Thermochemistry Explained

Modul Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Kimia_Tingkatan5
Bab 13_Termokimia
BAB TERMOKIMIA
13 THERMOCHEMISTRY
13.1 Perubahan Tenaga dalam Tindak Balas Kimia

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
1. Termokimia : Mengkaji perubahan dalam tenaga haba semasa tindak balas kimia.
Thermochemistry The study of changes in heat energy during chemical reactions
2. Jenis tindak balas kimia (berdasarkan perubahan tenaga)
Types of chemical reaction (based on energy changes)
a) Tindak balas Eksotermik b) Tindak balas Endotermik
Exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions
13.1.1 Perbandingan tindak balas

Comparison the reaction
Jenis tindak Tindak balas Eksotermik Tindak balas Endotermik

balas Exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions
Type of reaction
1. Maksud Tindak balas kimia yang Tindak balas kimia yang menyerap
Meaning membebaskan haba ke persekitaran. haba dari persekitaran.
A chemical reaction that gives out heat to the A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the
surroundings. surroundings.
2. Suhu Suhu persekitaran meningkat Suhu persekitaran menurun

Temperature The temperature of the surroundings increases The temperature of the surroundings decreases
Tindak balas peneutralan Pemanasan garam nitrat dan karbonat.
Neutralisation reaction Heating of nitrate and carbonate salt when
heated
Contoh :
Contoh : CaCO3 ⎯→ CaO + CO2
NaOH + HCl ⎯→ NaCl + H2O
Tindak balas di antara asid dan logam Pemanasan garam terhidrat
Reaction between acid and metal Heating of hydrated salt.
Contoh : Contoh :
Zn + 2HCl ⎯→ ZnCl2 + H2 CuSO4.5H2O ⎯→ CuSO4 + 5H2O
Tindak balas di antara asid dan Tindak balas natrium hidrogen karbonat
karbonat dan asid hidroklorik
3. Contoh tindak balas
Example of reactions
Reaction between acids and carbonate Reaction between sodium hydrogen carbonate
with hydrochloric acid
Contoh : Contoh :
2HCl + Na2CO3 ⎯→2NaCl + CO2 +H2O NaHCO3 + HCl ⎯→NaCl + CO2+ H2O
Pembakaran alkohol Pemelarutan garam ammonium/nitrat
Combustion of alcohol dalam air
Contoh : Dissolving ammonium salts/ nitrate salts in
water.
C2H5OH + 3O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O Contoh : NH4NO3 ⎯→ NH+4 + NO3-
Pemelarutan natrium hidroksida dalam Tindak balas di antara logam oksida
air dan air
Dissolving sodium hydroxide or potassium Reaction between metal oxide and water
hydroxide
Contoh : NaOH ⎯→ Na+ + OH- Contoh:MgO + 2H2O⎯→Mg(OH)2 + H2

Pemelarutan garam kontang Tindak balas fotosintesis
Dissolving anhydrous salt Photosynthesis process
Contoh :kuprum(II) sulfat dalam air Contoh :
Example : copper(II) sulphate in water
6CO2 + 6H2O ⎯→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
Contoh : CuSO4 ⎯→ Cu2+ + SO42-
156 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541
Bab 13_Termokimia
13.1.2 Gambarajah Aras Tenaga

Energy Level Diagram
1. Maksud Gambar rajah menunjukkan perubahan aras tenaga bahan dan hasil
Meaning tindak balas dalam suatu tindak balas kimia.
Diagram that shows the changes of energy content level of the reactants and products in a
reaction.
2. Kandungan • Setiap bahan kimia mempunyai kuantiti tertentu tenaga kimia
tenaga Each chemical substance has a certain amount of chemical energy
Energy • Perbezaan di antara tenaga, H bahan sebelum tindak balas (bahan
content
tindak balas) dan tenaga, H hasil selepas tindak balas (hasil tindak
balas) boleh diukur.
The difference between the energy, H of a reaction before (reactant) and after a reaction
(product) can be measured.
• Jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan – jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil

Total energy content of product,Hproducts – total energy content of reactant, Hreactants
3. Haba • Maksud
tindak balas Meaning
Heat of reaction, Perubahan tenaga apabila satu mol bahan bertindak balas atau 1 mol
H
hasil tindak balas terbentuk.
The energy change when one mole of reactant reacts, or one mole of product is formed.
• Unit : kilo Joule, kJ

4. Jenis tindak • Eksotermik
balas Exothermic
The types of
• Endotermik
reaction Endothermic
5. Jenis Tindak balas Eksotermik

Types Exothermic reaction
a) Ciri-ciri • Bahan tindak balas yang kehilangan haba ke persekitaran
Characteristic The reactants that release heat energy to surrounding
b) Perubahan • Jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas lebih tinggi daripada
jumlah jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas.
kandungan The total energy content of the reactants is higher than that of the products.
tenaga Hhasil tindak balas < Hbahan tindak balas // Hproducts < Hreactants
Change in total
• Nilai H adalah negatif
energy content
Value H is negative
c) Gambarajah Tenaga
profil tenaga Energy
Energy profile
diagram
Bahan
H bahan tb Reactant
Hreactant H Hasil
Hhasil tb Products
Hproduct
d) Perbandingan Kuantiti tenaga haba yang diserap untuk pemecahan ikatan dalam bahan
perubahan tindak balas adalah lebih rendah daripada tenagah haba yang
tenaga dibebaskan untuk pembentukan ikatan dalam hasil tindak balas
Compare the The quantity of heat energy absorbed for bonds breaking in the reactants is lower than
changes of
heat energy released for the formation of bonds in the products
energy
Bab 13_Termokimia
6. Jenis Tindak balas Endotermik

Types Endothermic reaction
a) Ciri-ciri • Bahan tindak balas yang menyerap haba dari persekitaran
Characteristic The reactants that absorb heat energy from surrounding
b) Perubahan • Jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas lebih rendah daripada
jumlah jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas.
kandungan The total energy content of the reactants is lower than that of the products
tenaga Hhasil tindak balas > Hbahan tindak balas // Hproducts > Hreactants
Change in total
energy content • Nilai H adalah positif
Value H is positive
c) Rajah profil Tenaga
tenaga Energy
Energy profile
diagram
Hasil
Hhasil tb Products
Hproduct
Bahan
Reactant H
Hbahan tb
Hreactant
d) Perbandingan Kuantiti tenaga haba yang diserap untuk pemecahan ikatan dalam bahan
perubahan tindak balas adalah lebih tinggi daripada tenagah haba yang dibebaskan
tenaga untuk pembentukan ikatan dalam hasil tindak balas
Compare the
The quantity of heat energy absorbed for bonds breaking in the reactants is
changes of
energy higher than heat energy released for the formation of bonds in the products.
13.1.3 Haba Tindak balas , H

Heat of Reaction, H
Simbol negatif - tindak balas eksotermik

Negative sign - exothermic reaction
Entalpi : perubahan Simbol positif - tindak balas endotermik
Delta : change Positive sign - endothermic reaction
H =  55 kJmol-1
Amaun tenaga
Amount of energy
H : tenaga haba
H : heat energy

Bab 13_Termokimia
Latihan 1 : Bandingkan jenis tindak balas eksotermik dan endotermik

Compare the type of reaction between exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction
Tindak balas Eksotermik Tindak balas Endotermik

Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
Gambar rajah aras tenaga Gambar rajah aras tenaga
Energy level diagrams Energy level diagrams
Tenaga Tenaga
Energy Energy
Bahan tb
Reactant
H adalah positif
H adalah negatif
H is positive
H is negative
Bahan
Hasil tb /substance
Products
Laluan tindak balas
Laluan tindak balas Reaction path
Reaction path
Mentafsir gambar rajah aras tenaga Mentafsir gambar rajah aras tenaga
Interpret the energy level diagram Interpret the energy level diagram
a) Tindak balas adalah eksotermik a) Tindak balas adalah endotermik.
The reaction is exothermic. The reaction is endothermic
b) Tenaga haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran b) Apabila haba diserap dari persekitaran,
Heat energy is released to the surrounding, When heat is absorbed from the surrounding,
c) Suhu meningkat semasa tindak balas c) Suhu menurun semasa tindak balas
The temperature increases during the reaction The temperature decreases during the reaction
d) Haba yang dibebaskan adalah x kJ apabila 1 d) Haba yang diserap adalah y kJ apabila 1 mol
mol hasil terbentuk hasil terbentuk
Heat released is x kJ when 1 mol product is Heat diserap is y kJ when 1 mol product is formed.
formed
e) Jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas e) Jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas
lebih tinggi daripada jumlah kandungan lebih rendah daripada jumlah kandungan
tenaga hasil tindak balas. tenaga hasil tindak balas.
The total energy content in reactant is higher The total energy content in reactant is lower than
than total energy content in product total energy content in product
f) Haba dibebaskan semasa pembentukan f) Haba diserap semasa pemutusan ikatan dalam
ikatan dalam hasil tindak balas adalah lebih bahan tindak balas adalah lebih tinggi daripada
tinggi daripada haba yang diserap semasa haba yang dibebaskan semasa pembentukan
pemutusan ikatan dalam bahan tindak balas. ikatan dalam hasil tindak balas.
Heat released during the formation of bond in Heat absorbed during the breaking of bond in
product is higher than heat absorbed during the reactant is higher than heat released during the
breaking of bond in reactant formation of bond in product
g) Simbol H adalah negatif g) Simbol H adalah positif

The sign of H is negative. The sign of H is positive

Bab 13_Termokimia
Latihan 2; Lukis rajah aras tenaga bagi setiap tindak balas berikut
Draw the energy level diagram for each reaction
a) Zn + 2HCl ⎯→ ZnCl2 + H2 H = -152 kJmol-1 b) KOH + HNO3 ⎯→ KNO3 + H2O H= -57 kJmol-1
Tenaga Tenaga
Energy Energy
Zn + 2HCl KOH + HNO3
H =-152 kJmol-1 H = -57 kJmol-1

ZnCl2 + H2 KNO3 + H2O
c)C2H5OH +3O2 ⎯→2CO2 + 3H2O H=-1376 kJmol-1 d) H2SO4 + 2KOH ⎯→K2SO4 + 2H2O H= -57.3kJmol-1
Tenaga Tenaga
Energy Energy
C2H5OH + O2 H2SO4+ 2KOH
H=-1376 kJmol-1 H = -57.3 kJmol-1

2CO2 + 3 H2O K2SO4 + 2H2O
Latihan 3 ; Lukis rajah aras tenaga bagi setiap tindak balas berikut
Draw the energy level diagram for each reaction
a) Cu(NO3)2 ⎯→CuO + ½ O2 +2NO2 b) Ca(NO3)2 +K2CO3 ⎯→CaCO3 +2KNO3

H=+220kJ mol-1 H =+12 kJ mol-1
Tenaga Tenaga
Energy Energy
CuO + ½ O2 +2NO2 CaCO3 +2KNO3
H=+220kJ mol-1 H =+12 kJ mol-1
Cu(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 +K2CO3
c) N2 + 2O2 ⎯→ 2NO2 H = + 220 kJ mol-1 d) C + 2S ⎯→ CS2 H = + 220 kJ mol-1

Tenaga
Tenaga
Energy
Energy
CuO + ½ O2 +2NO2 CS2
H=+220kJ H=+220kJ mol-1

mol-1
Cu(NO3)2 C + 2S

Bab 13_Termokimia
13.1.4 Perubahan tenaga dan perubahan ikatan

Energy Change and the change of bond
Jenis tindak Perubahan Perubahan tenaga
balas ikatan Energy change
Type of reaction Change of
bond
a) Eksotermik Pembentukan Tenaga haba yang dibebaskan untuk membentuk ikatan
Exothermic ikatan baharu lebih tinggi daripada tenaga haba yang diserap
Formation of untuk memutuskan ikatan.
bond The heat energy released to form the new bonds is higher than
the energy absorbed to break the bonds.
b) Endotermik Pemutusan Tenaga haba yang diserap untuk memutuskan ikatan lebih
Endothermic ikatan tinggi daripada tenaga haba yang dibebaskan untuk
Breaking of membentuk ikatan baharu
bond The heat energy absorbed to break the bonds is higher than the
higher released to form the new bonds.
Latihan 4 ; Tuliskan lima penyataan boleh dirumus daripada rajah aras tenaga.
Write five statements that can be concluded from the energy level diagram
Tenaga a) Jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas adalah lebih

Energy
rendah daripada jumlah tenaga bahan tindak balas.
Total energy content of the products is lower than total energy of
the reactants.
H+ (ak) + OH- (ak)
b) Haba tindak balas ialah 57 kJmol-1
The heat of reaction is 57 kJmol-1
c) Tindak balas adalah endotermik/ The reaction is endothermic.

H =- 57 kJmol-1
d) Tindak balas di antara ion hidrogen dan ion hidroksida
menghasilkan air
H2O (ce)
The reaction between hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion to
formed water
Rajah 4 e) Tindak balas membebaskan haba ke persekitaran

The reaction released heat to surrounding
Latihan 5 ;
Persamaan termokimia berikut menunjukkan tindak balas asid hidroklorik dan natrium hidroksida.
The following thermochemical equation shows a reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
HCl + NaOH ⎯→ NaCl + H2O H = - 57 kJmol-1
Lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas itu. Tulis 3 penyataan yang boleh dirumus daripada rajah.
Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction. Write 3 statements that can be concluded from diagram
Rajah aras tenaga Tenaga
Energy level diagram Energy
HCl + NaOH
H =- 57 kJmol-1
NaCl + H2O

Bab 13_Termokimia
a) Tindak balas di antara asid hidroklorik dan natrium hidroksida adalah eksotermik
The reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide is exothermic .
b) 1 mol asid HCl bertindak balas dengan 1 mol NaOH untuk menghasilkan 1 mol natrium klorida dan
1 mol mol air
1mole of hydrochloric acid reacts with 1 mole of sodium hydroxide to produce 1 mole of sodium chloride and
1 mol of water.
c) Jumlah tenaga haba asid HCl dan NaOH lebih tinggi daripada jumlah tenaga haba natrium klorida
dan air.
The heat energy of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide is higher than the heat energy of sodium chloride
and water.
d) Haba yang dibebaskan adalah 57 kJ / The heat released is 57 kJ.

e) Suhu tindak balas meningkat / The temperature of the reaction will increase
Latihan 6 :
Persamaan bagi tindak balas penguraian kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 adalah seperti berikut
The equation for the decomposition of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 is as follows :
CaCO3 ⎯→ CaO + CO2 H = + 570 kJ mol-1
Lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas itu. Tulis 3 penyataan yang boleh dirumus daripada rajah.
Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction. Write 3 statements that can be concluded from diagram
Gambar rajah aras tenaga

Energy level diagram
Tenaga CaO + CO2
Energy
H=+570 kJ
mol-1
CaCO3
a) Tindak balas adalah endotermik .

The reaction is endothermic
b) Haba diserap dalam tindak balas tersebut.
Heat is absorbed in the reaction.
c) 1 mol kalsium karbonat terurai menghasilkan 1 mol kalsium oksida dan 1 mol karbon dioksida.
1 mol of calcium carbonate decomposes to produce 1mole of calcium oxide and 1 mol carbon dioxide.
d) Jumlah tenaga bagi bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas adalah 570 kJmol-1.
Total energy of the reactant and the products is 570 kJ
e) Suhu tindak balas menurun / The temperature of reaction will decreases

Bab 13_Termokimia
Soalan 7 ;
Persamaan termokimia dibawah menunjukkan pembentukan plumbum(II) sulfat.
The thermochemical equation below shows the formation of lead(II) sulphate.
Pb(NO3)2 (ak) + Na2SO2 (ak) ⎯→ PbSO4 + 2NaNO3 ∆H = - 50 kJmol-1
Lukiskan gambarajah aras tenaga bagi persamaan di atas.
Terangkan perbezaan kandungan tenaga dalam bahan tindak balas berbanding dengan hasil tindak balas.
Draw an energy level diagram for the above equation.
Explain the differences in energy content of the reactants compared to the product.
[4 markah]
Jawapan
1/2 : Rajah aras tenaga 1. Jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas lebih tinggi
Tenaga daripada jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas.
The total energy content of the reactant is higher than the total
energy content of the product
Pb 2+ + SO42-
2. Haba dibebaskan semasa pembentukan ikatan dalam
H =- 50 kJmol-1
plumbum(II) sulfat adalah lebih tinggi daripada haba yang
diserap semasa pemutusan ikatan dalam bahan tindak balas.
Heat released during the formation of bond in product is higher
PbSO4
than heat absorbed during the breaking of bond in reactant
13.1.5 Penggunaan pengetahuan eksotermik dan endotermik

Application of knowledge of exothermic and endothemic
 Pek panas  Pek sejuk

Hot packs Cold pack
Kegunaan/ Uses
Selalu dalam sukan –mengurangkan Selalu dalam sukan –mengurangkan kesakitan
kesakitan pada kecederaaan pada kecederaaan
Often used in sports – to lessen pain for injuries. Often used in sports – to lessen pain for injuries.
Prinsip/ Principles
Mengandungi bahan kimia yang Mengandungi bahan kimia yang menyerap
membebaskan haba ke persekitaran haba dari persekitaran
Aplikasi tindak balas eksotermik Aplikasi tindak balas endotermik
Contain chemicals that release heat to Contain chemicals that absorb heat from
surrounding surrounding
Application of exothermic reaction. Application of endothermic reaction.
Kandungan/ Ingredient
Ia mengandungi air dan pepejal garam Ia mengandungi air dan pepejal garam
(contohnya: kalsium klorida kontang) yang (contohnya: ammonium nitrat) yang diletakkan
diletakkan dalam ruang berasingan di dalam dalam ruang berasingan di dalam beg plastik
beg plastik It contains water and solid salt (eg; ammonium
It contains water and solid salt (eg; anhydrous nitrate) that placed separate compartments in a
calcium chloride) that placed separate plastic bag.
compartments in a plastic bag.
Proses/ Process
Pepejal kalsium klorida kontang dilarutkan Pepejal ammonium nitrat dilarutkan dalam air
dalam air akan membebaskan haba ke akan menyerap haba daripada persekitaran
persekitaran dan suhu meningkat dan suhu menurun.
The solid anhydrous calcium chloride dissolves in Ammonium nitrate solid is dissolves in waterto
water to release heat and temperature rise absorb heat from surrounding and temperature
decrease
Bab 13_Termokimia
 Pek panas  Pek sejuk

Hot packs Cold pack
Persamaan kimia / Chemical equation
CaCl2 H O
2 Ca2+ + 2Cl- H =- 83 kJmol-1 NH4NO3 H O
2 NH4+ + NO3- H= +83 kJmol-1
Bahan lain/ Others substance
1. Magnesium sulfat kontang 1. Ammonium klorida
Anhydrous magnesium sulphate Ammonium chloride
2. Kuprum(II) sulfat kontang 2. Kalium nitrat
Anhydrous copper(II) sulphate Potassium nitrate
3. Kalsium oksida 3. Natrium tiosulfat
Calcium oxide Sodium tiosulphate
 Pek haba guna Pek panas yang boleh dipakai semula menggunakan larutan tepu
semula natrium etanoat yang akan menghablur semula
Reusable heat A reusabale hot pack uses supersaturated solution of sodium ethanoate
pack crystallisation and resolution
13.2 Haba Tindak Balas, H

Heat of Reaction, H
Maksud Perubahan tenaga apabila 1 mol bahan tindak balas bertindak balas atau satu
Meaning mol hasil tindak balas terbentuk bahan.
The energy change when one mole of reactant are reacts or one mole of product is
formed.
Perubahan Perubahan haba,Q = m x c x 
haba, Q Heat change,Q
Heat
change, Q m Jisim larutan,g / Mass of solution, g
c Muatan haba • Kuantiti tenaga haba yang diperlukan untuk
tentu larutan menaikan suhu 1.0 cm3 larutan sebanyak 1.0 0C
Specific heat The quantity of heat energy required to raise the
capacity of a temperature of 1.0 cm3 of the solution by 1.0 0C
solution
• Muatan haba tentu air ialah 4.2 Jg-1 0C-1
Specific heat capacity of a solution ialah 4.2 Jg-1 0C-1
 Perubahan suhu, 0C / Temperature change, 0C
Haba a) Unit : kJ mol-1

tindak b) Tanda H = negatif : Tindak balas eksotermik
balas, H The sign of H is negative : Exothermic reaction
Heat of
reaction c) Tanda H = positif : Tindak balas eksotermik
H The sign of H is positive : Endothermic reaction
Andaian a) Muatan haba tentu larutan = muatan haba tentu air = 4.2 Jg-1 0C-1
Assumption specific heat capacity of solution = specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 Jg-1 0C-1
b) Tiada haba yang terbebas ke persekitaran.
No heat lost to the surrounding.
c) Tiada haba yang diserap oleh alat radas eksperimen.
No heat is absorbed by the apparatus of the experiment.

Bab 13_Termokimia
Latihan 8 : Pengiraan bagi Haba Tindak balas
a) Berikut ialah suatu persamaan termokimia

The following is an thermochemical equation 889 kJ haba dihasilkan oleh 1 mol metana
N2 + 2O2 ⎯→ 2NO2 H = +66 kJ mol-1 222.25 kJ : 222.25 x 1 / 889
Berapakah perubahan haba apabila 0.5 mol = 0.25 mol
nitrogen dioksida,NO2 terhasil. Jisim metana = 0.25 x [12 + 4] = 4 g
What is the heat change when 0.5 mole of nitrogen [16.5 kJ]
dioxide, NO2 is produced?
b) Persamaan berikut menunjukkan pembakaran 889 kJ haba dihasilkan oleh 1 mol metana
metana 222.25 kJ : 222.25 x 1 / 889
The following chemical equation shows the combustion
of methane = 0.25 mol
CH4 + 2O2 ⎯→ CO2 + 2H2O H = - 889 kJ mol-1 Jisim metana = 0.25 x [12 + 4] = 4 g
Berapakah jisim metana, CH4 yang diperlukan (4g)

untuk menghasilkan 222.25 kJ haba
What is the the mass of methane that is required to
produce 222.25 kJ of heat.
[JAR/RAM : C;12, H;1, O;16]
c) Persamaan termokimia berikut menunjukkan 5512 kJ haba dihasilkan oleh 1 mol oktana
tindak balas pembakaran oktana. 1378 kJ : 1378 x 1 / 5512
The following thermochemical equations shows a
combustion reaction of octane. = 0.25 mol
Jisim oktana = 0.25 x [ 96 + 18 ] = 28.5 g
C8H18 + 25/2 O2 → 8CO2 + 9H2O H =-5512 kJ mol-1
Berapakah jisim oktana yang diperlukan bagi
pembakaran untuk menghasilkan 1378 kJ haba.
What is the mass of octane required for combustion to
produce 1378 kJ of heat?
[JAR /RAM : C;12, H;1, O;16] [28.5g]
13.2.1 Jenis Haba Tindak balas

Type of Heat of Reaction
Jenis tindak balas Haba tentu tindak balas

Type of reaction Specific heat of reaction
Penyesaran Haba penyesaran
Displacement Heat of displacement
Pembakaran Haba pembakaran
Combustion Heat of combustion
Pemendakan Haba pemendakan
Precipitation Heat of precipitation
Peneutralan Haba peneutralan
Neutralisation Heat of neutralisation

Bab 13_Termokimia
13.3 Haba Penyesaran

Heat of Displacement
a) Maksud Perubahan haba apabila satu mol logam disesarkan daripada larutan
Meaning garamnya oleh logam yang lebih elektropositif.
Heat change when one mole of metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more
electropositive metal.
b) Contoh Persamaan kimia : Zn + Cu(NO3)2 ⎯→ Zn(NO3)2 + Cu
Example
zink lebih tinggi daripada kuprum dalam Siri Elektrokimia
zinc metal is higher than copper in Electrochemical series
Persamaan ion / Ionic equation: Zn + Cu2+ ⎯→ Zn2+ + Cu
Contoh : Menentukan haba penyesaran kuprum oleh zink
Example : Experiment to determine the heat of displacement of copper by zinc
Prosedur /Procedures
1. Sukat dan masukkan 50 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.2 mol dm-3 ke dalam
cawan polistirena.
c) Eksperimen
Measure and pour 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 copper (II) nitrate solution into a polystyrene
Experiment
cup.
2. Sukat dan rekod suhu awal larutan kuprum(II) nitrat, 1
Measure and record the initial temperature of copper (II) nitrate solution.
3. Masukkan 1.0 g serbuk zink dengan cepat ke dalam larutan kuprum(II) nitrat.
Pour 1.0 g zinc powder quickly into the copper (II) nitrate solution
4. Kacau campuran dengan thermometer
Stir the mixture with the thermometer
5. Rekod suhu tertinggi,2
Record the highest temperature,2
Latihan 9 : Lengkapkan
Complete ;
a) Mg + Cu(NO3)2 ⎯→ Mg(NO3)2 + Cu H=-150 kJmol-1 Rajah aras tenaga
Persamaan ion : Mg + Cu2+ ⎯→ Mg2+ + Cu Tenaga
Ionic equation Energy
Tafsiran /Interpretation: Mg + Cu(NO3)2

150 kJ tenaga haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol kuprum
H =- 150 kJmol-
disesarkan dari larutan garamnya oleh magnesium 1
Mg(NO3)2 + Cu
150 kJ of heat energy is released when 1 mole of copper is
displaced from its solution by magnesium metal
b) Zn + CuSO4 ⎯→ ZnSO4 + Cu H = -210 kJmol-1 Rajah aras tenaga
Persamaan ion : Zn + Cu2+ ⎯→ Zn2+ + Cu
Ionic equation Tenaga/energy
Tafsiran /Interpretation: Zn + CuSO4

210 kJ tenaga haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol kuprum
H =- 50 kJmol-1
disesarkan dari larutan garamnya oleh zink
210 kJ of heat energy is released when 1 mole of copper is ZnSO4 + Cu
displaced from its solution by zink metal

Bab 13_Termokimia
c) Cu + 2AgNO3 ⎯→ Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag H = -147 kJmol-1 Rajah aras tenaga

Persamaan ion : Cu + 2Ag+ ⎯→ Cu2+ + 2Ag
Ionic equation Tenaga/Energy
Cu + 2AgNO3 H =- 50 kJmol-1
Tafsiran /Interpretation:
147 kJ tenaga haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol argentum
disesarkan dari larutan garamnya oleh kuprum. Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
147 kJ of heat energy is released when 1 mole of silver is

displaced from its solution by copper metal
13.3.1 Pengiraan Haba Penyesaran

Calculation of Heat of Displacement
Latihan 10 :
Dalam satu eksperimen, 25.0 cm3 kuprum(II) sulfat 0.2 mol dm-3 ditindakbalaskan dengan serbuk zink
berlebihan.
In an experiment, 25.0 cm3 of copper (II) sulphate 0.2 mol dm-3 reacted with excess zinc powder.
Jadual 10 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh.
Table 10 shows the results obtained.
Penerangan Suhu 0C
Description Temperature, 0C
Suhu awal larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 29.0
Initial temperature of copper(II) sulphate solution
Suhu tertinggi campuran 38.0
Highest temperature of mixture
Jadual 10
Berapakah haba penyesaran bagi kuprum oleh zink
What is the heat of displacement of copper by zinc?
Muatan haba tentu larutan/Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1;ketumpatan larutan/density of
solution =1g cm-3]
Jawapan ;
 Persamaan kimia Zn + CuSO4 ⎯→ ZnSO4 + Cu
Chemical equation
Persamaan ion Zn + Cu2+ ⎯→ Zn2+ + Cu
Ionic equation
 Bilangan mol = (0.2 ) (25) = 0.005 mol
kuprum 1000
Number of mol ,
n = MV / 1000
 Perubahan haba m = 25 g ; c = 4.2 ;  = 9 0C
Heat change
Haba yang dibebaskan, H = m x c x  = 25 x 4.2 x 9 = 945 J
Heat release,H
 Nisbah mol Daripada persamaan/ from the equation
Mol ratio
1 mol CuSO4  1 mol Cu
0.005 mol CuSO4  0.005 mol Cu

 Haba penyesaran,H H = 945 = 189000 J mol-1= - 189 kJ mol-1
Heat of displacement,H 0.005
= mxcx [0.005mol/945 J/-189 kJmol-1]
mol

Bab 13_Termokimia
Latihan 11:
Apabila serbuk magnesium berlebihan ditambahkan kepada 50 cm3 larutan ferum(II) nitrat 0.2 mol dm-3,
suhu meningkat daripada 30.5 0C kepada 40.0 0C. Berapakah haba penyesaran bagi ferum?
When excess magnesium powder is added to 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 iron (II) nitrate solution, the temperature
increases from 30.5 0C to 40.0 0C. What is the heat of displacement of iron?
Muatan haba tentu larutan/Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1;
ketumpatan larutan/density of solution =1 g cm-3]
[4 markah]
Jawapan ;
 Persamaan kimia Mg + Fe(NO)3 ⎯→ Mg(NO3)2 + Fe
Chemical equation
Persamaan ion
Mg + Fe2+ ⎯→ Mg2+ + Fe
Ionic equation
 Bilangan mol Fe
Number of mol, = (0.2) (50) = 0.01 mol
n = MV / 1000 1000
 Perubahan haba H = 50 x 4.2 x 9.5 = 1995 J

Heat change, H = mxcx
 Nisbah mol Daripada persamaan ;
Mol ratio
1 mol Fe(NO3)2  1 mol Fe
0.01 mol Fe(NO3)2 : 0.01 mol Fe
 Haba penyesaran, H H = 1995 / 0.01 = 199500 J mol-1 = - 199.5 kJmol-1

Heat of displacement, H [0.01 mol/199500J/-199.5kJmol-1]
Latihan 12 :
Persamaan termokimia mewakili tindak balas antara serbuk ferum dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
The thermochemical equation represents the reaction between iron metal and copper(II) sulphate solution.
Fe + CuSO4 ⎯→ FeSO4 + Cu H = -150 kJ mol-1
Berapakah kenaikan suhu campuran apabila serbuk ferum berlebihan ditambahkan kepada 200 cm3
larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.5 mol dm-3.
What is the increasing in temperature of the mixture when iron powder is added to 200 cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
copper(II) sulphate solution.
[3 markah]
Jawapan ;
 Bilangan mol Cu = (200 ) (0.5) = 0.1 mol
Number of mol, n = MV / 1000 1000
 Haba yang dibebaskan H = H , H = H x mol ,
H = H / mol mol
H = 150 000 x 0.1 = 15000 J
 Perubahan suhu 15000 = 200 x 4.2 x 

Heat change, H = mxcx
=H/mxc
 = 15000 = 17.9 0C
200 x 4.2
[0.1mol/15000J/17.90C ]

Bab 13_Termokimia
Soalan 13 ;
Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk menentukan haba penyesaran bagi tindak balas di antara 50 cm3
larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.1 mol dm-3 dan serbuk magnesium.
Serbuk magnesium berlebihan ditambahkan kepada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat di dalam cawan polistrena.
An experiment is carried out to determine heat of displacement for the reaction between 50 cm3 of 0.1mol dm-3
copper (II) sulphate solution and magnesium powder. An excess of magnesium powder is added to the copper (II)
sulphate solution in a polystyrene cup.
Jadual 13 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh.

Table 13 shows the results obtained.
Suhu awal larutan 28.2 0C
Initial temperature
Suhu tertinggi campuran 33.4 0C
Highest temperature of the mixture
Jadual 13
[ c = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1; ketumpatan larutan/density of solution =1 g cm-3]
a) Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak yang berlaku

Write an ionic equation for the reaction that occurs
✓ Mg + Cu2+ → Mg2+ + Cu.
[1 markah]
b) Nyatakan dua pemerhatian lain selain daripada perubahan dalam suhu
State another two observation besides the change in temperature.
✓ Magnesium melarut/ magnesium dissolves
✓ Pepejal perang terbentuk/ brown solid is formed
[2 markah]
c) Hitung / Calculate
i) haba yang dibebaskan dalam ii) Bilangan mol kuprum(II) sulfat yang bertindak
eksperimen balasdengan kuprum
The heat released in the experiment. The number of moles of copper(II) sulphate that has
Use formula H = m x c x  reacted with copper.
H = 50 x 4.2 x 5.2 1 mol CuSO4 menghasilkan 1 mol Cu

= 1092 J 0.005 mol CuSO4 menghasilkan 0.005 mol Cu
[1 markah] [1markah]
iii) Haba penyesaran
Heat of displacement
Haba penyesaran = 1092 / 0.005 = 218400 Jmol-1 = - 218.4 kJmol-1
[2 markah] [a)1092J b)0.005 mol c) -218.4 kJ mol-1
Soalan 14;
Rajah 14 menunjukkan susunan radas satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba penyesaran bagi tindak
balas di antara larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dan serbuk zink berlebihan.
Diagram 14 shows the set-up of apparatus of an experiment to determine the heat of displacement for the reaction
between copper(II) sulphate solution and excess zinc powder.
Keputusan adalah seperti berikut

Serbuk zink berlebihan The results are as follows:
Excess zinc powder
Suhu awal larutan kuprum(II) sulfat = 28.5 oC
3
50.0 cm larutan kuprum(II) Initial temperature of copper (II) sulphate solution
sulfat 0.5 moldm-3
50.0 cm3 of 0.5 moldm-3 Suhu tertinggi campuran = 33.5 oC
copper(II) sulphate solution [Muatan haba tentu air/Heat capacity of water: 4.2 Jg-1 oC-1 ;
JAR/ RAM:O=16, S=32,Cu=64, Zn=65]
Rajah 4

Bab 13_Termokimia
a) Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindakbalas dalam eksperimen ini.

Write the ionic equation for the reaction in this exsperiment.
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu [1 markah]
b) Nyatakan satu pemerhatian daripada eksperimen

State one observation from the experiment.
✓ Serbuk zink melarut /Pepejal perang terbentuk

[1 markah]
c) Berdasarkan kepada eksperimen, hitungkan
Based on the experiment, calculate
i) haba yang dibebaskan ii) bilangan mol kuprum yang terbentuk
heat released number of moles of copper that is formed
H = 50 x 4.2 x 5 = 1050 J 1 mol CuSO4 : 1 mol Cu

0.025 mol CuSO4 : 0.025 mol Cu
[1 markah] [1 markah]
iii) haba penyesaran bagi tindakbalas ini

heat of displacement for the reaction
haba penyesaran = 1050 / 0.025 = 42000 Jmol-1 = - 42 kJmol-
heat of displacement
[2 markah]a)1050 J b)0.025mol c):-42 kJ
d) Mengapa serbuk zink digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?

Why zinc powder is used in the experiment?
✓ Untuk meningkatkan kadar tindak balas/Increase the rate of reaction

[1 markah]
e) Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindakbalas
Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction
Tenaga
Zn + Cu2+
H =- 42 kJmol-1
Zn2+ + Cu
[2 markah]
f) Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggantikan serbuk zink dengan serbuk magnesium
The experiment is repeated by replacing the zinc powder with magnesium powder.
(i) Ramalkan haba penyesaran yang akan diperolehi.
Predict the heat of displacement that will be obtained.
✓ Nilai haba penyesaran diramalkan lebih tinggi
The value of the heat of displacement is predicted become higher
(ii) Terangkan
Explain
✓ Magnesium adalah lebih elektropositif daripada zink .

Magnesium is more electropositive than zink

Bab 13_Termokimia
13.4 HABA PEMBAKARAN

HEAT OF COMBUSTION
1. Maksud • Tenaga haba yang dibebaskan apabila satu mol bahan api dibakar
Meaning lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan
The heat energy released when 1 mole of a fuel is burnt completely in excess
oxygen.
2. Persamaan • Hidrokarbon + O2 ⎯→ CO2 + H2O + (tenaga haba )
kimia am Hydrocarbon + O2 ⎯→ CO2 + H2O + (heat energy)
General chemical
equation * Hidrokarbon = alkana, alkena atau alkohol
Hydrocarbon = alkane, alkene or alcohol
3. Contoh • Etanol dibakar dengan oksigen berlebihan
Example Ethanol burnt with excess oxygen
C2H5OH + 3O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O
13.4.1 Eksperiment:
Untuk mengkaji haba pembakaran bagi butanol
To determine the heat of combustion of butanol in the laboratory.
Susunan
alat radas
Set-up of
apparatus
a) Kegunaan ;
Untuk menghalang angin
dari persekitaran
Fungsi bekas kuprum
konduktor haba yang baik
Butanol
Butanol
Prosedur 1. Sukat dan tuang 200 cm3 air ke dalam bekas kuprum.
Procedure: Measure and pour 200 cm3 of water into the copper tin
2. Ukur dan rekod suhu awal air, 1
Measure and record the initial temperature of the water.
3. Isikan pelita dengan butanol dan timbang. Rekod jisim awal, m1
Fill the lamp with butanol then weigh it. Record the initial mass.
4. Nyalakan sumbu pelita / Light the wick of the lamp.
5. Letakkan pelita sedekat yang boleh dengan bekas kuprum.
Place the lamp as near as possible to the copper container.
6. Kacau air berterusan / Stir the water continuously.
7. Padamkan nyalaan api apabila suhu meningkat 30 0C dan rekod suhu tertinggi
air,2
Extinguish the flame when the temperature rises 30 oC and record the highest
temperature of the water.
8. Timbang lampu secepatnya dan rekod jisim akhir, m2
Weigh the lamp as quickly as possible and record the final mass.

Bab 13_Termokimia
Data Suhu awal air (oC) = 1

Data Initial temperature of the water (oC)
Suhu tertinggi air = 2
Highest temperature of the water (oC)
Kenaikan suhu air (oC) = 2 – 1 = 3
Temperature rise of the water(oC)
Jisim awal lampu + butanol (g) = m1
Initial mass of lamp + butanol (g)
Jisim akhir lampu + butanol = m2
Final mass of lamp + butanol (g)
Jisim alkohol yang terbakar (g) = m1 – m 2 = m 3
Mass of alcohol that was burnt (g)
Langkah 1. kacau air berterusan sepanjang eksperimen

berjaga- stir the water continuously throughout the experiment
jaga yang 2. gunakan pengadang angin
diambil Use a wind shield
Precaution
can be 3. letakkan nyalaan pelita dekat dengan tin kuprum
taken place the flame of the lamp close to the copper tin.
Andaian : Haba yang dibebaskan semasa pembakaran adalah sama dengan haba yang
diserap oleh air .
13.4.2 Gambar rajah aras tenaga : Tindak balas pembakaran

Energy level diagram : Combustion reaction
Latihan 15 :
a) Persamaan termokimia Gambar rajah aras tenaga
Thermochemical equation ; Energy level diagram
C2H5OH + 3O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O H = -1366 kJ mol-1
Tenaga
Maklumat/ Information :
C2H5OH + 3O2
1366 kJ tenaga haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol etanol
terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan. H =-1366 kJmol-1
1366 kJ heat energy is released when 1 mole of ethanol is 2CO2 + 3H2O
burnt completely in excess oxygen
b) Persamaan termokimia Gambar rajah aras tenaga

Thermochemical equation ; Energy level diagram
Tenaga
CH4 + 2O2 ⎯→ CO2 + 2H2O H = - 890 kJ mol-1 Energy
Maklumat/ Information :
CH4 + 2O2
890 kJ tenaga haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol metana
H =- 890 kJmol-1
terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan.
CO2 + 2H2O
189 kJ heat energy is released when 1 mole of methane is
burnt completely in excess oxygen.

Bab 13_Termokimia
13.4.3 Perbandingan antara Haba Pembakaran alkohol

Comparison of the Heat of Combustion of alcohols
1. Jadual 14 menunjukkan haba pembakaran bagi empat ahli pertama alkohol
Table 14 shows the Heat of Combustion for the first four members of alkohol
Alkohol Formula Atom per molekul Jisim molekul Haba pembakaran
Alcohol Atoms per molecule relatif Heat of combustion
Karbon Hidrogen Relative molecular (kJ mol-)
Carbon Hydrogen mass
Metanol CH3OH 1 4 32 - 728
Methanol
Etanol C2H5OH 2 6 46 - 1376
Ethanol
Propanol C3H7OH 3 8 60 - 2016
Propanol
Butanol C4H9OH 4 10 74 - 2678
Butanol
Jadual 14
Penerangan/ Explanation ;
a) Bilangan atom karbon per molekul bertambah
Number of carbon atoms per molecule increases.
b) Haba pembakaran meningkat daripada metanol kepada butanol kerana ;
Heat of combustion increases from methanol to butanol because ,
• bilangan atom karbon per molekul alkohol bertambah.
the number of carbon atom per molecule of alcohol increases
• semasa pembakaran, lebih banyak molekul karbon dioksida dibebaskan.
when carbon is burnt, more carbon dioxide will be produced.
• lebih banyak haba dibebaskan.
More heat to be released.
Haba pembakaran (kJ mol-1)
2. Graf haba pembakaran alkohol melawan bilangan atom Heat of combustion
karbon per molekul alkohol
3500
Graph of heat of combustion of alcohols against the number of
carbon atoms per alcohol molecule.
3000
• Haba pembakaran alkohol meningkat apabila bilangan
2500
atom karbon dan hidrogen per molekul bertambah.
The heat of combustion of alcohols increase when the
2000
number of carbon and hydrogen atoms per molecules
increases.
1500
• Semakin banyak haba akan terbebas untuk
pembentukan molekul karbon dioksida. Banyak ikatan 1000
terbentuk
More heat energy releases in the formation of carbon 500
5 0 1 2 3 4
dioxide molecules formed. More bonds are formed.
Bilangan atom karbon per molekul alcohol
No of carbon atom per molecule alcohol
Latihan 16 : Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang

Write the balanced of chemical equation
a) Metana,CH4 bertindak balas dengan gas oksigen berlebihan. CH4 + 2O2 ⎯→ CO2 + 2H2O
Methane,CH4 reacts with excess oxygen
b) Propena bertindak balas dengan gas oksigen berlebihan C3H8 + 5O2 ⎯→ 3CO2 + 4H2O
Propene reacts with excess oxygen
c) Etanol, CH3OH dibakar dengan oksigen berlebihan C3H7 OH + 9/2O2 ⎯→ 3CO2 + 4H2O
Ethanol, CH3OH is burnt with excess oxygen

Bab 13_Termokimia
Soalan 16
Mengapa haba pembakaran propanol lebih tinggi daripada etanol?
Why the heat of combustion for propanol is higher than ethanol? [3 markah]
a) Bilangan atom karbon per molekul propanol lebih tinggi daripada etanol
The number of carbon atoms per molecule popanol is higher than ethanol
b) Pembakaran propanol menghasilkan lebih banyak gas karbon dioksida dan air.
The burning of propanol produces more carbon dioxide gas and water.
c) Lebih banyak tenaga haba yang dibebaskan
More heat energy is released
Soalan 17 :
Mengapa haba pembakaran butanol lebih tinggi daripada propanol?
Why the heat of combustion for butanol is higher than propanol? [3 markah]
a) Bilangan atom karbon per molekul butanol lebih tinggi daripada propanol
The number of carbon atoms per molecule butanol is higher than propanol
b) Pembakaran propanol menghasilkan lebih banyak gas karbon dioksida dan air.
The burning of propanol produces more carbon dioxide gas and water.
c) Lebih banyak tenaga haba yang dibebaskan
More heat energy is released
Soalan 18
Jadual 18 menunjukkan formula molekul dan haba pembakaran tiga jenis alkohol
Table 18 shows the molecular formula and heat of combustion of three types of alcohol.
Alkohol Formula molekul Haba pembakaran (kJ mol-1)
Alcohol Molecular formula Heat of combustion (kJ mol -1)
Metanol
CH3OH 725
Methanol
Etanol
C2H5OH 1 376
Ethanol
Propanol
C3H7OH 2 015
Propanol
Jadual 18
Berdasarkan jadual 18
Based on table 18
a) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran etanol
Write the chemical equation for combustion of ethanol.
✓ C2H5OH + 3O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O
[ 2 markah]
b) Terangkan mengapa perbezaan dalam nilai haba pembakaran alkohol
Explain why there are differences in the value of heat of combustion of the alcohols
✓ Haba pembakaran semakin bertambah.

Heat of combustion will increase
✓ apabila bilangan atom karbon per molekul bertambah
when the number of carbon atom per molekul increase
✓ lebih banyak gas karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan semasa pembakaran
more carbon dioxide gas is releases while combustion
[3 markah]

Bab 13_Termokimia
13.4.4 Pengiraan Haba Pembakaran

Calculation of Heat of Combustion
Latihan 19 :
Jadual 19 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh dalam satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba
pembakaran metanol, CH3OH.
Table 19 shows the results obtained in an eksperimen to determine the heat of combustion of methanol, CH3OH.
Isi padu air yang digunakan (cm3) 100
Volume of water used
Suhu awal air (oC) 29.0
Initial temperature of water
Suhu tertinggi air yang dicapai (oC) 51.0
Highest temperature of water reached
Jisim pelita + metanol sebelum pembakaran (g) 156.55
Mass of spirit lamp + methanol before combustion
Jisim akhir pelita + metanol selepas pembakaran (g) 156.05
Final mass of spirit lamp + methanol after combustion
Jadual 19
Berdasarkan maklumat di dalam jadual 19
Based on the information in table 19
Hitungkan haba pembakaran metanol / Calculate the heat of combustion of methanol
[Jisim atom relatif / RAM ; C=12, H=1, O=16]
Jawapan
 Persamaan kimia
Chemical equation CH3OH + 3/2O2 ⎯→ CO2 + 2H2O
 Bilangan mol Jisim metanol, CH3OH

Number of mol Mass of methanol, CH3OH
= jisim sebelum pembakaran – jisim selepas pembakaran

mass before combustion – mass after combustion
= 156.55 – 156.05 = 0.5 g
Bilangan mol, n = jisim/mass = 0.50 / 32 = 0.016 mol
Number of mol, Jisim molar/Molar mass
 Perubahan haba,Q Isi padu air = 100 cm3 m = 100 g ; c = 4.2

Heat change, Q Volume water
Q=mxcx
Perubahan suhu , = final - initial = 51 – 29 = 22. 0C
Temperature change
Perubahan haba,Q = m x c x  = 100 x 4.2 x 22 = 9 240 J

Heat change.
 Haba Haba pembakaran,H = m x c x 
pembakaran,H Heat of combustion, mol
Heat of combustion,
H
= 9240 /0.016 = 577500 J mol-1 = - 577.5 kJ mol-1
[0.016 mol/-577.5 kJ mol-1]

Bab 13_Termokimia
Latihan 20 :
pembakaran butanol, C4H9OH.
Table 20 shows the results obtained in an eksperimen to determine the heat of combustion of butanol, C4H9OH.
Jisim pelita + butanol sebelum pembakaran (g) 175.20
Mass of spirit lamp + butanol before combustion
Jisim akhir pelita + butanol selepas pembakaran (g) 174.10
Final mass of spirit lamp + butanol after combustion
Jadual 20
Hitungkan haba pembakaran butanol
Calculate the heat of combustion of butanol
[JAR / RAM ; C=12, H=1, O=16]
 Persamaan kimia
Chemical equation C4H9OH + 6O2 ⎯→ 4CO2 + 5H2O
 Bilangan mol Jisim butanol/ Mass of butanol, = 175.20 – 174.10 = 1.1 g

Number of mol
Bilangan mol, n = jisim/mass = 1.1 / 74 = 0.015 mol
Number of mol, Jisim molar/Molar mass
 Perubahan haba,Q
Heat change,Q Perubahan haba, Q = m x c x  = 250 x 4.2 x 31.5 = 33 075 J
 Haba pembakaran, Haba pembakaran,H = m x c x 
Heat of combustion, Heat of combustion, mol
H
= 33 075 / 0.015 = 2205000 J mol-1 = - 2205 kJ mol-1
[0.015 mol/33075 J/-2205 kJ mol-1]
Latihan 21 :
pembakaran etanol, C2H5OH
Table 21 shows the results obtained in an eksperimen to determine the heat of combustion of etanol, C2H5OH

Jisim pelita + etanol sebelum pembakaran (g) 189.55
Mass of spirit lamp + ethanol before combustion
Jisim akhir pelita + etanol selepas pembakaran (g) 156.05
Final mass of spirit lamp + ethanol after combustion
Jadual 21
Hitungkan haba pembakaran etanol
Calculate the heat of combustion of ethanol [Jisim atom relatif/ RAM ; C=12, H=1, O=16]
 Persamaan kimia

Bab 13_Termokimia
 Bilangan mol Jisim etanol = = 189.55 – 156.05 = 33.5 g

Number of mol Mass of ethanol,
Bilangan mol, n = = 33.5 / 46 = 0.73 mol
Number of mol,
 Perubahan haba,H H = m x c x  = 200 x 4.2 x 4.2 = 21 000 J
Heat change,
H=mxcx
 Haba pembakaran, Haba pembakaran, H = mxcx
Heat of combustion, Heat of combustion, mol
H
= 21 000 / 0.73 = 28 767 J mol-1 = - 28. 77 kJ mol-1
[ 0.73 mol/2100J/ -28.77 kJ mol-1]
Latihan 22
Apabila 2.3 g etanol,C2H5OH dibakar, tenaga haba yang dilepaskan boleh menaikkan 250 cm3 sebanyak
65 0C. Berapakah haba pembakaran etanol.
When 2.3 gram of ethanol, C2H5OH is burnt, the heat energy released can increase 250 cm3 of water by 65oC.
What is the heat of combustion of ethanol?
[Jisim atom relatif/ Relative atomic mass H=1, C=12, O=16, muatan haba tentu air = 4.2 J g -1 oC-1]
 Persamaan kimia
 Bilangan mol = Jisim / jisim molar = 2.3 / 46 = 0.05 mol

Number of mol
 Perubahan haba,Q H = m x c x  = 250 x 4.2 x 65 = 68250 J
Heat change,Q
 Haba pembakaran,
Heat of combustion, H = 68 250 / 0.05 = 136 5000 Jmol-1 = - 1365 kJmol-1
H [0.05mol/ 68250J/ -1365 kJ mol-1]
Latihan 23 ;
Pembakaran lengkap 1 mol butanol, C4H9OH membebaskan 2678 kJ haba.
Hitungkan jisim butanol yang diperlukan untuk membakar lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan seterusnya
meningkatkan suhu 500 cm3 sebanyak 35.0 0C.
Complete combustion of 1 mole of butan-1-ol, C4H9OH produces 2678 kJ of heat.
Calculate the mass of butan-1-ol needed to burn completely in excess oxygen in order to raise the temperature of
500 cm3 of water by 35 0C.
[Jisim atom atom relatif/RAM ; H;1, C;12, O;16, muatan haba tentu air = 4.2 J g -1 oC-1]
 Persamaan kimia
C4H9OH + 6O2 ⎯→ 4CO2 + 5H2O
Chemical equation
 Perubahan haba,Q
Heat change,Q H = m x c x  = 500 x 4.2 x 35 = 73500 J
Daripada 2678 000 J haba dibebaskan  1 mol
soalan
Daripada 73500 J haba dibebaskan : 73500 x 1
Bilangan mol pengiraan 2678000
Number of mol From the
calculation = 0.027 mol
 Jisim butanol • Jisim molar butanol, C4H9OH = ….(12) + ..(1) + ….(16) = 74

= mol x jisim molar
butanol • Jisim = 0.027 x 74= 2.0 g
[73500J/ 74 / 0.027 mol/ 2.0g]
Bab 13_Termokimia
Latihan 24 ;
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas pembakaran etanol.
The following equation shows a combustion reaction of ethanol.
C2H5OH + 3O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O H = -1370 kJ mol-1
Hitungkan jisim etanol yang perlu dibakar untuk membebaskan 274 kJ haba
Calculate the mass of ethanol that must be burnt to release 274 kJ of heat.
[Jisim atom relatif / RAM = H;1, C;12, O;16, muatan haba tentu air = 4.2 J g -1 oC-1]
Jawapan;
 Persamaan kimia
C2H5OH + 3O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O
Chemical equation
 Perubahan haba,H
Heat change Daripada soalan 1370 000 J haba dibebaskan  1 mol
Bilangan mol Daripada 274 000 J haba dibebaskan : (274 x 1 ) / 1370

etanol maklumat/
= 0.2 mol
Number of mol pengiraan
ethanol
 Jisim etanol • Jisim molar etanol = (2 x 12) + (6x1) + (1x16) = 46

= mol x jisim Molar massof ethanol
molar etanol
• Jisim etanol = 0.2 x 46 = 9.2 g
Mass of ethanol
[0.2 mol/ 9.2g]
13.4.5 Nilai Bahan Api

Fuel Values
1. Maksud • Jumlah tenaga haba yang terbebas apabila 1 g bahan api terbakar di
Meaning dalam udara berlebihan
Heat energy released when 1 g of fuel is burnt in excess oxygen
• Bahan api yang berlainan mempunyai nilai bahan api yang berbeza.
Different fuels have different fuel values.
• Bahan api dengan nilai bahan api yang tinggi boleh membekalkan
lebih tenaga.
A fuel with high fuel value can supply more energy
2. Unit kJ g-1 : Setiap 1 g bahan menghasilkan nilai bahan api sebanyak x kJ
Each 1 g of substance produces a fuel value of x kJ
3. Penggunaan Nilai bahan api yang lebih tinggi bermaksud bahan api tersebut dapat
nilai bahan api membekalkan lebih banyak tenaga bagi kuantiti bahan api yang sama
The applications A fuel with a high fuel value releases a lot of heat per gram when it burns. - can
of fuel value
supply more energy. Different types of fuel value have different fuel values.

Bab 13_Termokimia
4. Perbandingan
nilai bahan api Bahan api Nilai bahan api Bahan api Nilai bahan api
Compare the Fuel Fuel value (kJ g-1) Fuel Fuel value (kJ g-1 )
fuel values Kayu api 20 Kerosin 37
Wood Kerosene
Metanol 23 Minyak mentah 45
Methanol Crude oil
Petrol 34 Gas asli 50
Petrol Natural gas
Arang batu 35 Hidrogen 143
Charcoal Hydrogen
5. Pengiraan Nilai bahan api ( kJ g-1 ) = haba pembakaran alkohol ( kJ mol-1 )

Calculation Jisim molar
Fuel value ( kJ g-1 ) = heat of combustion of alcohol ( kJ mol-1 )
molar mass
Latihan 25 : Menentukan nilai bahan api

To determine the fuel value
[JAR /RAM ; C,12 ; H, 1 ; O 16 ]
a) Haba pembakaran etanol, C2H5OH adalah b)Haba pembakaran butanol adalah -2679 kJ mol-1
-1376 kJmol-1. Berapakah nilai bahan api butanol.
Berapakah nilai bahan api etanol. The heat of combustion of butanol is –2679 kJ mol-1
The heat of combustion of ethanol is –1376 kJ mol-1 What is the fuel value of butanol?
What is the fuel value of ethanol?
Jawapan :
1. Jisim molar / molar mass
 Jisim molar etanol
molar mass ethanol = (4x12) + (10 x 1) + (11 x 16)
= (2 x12) + (6 x 1) + (1 x 16 ) i. = 74 gmol-1
= 46 g mol-1
2. 1 mol butanol menghasilkan 74 g
1 mol etanol : 46 g 1 mol of butanol will produces 74g
3. 1 mol butanol menghasilkan 1376 kJ
1 mol etanol : 1376 kJ 1mol butanol will produces 1376 kJ
4. Nilai bahan api/ fuel value
46 g etanol : 1376 kJ
= 2679 / 74
1 g etanol menghasilkan : 1376 = 36.2 kJmol-1
1 g ethanol produces 46
= 29.9 kJ/g
 Nilai bahan api etanol = . 29.9 kJg-1

fuel value of ethanol
[36.2 kJ g-1]
[46gmol-1/ 29.9kJg-1]

Bab 13_Termokimia
Errata
Soalan 26 ; Esei
Jadual 26 menunjukkan persamaan kimia bagi haba pembakaran alkohol X dan alkohol Y.
Alkohol X mengandungi 2 atom karbon per unit molekul.
Table 26 shows the chemical equations for the heat of combustion of alcohol X and alcohol Y.
Alcohol X contains 2 carbon atoms per unit molecule.
Tindak balas Alkohol Haba pembakaran,kJ mol-1

Reaction Alcohol Heat of combustion, kJ mol-1
I XOH + 3O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O -1376
II YOH + 6O2 ⎯→ 4CO2 + 5H2O -2678
Jadual 26
Berdasarkan jadual 26
Based on table 26
a) Nyatakan formula am bagi alkohol : Cn H2n +1OH
State the general formula of alcohol
[1 markah]
b) Nyatakan formula molekul bagi alkohol X: C2H5OH
State the molecular formula of alcohol X
. [1 markah]
c) Terangkan perbezaan haba pembakaran bagi alkohol X dan alkohol Y
Explain the differences of heat of combustion for alcohol X and alcohol Y
✓ Bilangan atom karbon per molekul Y lebih tinggi daripada X
The number of carbon atom per molecule of Y is higher than X
✓ lebih banyak gas karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan semasa pembakaran
More carbon dioxide gas is releases while combustion
✓ lebih banyak haba dibebaskan/ More heat to be released.
[3 markah].
d) Lukis rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas II
Draw an energy level diagram for reaction II
[2 markah]
Tenaga
YOH + 6O2
H =- 1376 kJmol-1
4CO2 + 5H2O
Soalan 27 ;
Persamaan termokimia berikut menunjukkan tindak balas pembakaran suatu sebatian alkohol dengan
oksigen
The following thermochemical equation shows a combustion reaction between an alcohol and oxygen.
C2H5OH + 3O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 3 H2 O ∆H = - 1260 kJ mol-1
a) i) Namakan alkohol dalam persamaan di atas

Name the alcohol in the above equation.
Etanol / Ethanol
[1 markah]
ii) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan ‘∆ H = - 1260 kJ mol ’ dalam tindak balas di atas?
-1
What is meant by ‘∆ H = - 1260 kJ mol-1’ in the above equation?

1260 J tenaga haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol etanol dibakar lengkap dalam oksigen
1260 J of heat energy is released when 1 mol ethanol is burnt completely in oxygen
[1 markah]

Bab 13_Termokimia
b) 200 g air dipanaskan oleh pembakaran 0.23 g alkohol tersebut.

200 g of water is heated by the combustion of 0.23 g of the alcohol.
i) Kirakan haba yang dibebaskan oleh ii) Hitung perubahan suhu dalam eksperimen ini
alkohol itu dalam tindak balas. [c = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 ; ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm-3]
Calculate the heat released by the alcohol in Calculate the temperature change in this experiment.
the reaction.
[JAR/RAM H=1; C=12 and O=16]
H=mxcx
Mol = 0.23 / 46 = 0.005 mol
6300 = 200 x 4.2 x 
1 mol etanol membebaskan 1260 J
1 mol of ethanol is released 1260 J  = 6300 / (200 x 4.2)
0.005 mol etanol membebaskan = 7.5 0C

0.005 mol of ethanol is released
= (1260 x 0.005) = 6.3 kJ (7.5 0C )
[2 markah]
1
(6.3 kJ)[2 markah]
c) Terangkan mengapa nilai haba pembakaran yang diperoleh dalam eksperimen ini kurang daripada
nilai sebenar?
Explain why the value of heat of combustion that is obtained in this experiment is less than the actual value?
✓ Sebahagian haba terbebas ke persekitaran
Some of heat is released to surrounding.
[1 markah]
d) Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas itu
Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.
. [2 markah]
Tenaga
Energy
C2 H5 OH + 3O2
H =-1260 kJmol-1
2CO2 + 3 H2 O
13.5 HABA PEMENDAKAN

HEAT OF PRECIPITATION
Maksud • Perubahan haba apabila 1 mol mendakan yang terbentuk daripada ionnya dalam
Meaning larutan akeus.
Heat change when 1 mole of precipitate is formed from their ions in aqueous solution.
• Contoh : argentum nitrat + natrium klorida ⎯→ argentum klorida + natrium nitrat
Tindak balas
Example : silver nitrate + sodium chloride silver chloride + sodium nitrate

Reaction
• Persamaan kimia : AgNO3 + NaCl ⎯→ AgCl + NaNO3 + tenaga haba

Chemical equation
• Persamaan ion : Ag+ + Cl- ⎯→ AgCl
Ionic equation
Latihan 28 ; Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang dan persamaan ion

Write the balanced of chemical equation and ionic equation
Persamaan kimia Persamaan ion
Chemical equation Ionic equation
a) Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 ⎯→ PbSO4 + 2NaNO3 Pb + SO42-
2+
⎯→ PbSO4
b) BaCl2 + Na2SO4 ⎯→ BaSO4 + 2NaCl Ba2+ + SO2-4 ⎯→ BaSO4
c) AgNO3 + KCl ⎯→ AgCl + KNO3 Ag + Cl ⎯→ AgCl
+ -
d) Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI ⎯→ PbI2 + 2KNO3 Pb2+ + 2I- ⎯→ PbI2

Bab 13_Termokimia
Eksperimen • Untuk mengkaji haba pemendakan argentum nitrat dan natrium klorida
Experiment To investigate the heat of precipitation of silver nitrate and sodium chloride
Termometer
Thermometer
Cawan Larutan barium klorida + larutan

polistrena natrium sulfat
Polystyrene cup Barium chloride solution +Sodium
sulphate solution
1. Sukat dan masukkan 50 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat 0.5 mol dm-3 ke dalam cawan
plastik.
Measure and pour 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution into a plastic cup.
Procedures.
Prosedur
2. Ukur dan rekod suhu awal, larutan argentum nitrat. 1

Measure and record the initial temperature, of silver nitrate solution.1
3. Sukat dan masukkan 50 cm3 larutan natrium klorida 0.05 mol dm-3 ke dalam cawan
plastic berlainan.
Measure and pour 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution into another plastic
cup.
4. Sukat dan rekod suhu awal, larutan natrium klorida,2

Measure and record the initial temperature, of sodium chloride solution,2
5. Tambahkan dengan cepat larutan natrium klorida ke dalam larutan argentum nitrat
Add quickly the sodium chloride solution into the silver nitrate solution quickly.
6. Kacau campuran dengan thermometer/ Stir the mixture with the thermometer
7. Rekodkan suhu tertinggi tercapai, 3
Record the highest of temperature reached, 3
13.5.1 Gambar rajah aras tenaga

Latihan 29 ;
a) Persamaan termokimia : Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 ⎯→ PbSO4 + 2NaNO3 H = - 50.4 kJ mol-1
Thermochemical equation;
Persamaan ion ; Pb2+ + SO2-4 ⎯→ PbSO4

Ionic equation
Tafsir Gambar rajah aras tenaga
Interpret: Energy level diagram
Tenaga
• 50.4 kJ tenaga haba terbebas apabila 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 Energy
bertindak balas dengan 1 mol

Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4
Na2SO4 untuk membentuk 1 mol PbSO4.
H =-50 kJmol-1
50.4 kJ heat energy is released when 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 react PbSO4 + 2NaNO3
with 1 mol Na2SO4 to form 1 mole PbSO4.

Bab 13_Termokimia
b) Persamaan termokimia : BaCl2 + Na2SO4 ⎯→ BaSO4 + 2NaCl H = -61.0 kJ mol-1

Thermochemical equation ;
Persamaan ion ; Ba2+ + SO2-4 ⎯→ BaSO4
Ionic equation;
Tafsir / Interpret : Gambar rajah aras tenaga
• 61.0 kJ tenaga haba terbebas apabila 1 mol
Tenaga
BaCl2bertindak balas dengan 1 mol Na2SO4 untuk Energy
membentuk 1 mol BaSO4

BaCl2 + Na2SO4
61.0 kJ heat energy is released when 1 mol BaCl2 react with
H =-61.0 kJmol-1
1 mol Na2SO4 to form 1 mole BaSO4
BaSO4 + 2NaCl
13.5.2 Pengiraan Haba Pemendakan

Calculatiom of Heat of Precipitation
Latihan 30 :
Hitungkan haba pemendakan apabila 50 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat 0.25 moldm-3 ditambahkan kepada
50 cm3 larutan natrium klorida 0.25 moldm-3. Suhu meningkat 6 0C ketika tindak balas.
Calculate the heat of precipitation when 50 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution is added to the 50 cm3 of 0.25
mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution. The temperature increased 6 0C during the reaction.
Jawapan ;
 Persamaan kimia
Chemical equation AgNO3 + NaCl ⎯→ AgCl + NaNO3
 Bilangan mol Mol AgNO3 n = MV / 1000 Mol NaCl n = MV / 1000

Number of mol
= (0.25 )(50) / 1000 = (0.25 )(50) / 1000
= 0.0125 mol = 0.0125 mol
 Perubahan haba,H m = 100 g c = 4.2 ; perubahan suhu/Temperature change,  = 6 0C

Heat change,
H=mxcx = 100 x 4.2 x 6 = 2520 J
 Nisbah mol Hubungan nisbah AgNO3 NaCl AgCl
Ratio of mol
Daripada 1 mol : 1 mol : 1 mol
persamaan
Daripada 0.0125 mol : 0.0125 mol : 0.0125 mol
pengiraan
 Haba Haba pemendakan, H / Heat of precipitation,H

pemendakan, H
Heat of H = 2520 = 201600 J mol-1 = - 201.6 kJ mol-1
precipitation, 0.0125
H [2520 J/ -201.6 kJmol-1]

Bab 13_Termokimia
Latihan 31 : errata
100 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat 0.025 mol dm-3 bertindak balas dengan 100 cm3 larutan natrium
sulfat 0.025 mol dm-3 pada suhu 30 0C. Mendakan putih terbentuk dan suhu tertinggi yang dicapai
adalah 36.0 0C.Hitungkan haba pemendakan
100 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution reacts with 100 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 sodium sulphate solution at
temperature of 30 0C. A white precipitate was formed, and the highest temperature reached is 36.0 0C.
Calculate the heat of precipitation
 Persamaan kimia
Chemical equation
Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 ⎯→ PbSO4 + 2NaNO3.
 Bilangan mol Mol Pb(NO3)2 n = MV / 1000 Mol Na2SO4 = MV / 1000
Number of mol
= (0.25 x 100) /1000 = (0.25 x 100) /1000
= 0.025 mol = 0.025 mol
 Perubahan haba, m = 200 g c = 4.2 ; perubahan suhu,  = 6 0C
Heat change, H temperature change
H=mxcx = 200 x 4.2 x 6 = 5040 J
 Nisbah mol Daripada 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 : 1 mol Na2SO4 : 1 mol PbSO4

Ratio of mol persamaan
Daripada 0.025 mol Pb(NO3)2 : 0.025 mol Na2SO4 : 0.025 mol PbSO4
pengiraan
 Haba
pemendakan, H
Heat of
H = 5040 / 0.025 = 201600 J mol-1 = - 201.6 kJ mol-1
precipitation,H [0.025 mol/ 5040 J/ - 201.6 kJ mol-]
Latihan 32 :
25.0 cm3 larutan barium klorida, 2.0 mol dm-3 ditambahkan kepada 25.0 cm3 larutan kalium sulfat 2.0 mol
dm-3. Hitungkan haba pemendakan tindak balas ini apabila suhu meningkat 10.0 0C semasa tindak balas
25.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 barium chloride, BaCl2 solution is added to the 25.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 potassium
sulphate, K2SO4 solution. Calculate the heat of precipitation of this reaction, when the temperature increased 10.0
0
C during experiment
 Persamaan kimia BaCl2 + K2SO4 ⎯→ BaSO4 + 2KCl

Chemical equation
 Bilangan mol Mol BaCl2 = (2 x 25 ) /1000 Mol K2SO4 = (2 x 25 ) /1000
Number of mol
= 0.05 mol = 0.05 mol
 Perubahan haba, H=mxcx = 50 x 4.2 x 10 = 2100 J

Heat change, H
 Nisbah mol 1 mol BaCl2 bertindak balas dengan 1 mol K2SO4 menghasilkan 1 mol BaSO4
Ratio of mol
0.05 mol BaCl2 bertindak balas dengan 0.05 mol K2SO4 menghasilkan 0.05 mol
BaSO4
 Haba Haba pemendakan, H / Heat of precipitation,H
pemendakan H
Heat of H = 2100 / 0.05 = 42000 J mol-1 = - 42 kJ mol-1
precipitation, [2100 J/- 42.0 kJ mol-1]

Bab 13_Termokimia
Latihan 33 :
50.0 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat, AgNO3 0.5 mol dm-3 pada suhu 29.5 0C ditambahkan kepada 50.0 cm3
larutan kalium klorida, KCl 0.5 mol dm-3 dimana suhunya 28.5 0C. Campuran dikacau dan suhu tertinggi
dicapai adalah 32.0 cm3. Hitungkan haba pemendakan bagi argentum klorida.
50 cm3 of 0.5 moldm-3 silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution at 29.5 0C is added to 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium chloride,
KCl solution which is at a temperature of 28.5 0C. The mixture is stirred and the highest temperature reached is
32.0 0C. Calculate the heat of precipitation for silver chloride
 Persamaan kimia
Chemical equation AgNO3 + KCl ⎯→ AgCl + KNO3
 Bilangan mol Mol AgNO3 = (0.5 x 50 ) / 1000 Mol KCl = (0.5 x 50 ) / 1000
Number of mol = 0.025 mol = 0.025 mol
 Perubahan haba, H H = 100 x 4.2 x 3 = 1260 J

Heat change,
 Nisbah mol 1 mol AgNO3 bertindak balas dengan 1 mol KCl menghasilkan 1 mol
Ratio of mol AgCl
1 mol AgNO3 reacts with 1 mol KCl to produces 1 mol of AgCl
0.025 mol AgNO3 bertindak balas dengan 0.025 mol KCl menghasilkan
0.025 mol AgCl
0.025 mol AgNO3 reacts with 0.025 mol KCl to produces 0.025 mol AgCl
 Haba pemendakan,H H = 1260 / 0.025 = 50 400 J mol-1 = - 50.4 kJ mol-1
Heat of precipitation, H [1260/- 50.4 kJ mol-1 ]
Soalan 34 ;
Rajah 34 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan di dalam suatu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba
pemendakan 25.0 cm3 larutan barium klorida 0.5 mol dm-3 yang ditambah dengan 25.0 cm3 larutan natrium
sulfat 0.5 mol dm-3.
Diagram 34 shows the set-up of the apparatus used in an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation.
25.0 cm3 of 0.5 moldm-3 of barium chloride solution is added with 25.0 cm3 of 0.5 moldm-3 of sodium sulphate solution.
Termometetr
Thermometer
Cawan polistrena Larutan barium klorida + larutan natrium sulfat

Polystyrene cup Barium chloride solution +Sodium sulphate
solution
Rajah 34
Data dalam jadual 34 berikut diperolehi

The following data in Table 34 was obtained.
Suhu awal larutan natrium sulfat 28 .3 0C
Initial temperature of sodium sulphate solution
Suhu awal larutan barium klorida 28 .7 0C
Initial temperature of barium chloride solution
Suhu tertinggi campuran 31. 0 0C
Jadual 31

Bab 13_Termokimia
a) Nyatakan maksud haba pemendakan

State the meaning of heat of neutralization ?
✓ Perubahan haba apabila 1 mol mendakan/barium sulfat terbentuk daripada ion-ionnya dalam
larutan akueusnya
The heat change when 1 mol of prepitate/barium sulphate is formed from the ions in the
aqueous solution
[1 markah]
b) Nyatakan satu pemerhatian dalam ekperimen itu
State one observation of the experiment.
✓ Mendakan putih terbentuk // bacaan termometer meningkat

White prepitate is formed // thermometer reading increases
[1 markah]
c) Lengkapkan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku
Complete the ionic equation for the reaction that occurred.
✓ Ba2+ + SO2-4 ⎯→ BaSO4

[1 markah]
d) Hitungkan
Calculate
i) Perubahan haba dalam tindak balas dalam tindak balas itu
The change of heat in the experiment.
[Muatan haba tentu larutan/Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 ; ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm-3]
[density of solution = 1 g cm-3]
H = m x c x  = 50 x 4.2 x 2.5 = 525 J

(525 J)
ii) Haba pemendakan dalam eksperimen ini
Bilangan mol barium klorida = bilangan mol natrium sulfat yang betindak balas .
The heat of precipitation in the experiment.
The number of moles of barium chloride = the number of moles of sodium sulphate that reacted
Bilangan mol Na2SO4 = 0.5 x 25 / 1000 BaCl2 = 0.5 x 25 / 1000

= 0.0125 mol = 0.0125 mol
1 mol Na2SO4bertindak balas dengan 1 mol BaCl2 menghasilkan 1 mol AgCl
1 mol Na2SO4 reacts with 1 mol BaCl2 to produces 1 mol of AgCl
0.0125 mol Na2SO4 bertindak balas dengan 0.0125 mol BaCl2 menghasilkan 0.0125
mol BaSO4
0.0125 mol Na2SO4 reacts with 0.0125 mol BaCl2 to produces 0.0125 mol BaSO4
Haba pemendakan,H 525 / 0.0125 = 42000 Jmol-1 = - 42 kJ mol-1
Heat of prepitatation
[2 markah] (0.0125 mol ;- 42 kJmol-1]
e) Ekperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan 25.0cm3 larutan barium klorida 1.0 mol dm-3 dan
25.0 cm3 larutan natrium sulfat 1.0 mol dm-3. Ramalkan perubahan suhu dalam eksperimen ini.
The experiment is repeated using 25cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 barium chloride solution and 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-
3
sodium sulphate solution. Predict the temperature change in this experiment.
✓ 5 0C kerana kepekatan larutan adalah 2 kali ganda

5 0C because the concentration of solution is 2 times / double
[1 markah]

Bab 13_Termokimia
13.6 HABA PENEUTRALAN

HEAT OF NEUTRALISATION
Maksud Perubahan haba apabila 1 mol air terbentuk daripada tindak balas suatu asid dan
Meaning alkali
Heat change when 1 mole of water is formed from the reaction between an acid and an
alkali.
@ heat released when 1 mole of hydrogen ion, H+ reacts with 1 mole of hydroxide ion, OH-
• Alkali + asid ⎯→ garam + air + tenaga haba
Persamaan
Alkaline + Acid Salt + Water (+ heat energy )

Chemical
Equation
Kimia
• Persamaan kimia : LOH + HX ⎯→ LX + H2O + tenaga

Contoh : NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
• Persamaan ion : OH- + H+ ⎯→ H2O
Contoh tindak balas

Examples of reaction
a) asid nitrik + natrium hidroksida ⎯→ natrium nitrat + air H = - 57 kJ mol-1

Nitric acid + sodium hydroxide ⎯→ sodium nitrate + water
HNO3 + NaOH ⎯→ NaNO3 + H2O
b) Asid sulfurik + kalium hidroksida ⎯→ kalium sulfat + air H = - 114 kJ mol-1
Sulphuric acid + potassium hydroxide ⎯→ potassium sulphate + water
H2SO4 + KOH ⎯→ K2SO4 + H2O
c) Asid etanoik +natrium hidroksida ⎯→natrium etanoat + air H = - 55 kJ mol-1
Ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide ⎯→ sodium ethanoate + water
CH3COOH + NaOH ⎯→ CH3COONa + H2O
13.6.1 Eksperimen Haba Peneutralan

The experiment of Heat of Neutralisation
Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba peneutralan di antara asid hidroklorik dan
natrium hidroksida.
Describe an experiment to determine the heat of neutralisation between dilute hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide solution.
1. Sukat dan masukkan 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 0.1 mol dm-3 ke dalam cawan
polistirena.
Measure and pour 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution into a polystyrene cup.
2. Rekod suhu awal larutan, 1 / Record the initial temperature of the solution, 1
3. Sukat dan masukkan 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm-3 ke dalam cawan polistirena
lain
Procedure:
Prosedur
Measure and pour 50 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid into another polystyrene cup.
4. Rekod suhu awal larutan, 2 / Record the initial temperature of the solution,2
5. Masukkan dengan cepat asid hidroklorik ke dalam larutan natrium hidroksida.
Pour hydrochloric acid quickly into the sodium hydroxide solution.
6. Kacau campuran dengan thermometer/ Stir the mixtute using a thermometer.
7. Rekod suhu tertinggi campuran yang dicapai,3
Record the highest temperature of mixture reached.

Bab 13_Termokimia
• Suhu awal larutan natrium hidroksida = 1 0C

Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution .
• Suhu awal asid hidroklorik = 2 0C
Data
Data
Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid
• Suhu tertinggi campuran = 3 0C
• Suhu purata asid dan alkali = 1 + 2 = p 0C
Average temperature of acid and alkali 2
• Perubahan suhu = (3-x) =  0C
Temperature change
• Haba yang dibebaskan = (50+50) x (4.2) x  = H J
Heat released in the reaction
• Bilangan mol natrium hidroksida dan asid hidroklorik
Number of mole of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
= 50 x 1 = 0.05 mol
Pengiraan
Calculation
1000
• 0.05 mol asid HCl bertindak balas dengan 0.05 mol NaOH untuk membebaskan H J
haba
0.05 mole of HCl reacts with 0.05 mole of NaOH to release H J of heat.
• Daripada persamaan, 1 mol HCl certindak balas dengan 1 mol NaOH untuk
membebaskan
From equation,1 mole of hydrochloric acid reacts with 1 mole of sodium hydroxide to release
1.0 x H J haba = P Jmol-1

0.05
P
• Haba peneutralan, ΔH = − kJ mol-1
1000
Heat of neutralisation
13.6.1 Rajah aras tenaga

Latihan 35 ;
a) Persamaan termokimia Rajah aras tenaga
Thermochemical equation; Energy level diagram
H2SO4 + 2KOH ⎯→ K2SO4 + 2H2O H = - 57 kJ mol-1
Persamaan ion : H+ + OH- ⎯→ H2O Tenaga/Energy

Ionic equation
Tafsir
Interpret : H2SO4 + KOH
57 kJ tenaga haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol air terbentuk

daripada peneutralan asid sulfurik H2SO4 dengan kalium H =-57 kJmol-1
hidroksida,KOH.
K2SO4 + H2O
57 kJ heat energy is released when 1 mole of water is formed from
neutralisation of sulphuric acid with potassium hydroxide

Bab 13_Termokimia
b) Persamaan termokimia Rajah aras tenaga

Thermochemical equation; Energy level diagram
H+ + OH- ⎯→ H2O H = - 55 kJ mol-1 Tenaga/Energy
Tafsir/ Interpret :
55 kJ tenaga haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol air terbentuk daripada H+ + OH-
peneutralan ion hydrogen, H+ dengan ion hidroksida,OH- H =-55 kJmol-1

57 kJ heat energy is released when 1 mole of air is formed from H2O
neutralisation of hydrogen, H+ ion with hydroxide, OH- ion
13.6.2 Perbandingan Haba Peneutralan

Comparing the Heat of Neutralisation
Jenis tindak balas Haba peneutralan di antara asid kuat dan alkali kuat
Type of reaction Heat of neutralisation between strong acid and a strong alkali
Haba peneutralan Sama dengan/ Equal with : - 57 kJ mol-1
H+ + OH- → H2O H = - 57 kJ mol-1
Contoh HCl + NaOH ⎯→ NaCl + H2O H = -57 kJ
Example HNO3 + KOH ⎯→ KNO3 + H2O H = -57 kJ
Penerangan ✓ Asid kuat dan alkali kuat mengion lengkap dalam air.
Explanation: Strong acid and weak acid ionise completely in water
✓ Menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen dan ion hidroksida yang tinggi
To produces a high concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
respectively
 Jenis tindak balas Haba peneutralan di antara asid lemah dan alkali kuat
Type of reaction Heat of neutralisation between weak acids and a strong alkali
Haba peneutralan Kurang daripada/ Less than : – 57 kJ mol-1
H+ + OH- → H2O H = - 55 kJ mol-1
Contoh CH3COOH + NaOH ⎯→ CH3COONa + H2O H = -55 kJmol-1
Example
✓ Asid etanoik, CH3COOH adalah asid lemah. Asid mengion separa
lengkap dalam air
Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH is weak acid. Acid ionise partially in water
✓ Menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen yang lebih rendah.
To produces a lower concentration of hydrogen ions.
Penerangan
Explanation :
✓ Sebahagian tenaga haba yang dibebaskan semasa peneutralan

digunakan untuk mengion lengkap sebahagian molekul asid etanoik,
CH3COOH menghasilkan ion hidrogen.
Some of the heat energy release during the neutralisation is used to ionise
completely the some of ethanoic molecules to form hydrogen ions.
✓ Tenaga haba yang terbebas adalah kurang daripada 57 kJ

The heat release is less than 57 kJ.

Bab 13_Termokimia
Jenis tindak balas Haba peneutralan di antara asid kuat dan alkali lemah
Type of reaction Heat of neutralisation between strong acids and a weak alkali
Haba peneutralan Kurang daripada / Less than : – 57 kJ mol-1
H+ + OH- → H2O H = - 55 kJ mol-1
Contoh HCl + NH3(ak) ⎯→ NH4Cl4 + H2O H = - 51 kJ mol-1
Example
✓ Ammonia akueus, NH3 (ak) adalah alkali lemah.
Ammonia akueus mengion separa lengkap dalam air.
Ammonia aquoues, NH3 is weak alkali. Ammonia aquoues ionise partially in
water
✓ Menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidroksida yang lebih rendah.

Explanation :
Penerangan
To produces a lower concentration of hydroxide ions.

✓ Sebahagian tenaga haba yang dibebaskan semasa peneutralan
digunakan untuk mengion lengkap sebahagian molekul ammonia
untuk menghasilkan ion hidroksida.
Some of the heat energy release during the neutralisation is used to ionise
completely the some of ammonia molekul to form hydroxide ion.
✓ Tenaga haba yang terbebas adalah kurang daripada 57 kJ

The heat release is less than 57 kJ.
 Asid monoprotik ✓ Asid hidroklorik/ hydrochloric acid, HCl ; Contoh : HCl ⎯→ H+ + Cl-
Monoprotic acid
✓ Asid nitrik / nitric acid, HNO3
✓ Setiap mol asid hidroklorik, HCl menghasilkan 1 mol ion H+
Asid monobes
Monobase acid Each mole of hydrochloric acid, HCl will produces 1 mole of H+ ions.
✓ 1 mol ion H+ bergabung dengan 1 mol ion OH- daripada alkali
membentuk 1 mol air.
1 mole of H+ will combine with 1 mole of OH- from an alkali to form 1 mole of
watern water.
✓ Persamaan ion: OH- + H+ ⎯→ H2O H = -57 kJ

Ionic equation
Asid diprotik ✓ Asid sulfurik, H2SO4 ; H2SO4 ⎯→ 2H+ + SO42-
Diprotic acid
✓ Setiap mol asid sulfurik, H2SO4 menghasilkan 2 kali ganda ion
hidrogen
Asid dwibes
Each mole of H2SO4 will produce double the number of hydrogen ion .
Dibase acid
✓ 2 mol ion H+ bergabung dengan 2 mol ion hidroksida daripada alkali
membentuk 2 mol air.
2 mole of H+ will combine with 2 mole of OH- from an alkali to form 2 mole of
water when.
✓ Persamaan ion : 2OH- + 2H+ ⎯→ 2H2O H = - (2 x 57 ) kJ

Ionic equation
✓ Maka bagi kepekatan yang sama, peneutralan asid diprotik akan menghasilkan dua kali
ganda tenaga haba berbanding asid monoprotik.
Thus for the same concentration, neutralisation of a diprotic acid will produce double/twice (2 x)
heat energy than a monoprotic acid

Bab 13_Termokimia
Soalan 36 ;
Jadual 36 menunjukkan nilai haba tindak balas di antara asid dan alkali yang berlainan jenis
Table 36 shows the values of heat of reaction between different types of acids and alkalis.
Tindak balas Persamaan kimia Haba tindak balas

Reaction Chemical equation Heat of reaction
I NaOH + HCl ⎯→ NaCl + H2O 57 kJ
II KOH + HNO3 ⎯→ KNO3 + H2O 57 kJ
III 2NaOH + H2SO4 ⎯→ Na2SO4 + H2O 114kJ
IV NaOH + CH3COOH ⎯→ CH3COONa + H2O 55kJ
Jadual 33
Berdasarkan jadual 33, terangkan mengapa
Based on table 33, explain why
• Haba tindak balas I sama dengan haba tindak balas II
Heat of reaction I equal to heat of reaction II
• Haba tindak balas III adalah dua kali ganda haba tindak balas I
Heat of reaction III is double the heat of reaction I
• Haba tindak balas IV adalah kurang daripada haba tindak balas I
Heat of reaction IV is less than heat of reaction I
• Haba peneutralan tindak balas III adalah 57 kJmol-1 dan bukan 114 kJ mol-1
Heat of neutralisation of reaction III is 57 kJmol-1 and not 114 kJmol-1.
[8 markah]
Jawapan ;
a) Tindak balas I dan II
Reaction I and Reaction II
✓ NaOH dan KOH adalah alkali kuat,
NaOH and KOH are strong alkalis
✓ HCl dan HNO3 adalah asid kuat
HCl and HNO3 are strong asid
✓ Kedua-dua tindak balas melibatkan gabungan 1 mol ion hidrogen dan 1 mol ion hidroksida.
menghasilkan 1 mol molekul air.
Both reactions involved combination of 1 mole of hydrogen ions and 1 mole of .hydroxide ions to
produce 1 mole of molecule water.
b) Tindak balas I dan III

Reaction I and Reaction III
✓ Asid sulfurik adalah asid diprotik manakala asid hidroklorik adalah asid monoprotik
Sul[huric acid is a diprotic acid which hydrochloric acid is acid monoprotic acid
✓ Tindak balas di antara asid sulfurik dan natrium hidroksida melibatkan 2 mol ion hidrogen dan
2 mol ion hidroksida menghasilkan 2 mol molekul air
The reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide involved 2 mol of hydrogen ions and 2 mole
of hydroxide ions to produce 2 mole of molecule waters.
✓ Maka haba tindak balas yang dibebaskan adalah . 114 kJ
Thus, the heat of reaction releases is 114 kJ

Bab 13_Termokimia
c) Tindak balas I dan IV

Reaction I and Reaction IV
✓ Tindak balas 1 : asid hidroklorik adalah asid kuat. Asid hidroklorik mengion lengkap dalam air
menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen yang tinggi
Reaction I, asid hidroklorik is a strong acid. asid hidroklorik ionise completely in water to form a
higher concentration of H+ ion.
✓ Tindak balas IV : asid etanoik adalah asid lemah. Asid etanoik mengion .................... lengkap
dalam air menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen yang tinggi
In reaction IV, ethanoic acid is a weak acid. Ethanoic acid ionises partially in water to produces
higher concentration of hydrogen ion.
✓ Sebahagian haba yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas diguna untuk mengion lengkap molekul
asid etanoik menghasilkan ion H+.
Some of the heat released during reaction is used by ethanoic acid to ionize completely ethanoic acid
molecule to form H+ ions.
d) ✓ Haba peneutralan adalah haba yang dihasilkan apabila 1 mol air terbentuk.
the heat of neutralisation is the heat produced when one mole of water is formed.
114
✓ Maka = - - 57 kJ mol-1
2
114
Thus, = - - 57 kJmol-1
2
13.6.3 Pengiraan Haba Peneutralan

Calculation of Heat of neutralisation
Latihan 37 :
100 cm3 asid hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm-3 pada 29.5 0C ditambahkan ke dalam 100 cm3 larutan natrium
hidroksida, NaOH 2.0 mol dm-3 juga pada 29.5 0C di dalam sebuah cawan plastik.
Campuran dikacau dan suhu tertinggi yang dicapai adalah 41.5 0C. Hitung haba peneutralan
100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl at 29.5 0C is added to 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide,
NaOH solution which is also at 29.5 0C in a plastic cup. The mixture is then stirred and the highest temperature
reached is 41.5 0C.
Calculate the heat of neutralisation for the experiment.
Jawapan
 Persamaan kimia
HCl + NaOH ⎯→ NaCl + H2O
Chemical equation
 Bilangan mol Mol HCl, n = MV / 1000 Mol NaOH, n = MV / 1000
Number of mol
= 0.2 mol = 0.2 mol

 Perubahan Jisim larutan, m = .200 c = 4.2
haba,Q Mass of solution
Heat change,H
Perubahan suhu,  = final - initial = 41.5 – 29.5 = 12 0C
Temperature change
H=mxcx = 200 x 4.2 x 12 = 10080 J
(10080 J)

Bab 13_Termokimia
 Nisbah mol Daripada persamaan ;

Ratio of mol From the equation
1 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 1 mol ion OH – membentuk 1 mol H2O
0.2 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan0.2 mol ion OH- membentuk 0.2 mol
H2O
1 mol of H+ ion react with 1 mol OH- to form 1 mol H2O
0.2 mol of H+ ion react with 0.2 mol OH- to form 0.2 mol H2O
 Haba Haba peneutralan, H = 10080 / 0.2 = 50400 J mol-1 = - 50.4 kJ mol-1

peneutralan, H Heat of neutralisation,
Heat of (- 50.4 kJmol-1)
Neutralisation
Latihan 38 :
50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm-3 dimasukkan ke dalam cawan polisterina yang mengandungi 50
cm3 of larutan kalium hidroksida 2.0 mol dm-3. Suhu meningkat dari 30 0C kepada 43.5 0C.
Hitung haba peneutralan.
50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl is poured into the polistrene containing 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3
potassium hydroxide, NaOH solution. The temperature rises from 30 0C to 43.5 0C. Calculate the heat of
neutralisation.
Jawapan
 Persamaan kimia
HCl + KOH ⎯→ NaCl + H2O
Chemical equation
 Bilangan mol Mol HCl n = MV / 1000 Mol KOH, = MV / 1000
Number of mol
= 0.1 mol = 0.1 mol
 Perubahan haba, Jisim larutan, m = 100 c = 4.2

Heat change,H Mass of solution
Perubahan suhu,  = final - initial = 43.5 – 30 = 13.5 0C
Temperature change
H=mxcx = 100 x 4.2 x 13.5 = 5670 J
(5670 J)
 Nisbah mol Daripada persamaan
Ratio of mol From the equation
1 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 1 mol ion OH – membentuk 1 mol H2O
0.1 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 0.1 mol ion OH- membentuk 0.1 mol H2O
 Haba peneutralan, Haba neutralisation / Heat of Neutralisation,H

H
Heat of H = 5670 / 0.1 = 56700 J mol-1 = - 56.7 kJ mol-1
Neutralisation (- 56.7 kJmol-1)

Bab 13_Termokimia
Latihan 39 :
20 cm3 asid nitrik 2.0 mol dm-3 dimasukkan ke dalam cawan polistirena dan suhu awal direkodkan.
40 cm3 kalium hidroksida 0.5 mol dm-3 dimasukkan ke dalam cawan yang sama.
Campuran dikacau perlahan-lahan dan suhu tertinggi direkodkan. Keputusan adalah seperti berikut.
20 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid is poured into a polystyrene cup and the initial temperature is recorded.
40 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide, NaOH solution is poured into the same cup. The solution mixture is
stirred slowly and the highest temperature is recorded. The results are shown below.
Suhu awal asid nitrik = 30 0C

Initial temperature of the nitric acid
Suhu awal larutan natrium hidroksida = 30 0C
Initial temperature of the sodium hydroxide solution
Suhu tertinggi campuran larutan = 34 0C
Highest temperature of the solution mixture
Hitungkan
Calculate
a) perubahan haba b) haba tindak balas
heat change heat of reaction
Jawapan
Persamaan kimia
HNO3 + KOH ⎯→ KNO3 + H2O
Chemical equation
Bilangan mol Mol HNO3 = (2 x 20) / 1000 Mol KOH = (0.5 x 40) / 1000
Number of mol
= 0.04 mol = 0.02 mol
a) Perubahan haba,H H = m x c x  = 60 x 4.2 x 4 = 1008 J
Heat change
b) Haba peneutralan, Daripada persamaan

H From the equation
Heat of 1 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 1 mol ion OH – membentuk 1 mol H2O
Neutralisation
0.04 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 0.02 mol ion OH- membentuk 0.02
mol H2O
Haba neutralisation,H
Heat of Neutralisation
= 1008 / 0.02 J mol-1 = 50400 Jmol-1 = - 50.4 kJ mol-1
[0.04;0.02;1008 J ; 50.4 kJmol-1]
Nota :
Suhu,  Hubungan Kepekatan Isi padu larutan
Temperature Relationship Concentration Volume of solution
Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Perubahan isi padu
No change Jika No change Changing the volume
If
Berubah n kali Berubah n kali Tiada perubahan
Change, n times Change n times No change

Bab 13_Termokimia
Soalan 40 ;
1. Eksperimen Bahan tindak balas Perubahan suhu

Experiment Reactants Temperature change
I 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm-3 ditambahkan kepada Meningkat
50 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 2.0 mol dm-3. sebanyak 13.0 0C
50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is added to 50 cm3 of Rises by 13 0C.
2.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution.
II 300 cm3 asid hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm-3 ditambahkan x 0C
kepada 300 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 2.0 mol dm-3
300 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is added to 300 cm3
of 2.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution.
Apakah perubahan suhu : x 0C / sama / same

What is the temperature change ?
Terangkan : Kepekatan ion hidrogen dan ion hidroksida adalah sama
Explain Concentration of hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion are the same
2. Eksperimen Bahan tindak balas Perubahan suhu

Experiment Reactants Temperature change
50 cm3 plumbum(II) nitrat 0.2 mol dm-3 ditambahkan Meningkat
I kepada 50 cm3 larutan natrium karbonat 0.2 mol dm-3 sebanyak 2.4 0C
50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 lead (II) nitrate is added to 50 cm3 of 0.2 Rises by 2.4 0C
mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution.
50 cm3 plumbum(II) nitrat 0.6 mol dm-3 ditambahkan x 0C
II kepada 50 cm3 natrium karbonat 0.6 mol dm-3.
50 cm3 of 0.6 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate is added to 50 cm3 of
0.6 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution
Apakah perubahan suhu : Suhu larutan meningkat sebanyak 3 kali ganda // 7.2 0C
What is the temperature change ? The temperature increases 3 timer// 7.2 0C
Terangkan : Kepekatan larutan berubah 3 kali ganda
Explain The concentration of solution change 3 timer
Soalan 41 ; Esei
• Haba peneutralan di antara asid etanoik dengan natrium hidroksida H = -55 kJ mol-1.
Heat of neutralization between ethanoic acid with sodium hydroxide,
• Haba peneutralan di antara asid hidoklorik dengan natrium hidroksida H = -57 kJ mol-1
Heat of neutralization between hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide,
Terangkan mengapa haba peneutralan berbeza di antara campuran.
Explain why there is a difference in the heat of neutralization between these mixtures.
[3 markah]
Jawapan ;
1. Asid hidroklorik adalah asid kuat. Asid hidroklorik mengion lengkap dalam air menghasilkan
kepekatan ion hydrogen yang tinggi.
Hydrochloric acid is strong acid. Hydrochloric acid ionise completely in water to produce higher concentration of
hydrogen ions
2. Asid etanoik adalah asid lemah. Asid etanoik mengion separa lengkap dalam air menghasilkan ion
hidrogen yang rendah.
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. Ethanoic acid ionise partially in water to produces lower concentration of hydrogen
ions.
3. Sebahagian haba diserap untuk mengion semua molekul asid etanoik

Some of heat is absorb to ionise all the molecule of ethanoic acid

Bab 13_Termokimia
Soalan 42
Persamaan termokimia bagi tindak balas peneutralan di antara asid nitrik dan larutan natrium hidroksida
diberikan di bawah.
Thermochemical equation for the neutralisation reaction between nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution is given
below.
HNO3 + NaOH ⎯→ NaNO3 + H2O, H = - 57.3 kJ
Dalam eksperimen, 100 cm3 asid nitrik 2.0 mol dm-3 ditambahkan kepada 100 cm3 larutan natrium
hidroksida 2.0 moldm-3.
In an experiment, 100 cm3 of 2. mol dm-3 nitric acid was added to 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide
solution.
[muatan haba tentu air/specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g-1 0C-1 ; ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm-3]
a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan H = -57.3 kJ
State the meaning of H = -57.3 kJ
57.3 haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol air terbentuk daripada tindak balas asid nitrik dan natrium
hidroksida
57.3 of heat is released when 1 mol of water is formed from the reaction between nitric acid and sodium
hydroxide.
[2 markah]
b) Hitungkan
Calculate
i) haba yang terbebas ii) Perubahan suhu dalam eksperimen
the heat released the temperature change in this experiment.
Bil mol HNO3 (2.0 x 100) / 1000
H=mxcx 
= 0.2 mol
11460 = 200 x 4.2 x 
Bil mol NaOH (2.0 x 100) / 1000
 = 11460 / (200 x 4.2)
= 0.2 mol
= 13.6 0C
0.2 mol HNO3 bertindak balas dengan
NaOH menghasilkan 0.2 mol H2O
1 mol H2O : 57.3 kJ [11460J ;11.46 kJ;13.6 0C]
0.2 mol H2O = (57.3 x 0.2) / 1

= 11.46 kJ = 11460 J
c) Lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas

Draw the energy level diagram for this reaction.
[2 markah]
Tenaga
Energy
HNO3 + NaOH
H =-57.3 kJmol-1
NaNO3 + H2O

Bab 13_Termokimia
Soalan 43 :
Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk menentukan haba pembakaran bagi propanol.
Jadual 40 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperolehi.
An experiment is carried out to determine the heat of combustion of propanol. Table 40 shows the results obtained.
Jisim lampu + propanol sebelum pembakaran(g) 30.69

Mass of lamp + propanol before combustion (g)
Jisim lampu + propanol sebelum pembakaran (g) 29.85
Mass of lamp + propanol after combustion (g)
Isipadu air (cm3) / Volume of water (cm3) 200
Suhu awal (oC) / Initial temperature (°C) 28.0
Suhu tertinggi (oC) / Highest temperature °C 59.0
Jadual 40
Berdasarkan Jadual 40
Based on Table 40
a) Lukiskan satu gambar rajah berlabel susunan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini
Draw a labelled diagram of apparatus set-up used in this experiment
Pengadang Termometer
Wind screen
thermometer
Bekas kuprum
Copper
container
Air
water
Lampu pelita + propanol

Spirit lamp + propanol
[2 markah]
b) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran lengkap propanol.
Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of propanol.
C3H7OH + 9/2 O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

[2 markah]
c) Berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen, hitung;
Based on the results of the experiment, calculate:
i) haba yang dibebaskan apabila propanol dibakar

heat released when propanol is burnt
[Diberi muatan haba tentu air adalah 4.2 J g-1 °C-1]
[Given that the specific heat capacity for water is 4.2 J g-1 °C-1]
Haba yang dibebaskan.H = 200 x 4.2 x 31 = 26040 J

[1 markah] (26040 J)
ii) bilangan mol propanol yang terbakar

number of moles of propanol burnt.
[Diberi jisim molekul relatif propanol adalah 60] / [Given that relative molecular mass of propanol is 60]
Bil mol propanol = 0.84 / 60 = 0.014 mol

No of mol of propanol
(0.014 mol)
[1 markah]
Bab 13_Termokimia
iii) Haba pembakaran propanol dalam eksperimen ini.

Heat of combustion of propanol.in this experiment
Haba pembakaran, H = 26040 / 0.014 = 186 0000 Jmol-1 = 1860 kJ mol-1

Heat of combustion
[2 markah] (-1860 kJmol-1)
d) Haba pembakaran yang diperolehi daripada eksperimen ini adalah lebih rendah daripada nilai teori
sebenar.
Cadangkan dua langkah berjaga-jaga yang patut diambil untuk mendapatkan nilai haba pembakaran
yang lebih tepat
The heat of combustion obtained in this experiment is less than the actual theoretical value.
Suggest two precaution that should be taken to obtain a more accurate value of the heat of combustion.
✓ Gunakan pengadang angin untuk mengelakkan haba hilang ke pesekitaran

Use wall shield to avoid heat release to surrounding
✓ Pastikan kipas ditutup / switch off the fan
✓ Pelita mesti didekatkan kepada bekas kuprum/ spirit lamps must as near as to cooper tin
✓ Termometer tidak boleh bersentuh dengan bekas kupum
Thermometer do not touch on copper tin
[2 markah]
************ Tamat Skema Bab 13 *************

Thermochemistry Explained

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Thermochemistry Explained

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Modul Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Kimia_Tingkatan5

13.1 Perubahan Tenaga dalam Tindak Balas Kimia

13.1.1 Perbandingan tindak balas

Jenis tindak Tindak balas Eksotermik Tindak balas Endotermik

2. Suhu Suhu persekitaran meningkat Suhu persekitaran menurun

Contoh : NaOH ⎯→ Na+ + OH- Contoh:MgO + 2H2O⎯→Mg(OH)2 + H2

13.1.2 Gambarajah Aras Tenaga

• Jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan – jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil

• Unit : kilo Joule, kJ

5. Jenis Tindak balas Eksotermik

6. Jenis Tindak balas Endotermik

13.1.3 Haba Tindak balas , H

Simbol negatif - tindak balas eksotermik

158 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

Latihan 1 : Bandingkan jenis tindak balas eksotermik dan endotermik

Tindak balas Eksotermik Tindak balas Endotermik

g) Simbol H adalah negatif g) Simbol H adalah positif

159 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

H =-152 kJmol-1 H = -57 kJmol-1

H=-1376 kJmol-1 H = -57.3 kJmol-1

a) Cu(NO3)2 ⎯→CuO + ½ O2 +2NO2 b) Ca(NO3)2 +K2CO3 ⎯→CaCO3 +2KNO3

H=+220kJ mol-1 H =+12 kJ mol-1

Cu(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 +K2CO3

c) N2 + 2O2 ⎯→ 2NO2 H = + 220 kJ mol-1 d) C + 2S ⎯→ CS2 H = + 220 kJ mol-1

H=+220kJ H=+220kJ mol-1

160 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

13.1.4 Perubahan tenaga dan perubahan ikatan

Tenaga a) Jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas adalah lebih

c) Tindak balas adalah endotermik/ The reaction is endothermic.

Rajah 4 e) Tindak balas membebaskan haba ke persekitaran

161 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

d) Haba yang dibebaskan adalah 57 kJ / The heat released is 57 kJ.

Gambar rajah aras tenaga

a) Tindak balas adalah endotermik .

e) Suhu tindak balas menurun / The temperature of reaction will decreases

162 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

13.1.5 Penggunaan pengetahuan eksotermik dan endotermik

 Pek panas  Pek sejuk

 Pek panas  Pek sejuk

13.2 Haba Tindak Balas, H

Haba a) Unit : kJ mol-1

164 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

Latihan 8 : Pengiraan bagi Haba Tindak balas

a) Berikut ialah suatu persamaan termokimia

Berapakah jisim metana, CH4 yang diperlukan (4g)

13.2.1 Jenis Haba Tindak balas

Jenis tindak balas Haba tentu tindak balas

165 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

13.3 Haba Penyesaran

Tafsiran /Interpretation: Mg + Cu(NO3)2

Tafsiran /Interpretation: Zn + CuSO4

166 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

c) Cu + 2AgNO3 ⎯→ Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag H = -147 kJmol-1 Rajah aras tenaga

147 kJ of heat energy is released when 1 mole of silver is

13.3.1 Pengiraan Haba Penyesaran

0.005 mol CuSO4  0.005 mol Cu

167 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

 Perubahan haba H = 50 x 4.2 x 9.5 = 1995 J

0.01 mol Fe(NO3)2 : 0.01 mol Fe

 Haba penyesaran, H H = 1995 / 0.01 = 199500 J mol-1 = - 199.5 kJmol-1

H = 150 000 x 0.1 = 15000 J

 Perubahan suhu 15000 = 200 x 4.2 x 