ACTIVITY OUTPUT

Competency Assessment No. 6

Name: AMARGO, NICOLE SHANE T. Date: APRIL 9, 2021

Subject: THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION Section: BSCRIM D2019

1. Do negative labels cause crime? or do people who commit crime become negatively
labeled? That is, are labels a cause of crime or a result?

Answer: Yes, negative label can cause crime. Labels can cause a crime some of us labelled
the people by their behavior and characteristic even if we don't know exactly who they are and
they tend to us became a criminal because of what they heard to us. According to the Labeling
theory posits that self-identity and the behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced
by the terms used to describe or classify them. These labels represent behavior and attitude
characteristics, labels help define not just one trait but the whole person. Labels cause of crime
to some people who insane they assumed to be dangerous, dishonest, unstable, violent,
strange, and otherwise unsound.

2. Once weakened, can a person's bonds to society become re-attached? What social
processes might help reattachment?

Answer: Yes, even if one person is weakened he/she can re-attached bonds to society. The
social process might help to reattach the person by slowly interaction of person to his/her family,
friends and groups. To found that a person’s attachment to the society can be brought back with
the help of some social processes when it is lost in the beginning. These social processes have
some chance of hope in changing the attitude of the people towards the society. Social bond will
help an individual reattach to society through parents, peers, and social institutions according to
Hirschi’s social bond theory. An individual will slowly connect with society but it begins with a
close group of people that they are familiar with.

3. Do you support the explanation that behavior can be learned thru association with
different people?

Answer: Yes, because the explanation that behavior can be learned thru association with
different people have strong evidence and we experience it to our daily lives. Our behavior is
depends on a situation on how we react. But not all we learned in association can apply to
everything because we know what is right and wrong. Most of the criminals who commit crimes
they have a different criminal behaviors like who disobey the law, they do violence, murder ,
discrimination and so on, they also thru mental health of different people. Crime is any behavior
and any act, activity or event that is punishable by law.

4. What delinquent behavior do you adopt or teach to your peers? How do you
adopt/teach that behavior?

Answer: The Delinquent behavior I adopted to my peers was drinking an alcohol. I adopted this
behavior thru association with my friends and classmates but now I realize that it’s not good for
me and to my health so I decided to stop doing it.

5. Do you recall neutralizing any guilt you might have felt for committing a criminal or
illegal act? Did your neutralizations come before or after you committed the act in
question?

Answer: Yes, I do recall neutralizing guilt for committing illegal acts. I neutralize that guilt
before I even break the law. I have a choice to do it or not but I always do what is wrong to
achieve easily what I need. I have to preface by saying that I’m a rule-follower and try my best
to uphold the laws of the land, which may be what you are struggling with as well.

6. Is conflict inevitable in all cultures? if not, what can be done to reduce the level of
conflict in our own society?

Answer: One of the basic tenets of literature is the presence of conflict, be it human versus
human, nature, self or society. History constantly shows us the conflict in society and the human
race has faced. Inevitably, humans will divide themselves in groups, whether it, religious,
political, and so on. Humans naturally make friends with like-minded individuals or people of the
same interest and thus others of different opinions and perspectives will form their own group.
At some point, these groups will clash if they remain in close vicinity. So yes, conflict is
inevitable in every society, and much of social science is concerned with what to about this.

The inevitability of conflict is made manifest in every field of human endeavor. People
must accept the fact that conflict is a normal part of our professional and personal lives. Far
from being an unnatural phenomenon that must be either avoided at all costs or waged with the
goal of absolute destruction, conflict can be beneficial.

7. Explain restorative justice and give some examples of cases where restorative justice
can be applied in our local setting.

Answer: Restorative Justice is rather than to punish law violators they applied non violent
methods to offender. It is based on respect even if you are committed crime. It focuses on the
rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large. Victim-
offender mediation

In this restorative justice example, a victim and offender talk to each other. A trained mediator
facilitates. The goal is for the parties to agree on how justice should be fulfilled. Purpose of
Victim-Offender Mediation is applied to a local setting is to provide a restorative conflict
resolution process that actively involves victims and offenders in repairing (to the degree
possible) the emotional and material harm caused by the crime; an opportunity for both victims
and offenders to discuss offenses and express their feelings and for victims to get answers to
their questions; and an opportunity for victims and offenders to develop mutually acceptable
restitution plans that address the harm caused by the crime.

8. Explain the three factors that visualize left realism.

Answer: Left realism is just one political ideology that focuses on the causes of crime and
deviance. Left realists believe that living in a capitalistic society, as in a society where private
entities control trade and industry instead of the state, is the main cause for crime. In a
capitalistic society, there is cultural inclusion, meaning that everyone who lives within this
society can pursue the ideals and concepts under capitalism.

There are three major reasons for people to commit crimes. These three factors create
the criminogenic triangle, and each factor works off another to create a criminal or
deviant motivation.

1. Relative deprivation- The rise of social media has made this factor the frontrunner
for developing a criminal perspective. According to this idea, more people are exposed
to advertising and consumerist propaganda, and at the same time, they're continually
exposed to how much they don't have or can acquire by seeing all the things everybody
else does. This constant bombardment of the unattainable is economic exclusion.

2. Marginalization- Essentially, this is what happens when groups and demographics of

people are left without feeling like they have a voice. Consider the Black Lives Matter
movement. This was started because African-Americans felt that they were not being
treated as fairly as whites by the police forces across the United States. And finally,

3. Subculture- This is an acceptance of resorting to illegal means to attain desires.

Theft, drug dealing, and robbery all become a way of life in some of the communities
that are suffering from economic exclusion.

9. What can you say about the contractualization in our country? Are you in favor of
having contractualize job or do you want regularization?

Answer: Contractualization, for a long time, has been a topic of discussion in the Philippines. It
is a practice of hiring workers for a short time before terminating them. Often, in this system,
one is hired for less than six months. Workers under this form of an agreement are laid off or
transferred to other companies before the period expires. This way, it becomes almost
impossible for them to file claims for regularization.  I understand the position of business
groups that regularizing all employees would eventually kill businesses and reduce job
opportunities. Thus, it is important to have a clear distinction between lawful and unlawful forms
of contractualization.

Some experts argue that the practice has significantly helped in the growth of the
economy. To them, hiring employees on a short-term provides employment to the unemployed.
This, in the long run, improves the status of the economy. Also, contractualization promotes
staffing flexibility for companies. In other words, the mixing of both regular and temporary
workers promotes an efficient and productive workplace.

10. Discuss Karl Marx's capitalist system. Do you agree on his opinion on criminal
behavior.

Answer: Karl Marx argued that the law is the mechanism by which one social class, usually
referred to as the "ruling class", keeps all the other classes in a disadvantaged position. Marx’s
point of view enlightened my mind that this is a bubble of ferment in the advanced economies
and I do agree with the idea that the ideal system is not one that seeks to maximize a
behavioral economic system that promotes maximum profit and productivity, but rather one that
empowers the worker and returns control of their lives to them. However, his ideas are greatly
controversial. His critics often point out the loss of freedoms and overall oppression that can be
seen in countries. But then despite of controversial, his ideas were remains a prominent and
influential figure in today’s modern-day political and economic landscape.
 ACTIVITY OUTPUT

Competency Assessment No. 7

Name: AMARGO, NICOLE SHANE T. Date: APRIL 9, 2021

Subject: THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION Section: BSCRIM D2019

1. Do you support the study of biochemical criminologists that criminal behavior is

caused by chemical and mineral influences?

Answer: Yes, I believe that biochemical conditions including those acquired through diet can
control or influence violent behavior. Biochemical factors that might influence aggression range
from nutrition to allergies. Factors such as low intelligence, poor diet, impulsivity and
hyperactivity, hormones such as testosterone and cortisol, and environmental pollutants may all
affect a person’s biological propensity for criminal or antisocial behavior. The causes of crime
are complex. Poverty, parental neglect, low self-esteem, alcohol and drug abuse can be
connected to why people break the law. It may caused criminal behavior because of their
experiences living and their background.

2. Discuss ADHD as a source of delinquent actions.

Answer: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral

disorder of young Children and adolescents. There is an abundance of research that identifies a
strong and robust relationship between ADHD and delinquent and criminal behavior. This study,
explores the overlap between these two disorders as they relate to juvenile delinquency, both
are significant risk factors for the development of antisocial Behavior. But there is more
significance to the presence or absence of ADHD or CD in later antisocial behavior. Higher
levels of defiant and/or aggressive behavior lead to antisocial acts as compared with lower
levels of defiance and antisocial Acts. Boys diagnosed with ADHD have higher felony rates than
normal control Boys, yet ADHD is not nearly as strong a predictor of offending behavior as is
CD in study subjects. The presence of both CD and ADHD contributes to illegal Behavior, and it
is likely that early intervention in both disorders will reduce the Prevalence of antisocial
behavior.

3. How hormonal imbalance for both males and females affect behavior?

Answer: Women and men alike can be affected by imbalances in insulin, steroids, growth
hormones, and adrenaline. Women may also experience imbalances in estrogen and
progesterone levels, while men are more likely to experience imbalances in testosterone levels.
Hormones change gene expression or cellular function, and affect behavior by increasing the
likelihood that specific behaviors occur in the presence of precise stimuli. Hormones achieve
this by affecting individuals’ sensory systems, central integrators, and/or peripheral effectors.
Hormones can influence behavior, and behavior can sometimes influence hormone
concentrations. Hormones are chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that travel
through the blood system to influence the nervous system to regulate behaviors such as
aggression, mating, and parenting of individuals.

4. How human aggression is explained in the evolutionary theory.

Answer: Human aggression is produced caused by the long process of human evolution, there
is a competition due to scarcity of resources they are fighting each other for the resources to
survive. Evolutionary explanations of aggression suggest that aggression serves an important
function in terms of both individual survival as well as reproductive potential. Competition arises
when resources are limited and animals must compete in order to survive and reproduce.

5. Research the case of Richard Speck and write a reaction paper on his case history.

Answer: Richard Benjamin Speck, the American mass murderer who systematically raped one
and tortured and murdered eight student nurses from South Chicago Community Hospital on
the night of July 13 into the early morning hours of July 14, 1966. Speck case he is like a
demon, he is ruthless to do that things of the innocence student. It really was the end of an age
of innocence. It changed everything. We all became much more conscious of our security. Eight
nurses could be slaughtered in their beds for no reason by a stranger. I really hate rapist and
killer but in this world theirs a lot of criminals of different cases. We can’t expect the tragedy
around of us because anywhere and anytime the killers is always there. We need to be careful
and be wise of everything. We need to know also the unfamiliar people around us. The case of
Richard’s is very red flag alert to all girls out there.

6. Discuss the nature and nurture theory.

Answer: Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and
other biological factors. Nature theories assert that the etiology of criminal behavior is
biologically based in genetic inheritance and the structure and functions of people's brains and
other psychological responses. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors
after conception.

7. Differentiate psychopath from sociopath.

Answer: Psychopaths tend to be more manipulative, can be seen by others as more charming,
lead a semblance of a normal life, and minimize risk in criminal activities. Sociopaths tend to be
more erratic, rage-prone, and unable to lead as much of a normal life. Some experts see
sociopaths as “hot-headed.” They act without thinking how others will be affected. Psychopaths
are more “cold-hearted” and calculating. They carefully plot their moves, and use aggression in
a planned-out way to get what they want.
 ACTIVITY OUTPUT

Competency Assessment No. 8

Name: AMARGO, NICOLE SHANE T. Date: APRIL 9, 2021

Subject: THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION Section: BSCRIM D2019

1. Explain the five (5) life domains of the GTCD by Robert Agnew.

Answer: General Theory of Crime and Delinquency (GTCD)

Crime and social relations are reciprocal. Family relationships, work experiences, school
performance, and peer relations influence crime. In turn, antisocial acts have a significant
impact on family relationships, work experiences, school performance, and peer relations.

The way an individual reacts to constraints and motivations is shaped by five key elements of
human development, called life domains

1. Self - Irritability and/or low self-control. Individuals with low self-control are
impulsive, have a preference for exciting and risky activities, are generally
unconcerned with the feelings and rights of others, and often respond to the
temptations of the moment without any regards for the long-range of
consequences
2. Family - In the domain of “family,” Agnew claims that negative bonding between
parent and child, poor supervision/discipline, family conflict and abuse, the
absence of positive parenting, and criminal parents/siblings are the main causes
of crime for those who are younger.
3. School - Negative school experiences and limited education. Recognizes that
negative bonding to teachers/school, poor academic performance, negative
treatment by teachers, little time on homework, low educational and occupational
goals, and poor supervision/discipline are the major correlates of crime.
4. Peers - Delinquent friends. Agnew maintains that having delinquent peers,
having frequent conflicts with one’s peers and being abused by them, and
spending much time with peers in unstructured and unsupervised activities are
the main factors impacting delinquency.
5. Work - Unemployment or having a bad job. Unemployment, poor work
performance and working conditions, poor supervision and discipline, negative
bonding to work, and criminal coworkers are the significant variables affecting
crime.
 2. Is it possible that a person you know five to seven years ago change his/her behavior
today? Making him a totally different person that you can barely recognize him/her.

Answer: Yes absolutely, I believe that every people can change their behavior to a different
situations and purpose. Specifically with the experiences that he or she had passed we never
know the impacts of those things in life. As well as the perspectives that shaped his or her
personality.

3. Do you support the study of life course theory that "The cause of crime constantly
changes as people mature."

Answer: Life-course provides understanding of human behavior by looking at the series of

events and experiences that occur at different stages of an individual’s life cycle. The life course
is a somewhat new way of thinking about how an individual’s life is determined through the
occurrence of certain life events, according to Benson. So I must say that it will help people
understand and resolve the phases of unfortunate events in their daily lives; what, how, why it is
happening or when it get started to happen.

In criminology, we usually look at why people commit crimes, we look at the places where crime
is the most prevalent and concentrated, and we study relationships between the different factors
that contribute to crime. That is why it is so important for us to study the life course theory
because there’s always a back story for every crime people tend to commit, and as time flies by
I believe that change could meet oneself. A turning point is defined as a major change that
occurs in someone’s life path. These turning points are positive and usually involve a person
getting out from a criminal.

4. Discuss the interpersonal and impersonal sources of coercion as explained by Mark

Colvin.

Answer: In my understanding of coercion, it is typically thought to carry with it several important

implications, including that it diminishes our freedom and responsibility. It can be direct or
indirect. Direct coercion is called interpersonal coercion, which is the use or threat of force and
intimidation aimed at creating compliance through fear. Although this often involves the actual
use or threat of physical force in an interpersonal relationship, this is not a necessary
component. Coercion also involves the actual or threatened removal of social supports, which
provide both material and emotional needs of individuals. Indirect coercion is referred to as
impersonal coercion, which is the pressure that arises from structural arrangements and
circumstances that seem beyond individual control, such as economic and social pressure
caused by unemployment, poverty, or competition among businesses or other groups.

The difference between interpersonal and impersonal coercion, and describes the
various types of social support measurement. Interpersonal forms of coercion may or may not
involve the use of violence. Coercion can involve the threat of or actual taking away of
something of value, such as a person’s job or other social supports. These coercive
interpersonal relations are highly likely to produce strong emotional responses, in the form of
anger, especially when the coercive treatment is viewed as unjust or arbitrary. Whereas
impersonal source of coercion in the form of economic pressures or neighborhood environments
can also cause an individual strain that results which may also eventually lead to offending.

5. Do people really change or do they stay the same but appear to be different because
their life circumstances have changed?

Answer: Change is a natural part of life. It cannot be avoided and one can certainly not stop it.
People change also in fact, the life of an individual is highly characterized by continuous
changes in appearance, mindsets, attitudes, and behaviors.

In criminology, here are certainly arguments to be made for both sides of this question.

It is possible to argue that people do not change.  We can say that a person who is willing to
commit criminal acts has, in some way, a fundamentally criminal personality.  We can argue
that, for example, they may seem to have reformed when really all that has happened is that
they are in different life circumstances that allow them to seem different.  For example, a person
may have appeared to have turned their life around in prison but that is only because they have
fewer chances to commit crimes and/or because they are trying to appear reformed so they can
get out earlier.

On the other hand, we can also argue that people change.  We can argue that people mature as
they get older.  Their life experiences teach them that they need to be more concerned with the
needs of other people, for example.  This could lead us, for example, to support the idea of
rehabilitating prisoners in hopes that these new experiences could fundamentally change them.