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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF

BRIDGES: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Yogendra Singh
Professor, Railway Bridge Chair
Department of Earthquake Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee, India

SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF BRIDGES:

TYPES OF MODELS

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Modelling of Bridge Structures - Piers

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Modelling of Foundations

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Modelling of Bridge Superstructure

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Unequal Pier Heights  Torsional Response

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Skew and Curvature  Torsional Response

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SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF BRIDGES:

TYPES OF ANALYSIS

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Modes of Vibration

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Equivalent Static Analysis

Single mode method – assumes
whole response is contributed by
single mode
0.8

0.6
Sa [g]

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Period [s]

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Response History Analysis

Time History Analysis Using
Multiple Modes
Response in different
modes can be added
directly

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Response Spectrum Analysis

Mode Superposition using
Response Spectrum
Peak response can not be
added directly  SRSS
and CQC Methods

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Time History Analysis

Direct Time History
Analysis of Multi-
Degrees of Freedom
Model

All the modes are

inherently considered

No approximation

Most rigorous but

sophisticated method
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Sources of Ground Motion Records

• Time histories for dynamic analysis can be:
Ground accelerations or related quantities, i.e., velocities and
displacements
• Recorded, artificial or simulated time histories can be used:
 Recorded accelerograms at different sites, but that are
representative of site and hazard
 Simulated accelerograms i.e. generated through physical
simulation of source and path mechanisms
 Artificial accelerograms, spectrum-compatible accelerograms

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Sources of Ground Motion Records

Real recorded accelerograms:
 advantages
 Realistic ground-motion characteristics (amplitude and frequency content,
duration and strong-motion duration, shaking cycles, phase characteristics)
 Characteristics of the source, path and site included
 disadvantages
 Generally lack of ground motion records
 Not all combinations (M, distance, soil conditions) are available
Spectrum-compatible/synthesized accelerograms:
Widely regarded as inappropriate since the resulting signals are so unlike
earthquake ground motions

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Scaling of Ground Motion Records

Scaling the target spectrum based on: PGA

Unscaled spectrum Scaled spectrum
Sa Sa

target spectrum

T T

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Scaling of Ground Motion Records

Scaling the target spectrum based on: Sa (T1)

Unscaled spectrum Scaled spectrum

Sa Sa

Sa(T1) Sa(T1)

T1 T T1 T

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Scaling of Ground Motion Records

Unscaled Response Spectra Scaled Response Spectra

Response spectra are scaled to 0.36g at T=1 sec.

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Spectral Matching of Ground Motion

Matching the target spectrum based on: Frequency Domain Spectral
Matching

Spectrum – compatible record

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Method of Analysis (IRC SP 114:2018)

ESAM-Elastic Seismic
Acceleration Method

ERSM-Elastic Response
Spectrum Method

ERSM*- ERSM & Time

History Method

ERSM#- ERSM & THM with

Site specific study

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CAPACITY DESIGN:
HOW TO AVOID BRITTLE MODES
OF FAILURE ?

Capacity Design Philosophy

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Capacity design of buildings

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Building vs. Bridge Structure

Plastic Hinge formation in beams

Plastic Hinge formation in column

Framed Building Framed Pier

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Capacity Design of Bridges

H H
Mo
Mo Mo
H H 2
h h h2
 Pi  H P  H
i

Mo Mo
H P H
i Pi

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Capacity Design of Bridges

• The capacity to resist and dissipate energy are related to the
exploitation of the non-linear response.
• The structure is designed to ensure ductile behavior, the locations
of plastic hinges are pre-selected to develop plastic mechanism.
• Adequate ductility is ensured by proper detailing of these plastic
hinge regions.
• All other regions are provided with additional strength called
capacity design effects so that they remain elastic when the
selected plastic hinges develop their over strength.
• The shear resistance of plastic hinges as well as shear and flexural
resistance of other regions shall thus be designed to resist
capacity design effects in order to avoid brittle failure and localize
the damage.
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Capacity Design of Bridges

• The superstructure should remain elastic even when the plastic

hinge location in columns/piers reach their plastic moment
capacity. Capacity design principle shall be adopted to ensure this
elastic behavior.

• The fixed bearings, connections and foundations would be

designed to remain elastic under seismic conditions. These
components should thus be designed for the forces determined
from the capacity design effect.

• Force demands on the foundations and bearings should be based

on the plastic capacity of columns/piers multiplied by over-
strength factor.

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Earthquake Damage to Bridges – Bearing Failure

Bhuj Earthquake 2001 IIT ROORKEE

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Earthquake Damage to Bridges – Pier Failure

SHEAR FAILURE OF PIER

Kobe Earthquake 1995
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Earthquake Damage to Bridges – Inverted Pendulum

Kobe Earthquake 1995 IIT ROORKEE

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Earthquake Damage to Bridges – Pier Failure

FLEXURE-SHEAR FAILURE OF PIERS

– IMPROPER CURTAILMENT
Kobe Earthquake 1995 IIT ROORKEE
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Earthquake Damage to Bridges – Pier Failure

FAILURE OF PIER AT CURTAILMENT

Kobe Earthquake 1995 IIT ROORKEE
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What Went Wrong in Curtailment ?

Provided
Moment
Capacity

Point of Actual Moment

Curtailment During Earthquake
Design Moment

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Earthquake Damage to Bridges – Pier Failure

FAILURE OF PIER AT FLARING (COLUMN HEAD)

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What Went Wrong in Flaring ?

Mo

Mo
H
h h2

Mo
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What Went Wrong in Flaring ?

Mo
Mo
H 
h 2
h h  h
H  H

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Effect of P-M Interaction on Capacity Shear

P
M u  M ur
Mc  Mb
Pe M 0  1.35M c
Pu Mc
Mu Mur M

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Capacity Shear in Multi-Column Piers

AASHTO LRFD 2017

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Capacity Shear Estimation in Multi-Column Piers

AASHTO LRFD 2017

• Increase in axial force due to

transverse seismic action in case
of multicolumn pier should be
considered as per an iterative
procedure given in Clause
3.10.9.4.3c of AASHTO 2017.
• Alternatively, the maximum
moment capacity (corresponding
to balance failure) should be
considered. However, it may be
quite conservative.

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MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES:
STABILITY OF SUPERSTRSUCTURE
DURING EARTHQUAKE

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Overturning and Holding Down Devices

• U is the effect of
EL(H) and EL(V)
Superstructure (Elastic, i.e. R=1)
S • Combined as per
Pier Cap
Cl. 7, i.e.
1.5 EL(H) + 0.45 EL(V)
And
0.45 EL(H) + 1.5 EL(V)

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Overturning and Holding Down Devices – IRS SDC

• If U > 0.5 D  Vertical hold down devices are to be

provided
• If 0.5 D < U < D, the hold down device will be
designed for minimum 10% of D
• If U > DL, the hold down device will be designed for
1.2 (U-D) and minimum 10% of D
 It is desirable to also check for the case
0.9 D + 0.5L +/- 1.5 EL(H) - 0.45 EL(V)
and
0.9 D + 0.5L +/- 0.45 EL(H) - 1.5 EL(V)
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Overturning and Holding Down Devices

• Holding–down devices are necessary when the reaction due to ELy ±
0.3ELz and 0.3ELy ± ELz (elastic, i.e. R=1) is greater than 50 % of the
reaction under 0.9DL.
• The design of holding down devices will be performed according to IRS
Seismic Code (Clause 13) same as in IRC SP 114 (Clause 8.5.3.3).

IRC SP 114:2018

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Unseating of Bridge Superstructure

The Showa Bridge after the 1964 Niigata, Japan earthquake.

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Seat Width for Unseating Prevention

N= Seating Width
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Seat Width for Unseating Prevention

• As per IRS Seismic Code 2020-

• As per IRS Bridge Rules-

• As per AASHTO LRFD-

L-Minimum support span from bearing

H-Height of support (0 for single span Bridges)
S-Skew of support
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Seat Width for Unseating Prevention

Support requirement as per IRC SP 114:2018

Lov=lm+deg+des

Lm- minimum support length (40cm)

deg- displacement of the two supports due to different ground displacement (shall
be doubled if bridge is close to an active fault)
Where deg=sLeff<2deg Leff- effective length of deck
s=2dg/Lg
dg- design values of PGD=0.025gSTCTD
g=ground acceleration S-soil factor
Tc- upper period limit of acceleration control range
TD- lower period limit of displacement control range
Lg- distance beyond which ground motion is uncorrelated=500m

des- displacement of support due to deformation of structure

which include seismic movement, long term displacement due
to creep shrinkage and temperature movement
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Stoppers/Restrainers for Unseating Prevention

• Stoppers are used to prevent unseating of

superstructure in longitudinal and transverse
directions.
• Stoppers are to be subjected to impact loading in
addition to earthquake forces. These should be
provided in all bridges as second line of defence (after
failure of bearings) against dislodgement and should
be designed for forces 2 times of those used to design
the bearings.
• Designed as corbel as per the requirement of Clause
17.2.3 of IRS CBC.
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Stoppers/Restrainers of RC

Avf- Shear Friction reinforcement

At- Direct tension reinforcement
Af- Flexural tension reinforcement
V.K. Raina
As- total tensile reinforcement
Ah-Horizontal stirrups IIT ROORKEE
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Stoppers/Restrainers – Different Arrangements

IRC SP 114:2018

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Stoppers/Restrainers – Different Arrangements

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Stoppers/Restrainers – Different Arrangements

Section A-A

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Stoppers/Restrainers – Different Arrangements

Section A-A

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MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES:
DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS
AND ABUTMENTS

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Forces Acting on Retaining Walls

KhxWsurcharge

Psurcharge

+Dynamic Increment
KhxWs
PAE
Ws
KhxWw +Dynamic Increment

Ww

Passive
- Dynamic Decrement

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Forces Acting on An Abutment

KhxWsurcharge
KhxWsuper

WSuper

Psurcharge
KhxWs +Dynamic Increment

KhxWw PAE
Ws
+Dynamic Increment
Ww

Passive
- Dynamic Decrement

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Design of Abutments and Retaining Walls

• Backfill inertia and self-inertia of the abutment and foundation shall be

considered for stability checks including sliding, overturning and base pressure
check.

• The inertial force corresponding to backfill and abutment can be combined with
the total (including dynamic) earth pressure, as per 100:50 rule. In no case the
50% of total dynamic earth pressure will be less than the static active earth
pressure.

• Backfill inertia shall also be considered while computing forces for design of
abutment foundation along with vertical seismic coefficient in both upward and
downward direction.

• The backfill inertia need not be considered for structural design of abutment
wall (stem), but self-inertia of the structural component in consideration, and all
the components supported on it and transferring the horizontal load to it, shall
be taken in design calculations.

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Transverse Stability of Abutment in Hilly Regions

Difference in
height
between left
and right
ground fill
across Earthfill
abutment. Return Wall Return Wall

Passive E.P. PAE Active E.P.

+ Dynamic Increment
PPE

- Dynamic Decrement
Foundation

Transverse Section of Abutment

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MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES:
DESIGN OF RC PLATE AND SHELL
STRUCTURES ANALYSED USING
FINITE ELEMENT MODELS

Stress Resultants in Plate Element

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Design of Slabs and Walls (Wood-Armer Method)

• In slabs reinforced by an orthogonal system of bars in x and y directions, the

problem is to determine the design moments for which the reinforcement
should be designed for to get adequate strength in all directions.
• These moments, Mx* and My*, are known as Wood-Armer moments.

Bottom Reinforcement Top Reinforcement

If either of Mx* and My* are negative or zero, then

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MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES:
DESIGN SLABS AND
FOUNDATIONS FOR TWO-WAY
(PUNCHING) SHEAR

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Punching Shear (IRC:112, EUROCODE)

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Punching Shear (IRC:112, EUROCODE)

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Punching Shear (IRC:112, EUROCODE)

Punching Shear resistance without reinforcement

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Punching Shear (IRC:112, EUROCODE)

Punching Shear reinforcement

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Punching Shear (IRC:112, EUROCODE)

Punching Shear reinforcement

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Punching Shear (IRC:112, EUROCODE)

Punching Shear reinforcement

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MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES:
DESIGN HOLLOW CIRCULAR RC
PIERS

Design of Hollow Circular RC Sections

• The models for computation of shear capacity of hollow piers is
not provided in IRS and IRC codes. The same may be taken from
the paper by Giulio Ranzo and M J N Priestley “Seismic
Performance of Large RC Circular Hollow Columns” published in
12WCEE, 2000. Use of equivalent solid square/circular section is
not valid for this purpose.
• For confinement of concrete in hollow piers, circular hoops are
to be provided on both inner and outer faces and adequate
stirrups/ties between the two hoops are to be provided.
• The area of the confining stirrups and ties should be calculated
to provide same volumetric ratio as in case of a solid pier.

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Shear Capacity of Hollow Circular RC Sections

• The nominal shear capacity is expressed as-

Asn- section shear area

- aspect ratio
- longitudinal reinforcement
- ductility
c-depth of compression zone at flexural capacity
Co- cover concrete
Fyh- yield stress of transverse steel
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Shear Capacity of Hollow Circular RC Sections

P- axial load
L- length of inflection
Ast- area of longitudinal steel
= Di/D, Di- inside diameter of section
An- net area

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Future Trend – Pushover Analysis

Demand Reduced
Sa Based on Inelastic
Capacityof building

Performance Point

Sd
des

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Future Trends – Base Isolation

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Principles of Base Isolation

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Principles of Base Isolation

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Principles of Base Isolation

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Future Trend - Damping Devices

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Future Trend - Damping Devices

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Future Trend - Damping Devices

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Effect of Enhanced Damping

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THANK YOU !

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