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Torsion: Deadlines: Assignment One
Torsion: Deadlines: Assignment One
DEADLINES:
Assignment One: 30th October 2019
Assignment Two :
Contact details: Mr. Omal Mumuni-Timtey
(o.mumuni-timtey@eastcoast.ac.uk)
Lecture 4: Torsion
TORSION
A twisting of a shaft about its longitudinal axis, as a result
of the application of a torque, is called torsion.
No deformation After deformation
Failure might
occur due to
shear alone or
because the shear
is accompanied
by stretching or
bending
Torsion of Shaft
Shafts subjected to a torque.
Rotating – e.g. Engine crankshaft, turbines, motor and
pump
Stationary – e.g. tightening bolt or screw
Torque makes the shaft twist
Fatigue problem
Torsion Equation
The diagram below
shows a shaft fixed
at one end and
twisted at the other
end due to the
action of a torque T.
Gθ τ .................(1C)
Substituting (1A) into (1B) we get
L R
y 𝜋𝐷4
64 𝑏𝑑 3
y 36
y
𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝜋(𝐷4 −𝑑 4 )
D
64
x x 𝜋𝐷4
x D x d
32
𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑏 3
y y 12
Perpendicular Axis Theorem
b
b y
𝐽𝑧𝑧 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦
d
d x x
Polar 2nd Area Moment
y
𝐼𝑥𝑥 =
𝑏𝑑 3
𝑑𝑏3 𝑏𝑑 3 + 𝑑𝑏 3
12 𝐼𝑦𝑦 =
12 𝐽𝑧𝑧 =
12
z z
Perpendicular Axis Theorem
y
𝜋𝐷 4
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦𝑦 =
64
x D x
Polar 2nd Area Moment
y
2𝜋𝐷 4 𝜋𝐷 4
𝐽𝑧𝑧 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = =
64 32
z
z
Perpendicular Axis Theorem
y 𝜋𝐷4 𝜋𝑑4
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = −
D
64 64
x x 𝜋(𝐷4 −𝑑4 )
d =
64
z
Activity – Several aluminium rods are drawn to produce
the following types of cross sections. Calculate their
Polar 2nd Area Moment
x x 10cm
x x
20cm
Thickness 5cm
30mm
3 Hole 5mm
𝑏𝑑3
Rectangle 𝐼𝑥𝑥 =
12
𝜋𝐷4
Circle 𝐼𝑥𝑥 =
64
Polar Second Moment
𝜃 = 0.01521 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 → 180𝑜
180𝑜
0.01521 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 × 0.01521 = 0.87𝑜
𝜋
A hollow shaft 60 mm outside diameter and 40mm
inside diameter with length 0.7m long is subjected to
a torque of 1200 Nm. Calculate the shear stress and
the angle of twist. Take G = 90 GPa.
Step 1: Write down the known data
At the same time convert units where necessary
𝐷 = 0.06𝑚 𝐿 = 0.7𝑚 𝑇 = 1200 𝑁𝑚 𝐺 = 90 . 109 𝑃𝑎
𝑑 = 0.04𝑚 𝑟 = 0.03𝑚 O
Step 2: Match data with parameters
and select formula r
L O
𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝜏 𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝜏
= = = =
𝐽 𝐿 𝑟 𝐽 𝐿 𝑟
𝜃 = 0.0091 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 → 180𝑜
180𝑜
0.0091 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 × 0.0091 = 0.52𝑜
𝜋
A solid shaft 50 mm diameter and 0.7m long is subjected to a
torque of 1200 Nm. Calculate the shear stress and the angle of
twist. Take G = 90 GPa.
𝜋 0.052
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = . 0.7 = 1.3744 . 10−3 𝑚3
4
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 7800 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 7800 × 1.3744 . 10−3 = 10.72 𝑘𝑔
𝜏 = 48.89 𝑀𝑃𝑎
A hollow shaft 60 mm outside diameter and 40mm inside diameter
with length 0.7m long is subjected to a torque of 1200 Nm. Calculate
the shear stress and the angle of twist. Take G = 90 GPa.
𝜋 (0.062 −0.042 )
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = . 0.7 = 1.1 . 10−3 𝑚3
4
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 7800 × 1.1 . 10−3 = 8.58 𝑘𝑔
𝜏 = 35.26 𝑀𝑃𝑎
A shaft 40mm diameter is made from steel and the
maximum allowable shear stress for the material is 50
MPa. Calculate the maximum torque that can be
safely transmitted. Take G = 90 GPa.
Step 1: Write down the known data
At the same time convert units where necessary
D = 0.04m r = 0.02m 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 50 . 106 𝑃𝑎 𝐺 = 90 . 109 𝑃𝑎
𝜋𝐷4 𝜋 . 0.044
Step 3: Calculate J 𝐽= = = 251.33 . 10−9 𝑚4
32 32
𝑇 𝜏 𝜏𝐽
Step 4: Rearrange equation = →𝑇=
𝐽 𝑟 𝑟
𝑇 𝜏 𝜏𝐽
= →𝑇=
𝐽 𝑟 𝑟