vpr)]
""'- Cauchy's theorem to the Mellin's formula that the inversion of
Eq. VII·I2 is
p'I'[I,(VpR) K,(V Pl-K,(VpR) I, vp)]
(Vil.Il) P I ... l = +t (VII·13' (R~I) [~ J
An examination of the denominator of Eq. VII-Il indicates R' r3R'-4R'log R-2R'-Il
that there are no roots for positive values of p. However, a ----logr
(R'-I) 4(R'-I)'
=
double pole exists at p O. This can be determined by ex· which holds when the time, t, is large
panding K..(z) and K,(z) to second degree expansions for
small values of z and third degree expansions for I.(z) and,
.As in the preceding case, there are poles along the negative
real axis, Fig. 3, and the residuals are determined as before
I, (z), and substituting in Eq. VII·ll. It is found for small
values of p, Eq. VII-ll reduces to by letting A u' and Eqs. VI·IS give = lr,
TABLE IV -Continued
R :=: 1400 R :=: 1600 R :=: lS00 R :=: 2000 R:=: 2200
t Pit) t PIt) t t PIt} t P

PI') Ul
2.0(10)1 8.lID7 2.8(10)' 8.619 3.0(10l' 8.710 4.0(10)1 8.854 6.0(10)1 8.tee
2.6 " 8.819 8.0 " 8.710 4.0 " 8.854 8.0" UM 8.8 " 7.013
1.0 " 8.7ug 3.8 " 8.787 8.0 u 8.tee 8.0 " 7.088 8.0 u 7.067
1.8 u 8.788 4.0 u 8.883 8.0 u 7.084 7.0 u 7.132 8.8 u 7.0117
4.0 u 8.849 8.0 u 8.tG2 7.0 u 7.120 8.0 " 7.1ge 7.0 u 7.111
8.0 u 8.880 e.o U 7.00 S.O u 7.188 9.0 u 7.26\ 7.8 u 7.11l7
'.0 " 7.028 7.0 u 7.114 9.0 U 7.238 10.0 u 7.:gS S.O u 7. log
7.0 U 7.082 8.0 u 7.187 10.0 u 7.2SO 12.0 u 7.374 8.8 u 7.%n
1.0 " 7.\23 9.0 " 7.210 18.0 " 7.407 14.0 u 7.431 9.0 u 7.2M
'.0 u 7.IM 10.0 .. 7.244 20.0 u 7.489 10.0 .. 7.474 10.0 "_t
12.0 7.307
10.0 .. 7.177 18.0 .. 7.334 30.0 u 7.4llll 18.0 .. 7.800 7.m
15.0 u 7.~ 20.0 n 7.304 40.0 .. 7.4~5 20.0 u 7.1530 18.0 ~ 7.1la7
20.0 fC 7.241 25.0 .. 7.373 &0.0 fC 7.498 26.0 .. 7.860 20.0 II 7.679
21.0 .. 7.243 30.0 .. 7.375 81.0 " 7.4~6 30.0 u 7.884 25.0 u 7.831
10.0 I' 7.244 36.0 .. 7.377 62.0 u 7.4~6 38.0 .. 7.093 30.0 .. 7.1161
11.0 .. 7.244 40.0 If 7.378 13.0 u 7.408 40.0 tt 7.597 35.0 II 7.877
32.0 It 7.244 42.0 " 7.378 504.0 u 7.496 60.0 " 7.800 fO.O tt 7.880
33.0 .. 7.244 H.O .. 7.378 88.0 .. 7.496 00.0 " 7.001 60.0 .. 7.893
6-4.0 If 7.001 60.0 tl 7.895
70.0 .. 7.8ge
SO.O .. 7.596
R :=: 2400 R :=: 2600 R = 2S00 R = 3000
t Pit) t Pit) t Pit) t P
Ctl
8.0(10)1 7.057 7.0(10)1 7.134 8.0(10l' 7.21.'1 1.0(10)' 7.312
7.0 " 7.134 8.0 " 7.201 0.0 If 7.2l1D 1.2 " 7.403
8.0 " 7.200 0.0 u 7.269 10.0 .. 7.312 1.4 I~ 7.4SO
9.0 " 7.259 10.0 .. 7.312 12.0 u 7.403 J.G I' 7.546
10.0 II
12.0 ..
18.0 ..
7.310
7.a~S
7.625
12.0 u
14.0 ..
10.0 ..
7.401
7.478
7.1535
10.0 ..
20.0 ..
24.0 ..
7.542
7.844
7.71~
1.8
2.0 ..
2.4 If
u 7.002
7.~1 I
I
7.732 I
20.0 II 7.811 18.0 u 7.588 28.0 If 7.775 2.8 II 7.794 I
24.0 .. 7.168 20.0 .. 7.1531 30.0 u 7.797 3.0 " 7.820 !
28.0 " 7.706 2 ••0 " 7.099 35.0 .. 7.840 3.6 .. 7.871
30.0 "
35.0 II
7.720
7.746
28.0
30.0
..
..
7.740
7.765
40.0 If
lID.O "
7.870
7.905
4.0 u
4.5 II
U08
7.938
I
40.0 II 7.7l1D 36.0 .. 7.799 lID.O .. 7.1122 5.0 u UM
50.0 II 7.776 40.0 .. 7.821 70.0 .. 7.1130 8.0 II 7.979
GO.G
70.0
SO.O
II
II
~
7.7SO
7.782
7.783
60.0
80.0
70.0 "
80.0 ..
II
II
7.1lt6
7.866
7.800
SO.O ..
90.0 u
10.OCI0)'
12.0 ..
7.934
7.938
7.937
7.0 II
8.0 ..
g.O
10.0 ..
It
7.1192
7.999
8.002
I
90.0 7.783 7.11e2 7.937 8.004
I
II
93.0 u 7.793 90.0 u 7.883 13.0 .. 7.937 12.0 If 8.006
10.0{lO)' 7.833 15.0 " 8.005
i
IN RESERVOIRS
1 When developing the solution hy meal15 of the Laplace
2ri
>."
f
>.., etc.
transformation, it is assumed that the exterior boundary r = R,
P(R,p) =
0, which fixes the pressure at the exterior boundary
=.!.-fe-u't [J,(uR) Y.(ur) - Y,(uR) 1.(ur)] du (VII.I4) as constant. Since the ahove-quoted references contain com·
plete details, the final solutions are only quoted here for
,..i u'[l,(uR) Y,(u) -l,(u) Y,(uR))
etc.
{J" {J" completeness' sake.
where fJ" fJ" etc., are roots of Cylindrical source:
[J,(fJ.R) Y,(fJ.) -J,CP.) Y,(fJ.R)] = 0 . (VII·I5)
=
with >.. -fJ.'. The residuals at the poles in Eq. VII·I4 give
P (OJ
00
= log R - 2n=l
1:
e ->..'t J:(>..R)
(VII.20)
the series >..'[J,'(>'.) - J.'(>..R)]
00 e -P2 t [J, (fJ.R) Y. (fJ.r) - Y, (fJ.R) J. (fJ.)] where >.. is the root established from
2::&
P,,{J.. etc. . d
J.(>.,.) Y.p.•R) - Y.(>.,.) J.(h.R) =0 (VII.2I)
Po' lim.- [J,(uR) Y,(u) -J,(u) Y,(uR)] Point source:
du
u~fJ. (Vll·I6) -I/oo't
2 00 e J.(I/oo)
PC') =logR-- ::& (VII 22)
By the recurrence formulae Eqs. VII·9, the identity VII·IS, R' n=l 1/00' J,' (J1.R) -
and Eq. VI·23. this series simplifies to where the root p.,. is determined from J.(Il.R) =
O. W.B.F.,
00 e -P't
• J,(fJ.R) [1,(,11.) Y.(P.r) - Y,(fJ.) J.C.6.r)] p. 748. Table 4 is the summary of the calculated pet) em·
.. ::&
fJ.. P.. etc. P.[J,'CfJ.R) - l,'(P.)]
ploying Eq. V1I.20 for R =
1.5 to 50, the cylinder source
solution, which applies for small as well as large times. The
(VII·17)
data given for R = 60 to 3,000 are calculated from the point
Therefore, the sum of all residuals, Eqs. VII·13 and Vll·I7 is source solution Eq. V1I·22. Plots of these data are given in
the solution for the cumulative pressure drop at any point in Fig. 7.
the formation for the constant terminal rate case in a limited
reservoir, or SPECIAL PROBLEMS
_ _2_(~+t)_~10 r- (3R'-4R'logR-2R'-I) The work that has gone before shows the facility of the
p(•.,)- (R'-I) 4 (R'-I) g 4CR'-I)' Laplace transformation in deriving analytical solutions. Not
00
t cPo'
J.(.6.R) [J,(P.) Y.(P.r) - Y,(P.)J.(p.r)] yet shown is the versatility of the Laplace transformation in
+r::& arriving at solutions which are not easily foreseen by the ortho·
fJ., (I, fJ.[J,'(fJ.R) -J,'(P.)] dox methods. One such solution derived here has shown to he
(VII·IS)
of value in the analysis of flow tests.
which is essentially the solution given by Muskat: now de·
veloped by the Laplace Transformation. Finally. for the cumu· When making flow tests on a well, it is often noticed that
lative pressure drop for a unit rate of production at the well the production rates, as measured by the fluid accumulating
bore, r =
1, this relation simplifies to in the stock tanks, are practically constant. Since it is
= 2 ('!'+t) _ (3R'-4R'logR-2R'-1) desired to obtain the relation hetween flowing hottom hole
p(.) (H' - 1) 4 4(R' - I)' pressure and the rate of production from the formation, it is
necessary to correct the rate of production as measured in the
00 e-P.'t J,'(P.R) flow tanks for the amount of oil obtained from the annulus
(Vll·19
+2::&
p•• fJ, 'rJ'I (p.R) - J',(13, ) ]
,II.. between casing and tubing. To arrive at the solution for this
The calculations for the constant tenninal rate case for a problem, we use the basic equation for the constant terminal
reservoir of limited radial extent have been determined from rate case given by Eq. IV·H, where q(T) is the constant rate of
Eq. VII·19. The summary data for R 1.5 to 10 are given in = fluid produced at the stock tank corrected to reservoir condi·
Table 3. An illustrative graph is shown in Fig. 6. The effect ditions, but Pm is a pseudo pressure drop which is adjusted
of the limited reservoir is quite pronounced as it is shown mathematically for the unloading of the fluid from the annulus
that producing the reservoir at a unit rate increases the pres· to give the pressure drop occurring in the formation.
sure drop at the well bore much faster than if the reservoir It is assumed that the unloading of the annulus is directly
were infinite, as the constant withdrawal of fluid is reflected reflected by the change in bottom hole pressure as exerted by
very soon in the productive life by the constant rate of drop a hydrostatic head of oil column in the casing. Therefore, the
in pressure with time. rate of unloading of the annulus qA,(T), expressed in cc. per
Pressure Fixed at Exterior Boundary second corrected to reservoir conditions, is equal to
dAP
As a variation on the condition that ( dP = 0 )
dr r=R
we qA(T) = C----;rr- (VIII.l)
may assume that the pressure at r =

R is constant. In effect, where C is the volume of fluid unloaded from the annulus
this assumption helps to explain approximately the pressure per atmosphere bottom hole pressure drop per unit sand thick·
history of Bowing a well at a constant rate when, upon open· ness. The rate of fluid produced from the formation is then
ing, the bottom hole pressure drops very rapidly and then given by q'T) - qA(T)' As the hottom hole pressure is continuo
levels out to be:ome constant with time. The case has heen ously changing, the prohlem becomes one of a variable rate.
developed by Hurbt' using a cylinder source and by Muskat' The substitution of the form of Eq. IV·n in the superposition
using a point 50urce solution. theorem, Eq. IV·16, gives
322 PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME December, 1949

1£ t and it will be recognized from Campbell and Foster, Eq. 920.1,

AP =--
2rK
f [qlT', - qAIT"] P'It.•·, dt'
0
that the integrand is the transform for K" (Vp). Further,
and from Eq. VIII· I the integration with respect to time follows from Theorem B,
Chapter V, so that the transform of Eq. VIII·7 is the relation
AP =...!:... j[qIT" - C dAP ] P'e •.••' dt' • (VIII·2) -
2rK 0 dT'
Since T = fi<CR: t/l(, and the unit rate of production at the
PIP) = K.,(Vp)
p
. . . . . . (vm-8)
qlTl1' The same result can be gleaned from Eq. VIll-6 since for t
surface corrected to reservoir conditions is qlt, K' Eq. =-
VIII·2 becomes
- 2r large, p is small and K, (vp) = 1/ vp. Substitution of
this approximation in Eq. VIIl-6 yields Eq. VIll.a. Therefore,
AP=
o
f t[ qlt')-C--
dt'
-
dAP ] p'e •••·) dt' (VIll.s) introducing the expression for PIP) in Eq. VIII·5 gives
q K.,( v'p)
where C = C/2rf~R.'. AP= (VIII·9)
Eq. VIll·3 presents a unique situation and we are con- p [1 + C p K.,(Vp)]
fronted with ~etermination of AP, the actual pressure drop, for which it is necessary only to find the inverse of
appearing both in the integrand and to the left side of the
equation. The Laplace transformation offers a means of soly·
(VIII.IO)
ing for AP which, by orthodox methods, would be difficult
to accomplish. p [1 + Cp K.,(Vp)]
to obtain values for Pith the cumulative pressure drop for unit
It will be recognized that Theorem D, from Chapter V, is rate of production in the stock tank which automatically takes
applicable. Therefore, if Eq. VIII-3 can be changed to a La- cognizance of the unloading of the annulus.
place transformation, AP can be solved explicitly. If we
The inverse of the form of VIII-iO by the Mellin's inversion
express the transform of the constant rate qltl as q/p, the
formula can be determined by the path described in Fig. 2.
transform of P'I., as pli;., and the transform of AP as AP, The analytical determination is identical with the constant
terminal rate case given in Section VI. Therefore, the cumu-
80 that the transform for dAP/ dt is pAP, then it follows
lative pressure drop in the well bore, for a unit rate of pro-
that duction at the surface, corrected for the unloading of the fluid
- q - ~ - in the casing, is the relation
AP= [--C PAP]P P tp , . • (VIIl4)
p -u't
and on solution gives 00 (I-e .) J.(u) du
Pit)= of - - - - - - r - - - - - - - - r - - - -
u[ (1 + u'C Y.(u)· + (u·C2"J.(u»']
AP=----- • (VIII·5) 2
[1 + C p·Pe.)] (VIll-1l)
Fig. 8 presents a plot of the computed values for PIll cor-
Since q = qml'/211"K, then the term - - - - - - in Eq. responding to C from 1,000 to 75,000. It can be observed that
[1 + C p·PI.J the greater the unloading from the cBsing, the smaller the
.VIII-5 can be interpreted as the transform 'of the pseudo pres· actual pressure drop is in a formation due to the reduced rate
sure drop for the unit rate of production at the stock tank. of fluid produced from the sand. For large times, however, all
No mention has been made as to what value can be substi- curves become identified with the point source solution which
is the envelope of these curves. After a sufficient length of
tuted for Pl.). If we wish to apply the cylinder source, Eq. time, the change in bottom hole pressure is 80 slow that the
VI4 applies, namely, rate of production from the formation is essentially that pro-
K,,(Vp) duced by the well, and the point source solution applies.
Pl., = . (VIII-6)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
p'" K,(\lp) The authors wish to thank the Management of the Shell Oil
However, from the previous discussion it has been shown Co., for permission to prepare and present this paper for
that for wells, t is usually large since the well radius is small, publication. It is hoped that this information, once available
and the point source solution of Lord Kelvin's applies, namely, to the industry, will further the analysis and understanding
I 00 e...... of the behavior of oil reservoirs.
PIt! = 2 1/ 4 / -;;- du . • • • (VI.I6) The authors acknowledge the help of H. Rainbow of the
Shell Oil Co., whose suggestions on analytic development
the Ei.function. Therefore, to apply this expression in Eq. were most helpful, and of Miss L. Patterson, who contributed
VIII.5, it is necessary to obtain the Laplace transform of the the greatest amount of these calculations with untiring effort.
point source solution of Eq. VI-I6. By an interchange of
REFERENCES
variables, this equation becomes
1. "Water Infiux into a Reservoir and Its Application to the
I t e-1/U
Pet!
20
=-f - t dt • • • • • (VIII-7) Equation of Volumetric Balance," William Hurst, Trans.,
AIME,I943.

IN RESERVOIRS
2. "Analysis of Reservoir Performance," R. E. Old, Trans.,
AIME, 1943.
3. "Unsteady Flow of Fluids in Oil Reservoirs," William
Hurst, Physics, January, 1934.
4. "The Flow of Compressible Fluids Through Porous Me-
dia and Some Problems in Heat ConductioU;" M. Muskat,
Physic:J, March, 1934.
5. Mathematical Methods in EngineerinG, Karman and Biot,
p. 403, McGraw-Hill, 1940.
6. Operational Circuit Analysi:s. Vannevar Bush, Chapter V,
John Wiley and Sons, 1929.
7. "Variations in Reservoir Pressure in the East Texas Field,"
R. J. Schilthuis and W. Hurst, Trans., AIM£, 1935.
B. "Fourier Integrals for Practical Applications," G. A.
Campbell and R. M. Foster, American Telephone and
Telegraph Company.
9. Operational Methods in Applied Mathematics, H. S. Can-
law and J. C. Jaeger, Oxford Univ. Press, 1941. (Chap·
ter IV).
10. Ibidu11l. p. 5 to 7.
11. "A Problem in the Theory of Heat Conduction," J. W.
Nicho1sen, p. 226, Proc. Royl Soc., 1921.
12.. "Some Two-Dimensional Diffusion Problems with Circu.
lar Symmetry," S. Goldstein, p. 51, Froc. London Math.
Soc. (2), Vol XXXIV, 1932.
13. "Heat Flow in an Infinite Solid Bounded Intemally by a
Cylinder," L. P. Smith, p. 441, !. App. Physics, 8, 1937.
14. "Some Two-Dimensional Problems in Conduction of Heat
with Circular Symmetry," H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger,
p. 361, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2), Vol. XlVI.
15. "Heat Flow in the Region Bounded Intemally by a Cir.
cular Cylinder," J. C. Jaeger, p. 223, Proc. Royal Soc.,
Edinb. A, 61, 1942.
16. A Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Functions, G. W.
Watson, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1944.
17. Modern Arwlrsis, E. T. Whittaker and G. W. Watson,
Cambridge Univ. Press, 1944.
18. The Conduction of Heat, H. S. Carslaw, pp. 149-153,
MacMillan and Company, 1921.
19. "Pressure Prediction for Oil Reservoirs," W. A. Bruce,
Trans., AWE, 1943.
20. "Reservoir Performance and Well Spacing," Lincoln F.
Elldns, Oil and Cas !ourrwl, Nov. 16, 1946, API, 1946.
21. Conduction of Heat in Solids, H. S. CarsIa'" and J. C.
Jaeger, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1947.
Note: This book came to our notice only after the text of
this paper was prepared and for that reason refer·
ences to its contents are incomplete. The careful
reader will observe that, for instance, equation yj.21
in this paper is similar to equation (16), p. 283
when k and a_reo given unit values; also that
"Limited Reservoirs" cOntains equations quite simi-
lar to those appearing in Section 126, "The Hollow
Cylinder," of Carslaw and Jaeger's book. ***

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T.P.

THE APPLICATION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION

A. F. VAN EVERDINGEN, SHELL OIL CO., HOUSTON, AND W. HURST, PETROLEUM

ABSTRACT diffusivity equation. Multiple·phase fluid flow has not been

December, 1949 PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME 305

For liquids which are only slightly compressible, Eq. II·2

(III.I) 'I '2". TIME

306 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME December, 1949

FIG. 2 - CONTOUR INTEGRATION IN ESTABLISHING THE CONSTANT

December, 1949 PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME 307

Comtant Terminal Rate Case

q'T' = -2rK ( oL\P ) =-2r K q(t) (ap(.,tl )

(IV.12) FIG. 4 - RADIAL FLOW, CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE CASE, INFIN·

308 PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS. AIME December, 1949

in time t is expressed as If ql.) = 0, Eq. IV·16 can also be expressed as

lI.P + [q,(t,) - qt.)] Pl.· ••) + [q"(.,) -

p("',) + [q(,,)-q(,:/] PI ....) + (IV.IS) PIP) == of e....• Pm dt

To visualize more concretely the meaniilg of this equation, if

2.0-1---+--+-7-+---+---+---+---1 mine the inverse of Pl.) or PH)' It is frequently necessary to

December, 1949 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME 309

where P(X ) is the transform PCP) Where this report is con-

corned with pressure drops, the above can be written as

Theorem A - If PCP) is the transform of Pc 'll then

310 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME December, 1949

Computing the water inflWl for an infinite reservoir with the

r-: PRESSURE DROP

5.21-----..P+--+-If---=l--f--- R.wo+l;--t--79f=--t-:::::===-- --1----4--16.0

December, 1949 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME 311

for which the general solution is the expression

312 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME December, 1949

December, 1949 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME 313

2 co(e-u't '-e-u'Es ) [J.(u) Y.(ur) - Y.(u) J.(ur)] du

( oP) _ (-OP",.)) U61 M

0.0 .. 20.17 .. 3.818

stant terminal rate case, which explicitly refer to the boundary

PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME December, 1949

5.0(10)-' 0.275 5.0(10)-> 0.278 1.0(IW' 0. 408 1----

t t t Q(t) t Q Ct ) t Q(I) t Q(U t Q lI ) t Q(,)

2.835 3.0 3.195

December, 1949 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME 315

316 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME December, 1949

TABLE III - Continued

December, 1949 PETROLEUM TRANSACT/ONS, A/ME 317

TABLE IV - Comtant Terminal Rate CaJe Radial Flow

t Pu > t Pit) t Pit) t Pc I) t pc.)

t pc.) t PCI) t PCI) t PCI) t pc.)

318 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME December, 1949

and by the application of Mellin's inversion formula applied

December, 1949 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME 319

B = 200 R = SOO R = 400 R = 500 R = eoo

320 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME December, 1949

t Pit) t PIt) t t PIt} t P

may assume that the pressure at r =

322 PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME December, 1949

1£ t and it will be recognized from Campbell and Foster, Eq. 920.1,

December, 1949 PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME 323

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