CBLM Test Electronic Components

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING
MATERIAL
Sector : Electronic
Qualification : COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING NC II
Title
Unit of : TEST ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
competency
Module Title : TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
SEAMAN JOB STUDY CENTER INC.

Lutucan I, SariayaQuezon
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Electronic
Components
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MODULE?
Welcome to the module “TEST ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Computer

Operations”. This module contains training materials and activities for you
to complete.
The unit of competency “TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS” contains

the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for Electronic Product
Assembly and Servicing course required to obtain the National Certificate
(NC) level II.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

complete each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning
outcome there are Information Sheets, Job Sheets, Operation Sheets
and Activity Sheets. Do these activities on your own and answer the Self-
Check at the end of each learning activity?
If you have questions, do not hesitate to ask your teacher for assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some basic knowledge and skills covered in this
module. If you can demonstrate competence to your teacher in a particular
skill, talk to him/her so you do not have to undergo the same training
again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous
trainings, show it to him/her. If the skills you acquired are consistent with
and relevant to this module, they become part of the evidence. You can
present
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these for RPL. If you are not sure about your competence skills,
discuss this with your teacher.
After completing this module, ask your teacher to assess your
competence. Result of your assessment will be recorded in your
competency profile. All the learning activities are designed for you to
complete at your own pace.
In this module, you will find the activities for you to complete
and relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each
learning outcome may have more than one learning activity.
This module is prepared to help you achieve the required

competency in receiving and relaying information. This will be the
source of information that will enable you to acquire the knowledge
and skills in Electronic Product Assembly and Servicing NC II
independently at your own pace with minimum supervision from
your teacher.
LIST OF COMPETENCIES
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No Unit of competency Module title Code
1. Apply quality standards Applying quality standards ELC315202
Perform computer Performing computer
2. ELC311203
operations operations
Perform mensuration and Performing mensuration and
3. ELC311201
calculation calculation
Prepare and interpret Preparing and interpret
4. ELC311202
technical drawing technical drawing
5. Use hand tools Using hand tools ELC724201
Terminate and connect Terminating and
6 ELC724202
electrical wiring and connect electrical wiring
electronic circuits and
electronic circuits
Test electronic Testing electronic ELC724205
7
components components
MODULE CONTENT
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QUALIFICATION: COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
MODULE TITLE : TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
NOMINAL DURATION :8 hours
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes

required to test electronic components. It includes
competencies in determining the criteria for testing
electronics components, planning an approach for
component testing, testing the components and
evaluating the testing process.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of this module, the trainee/student must be able to:
LO.1 Determine criteria for testing electronics components
LO.2 Plan an approach for component testing
LO.3 Test components
LO.4 Evaluate the testing process
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA:
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1. Work instructions are obtained and clarified based on job order or
client requirements
2. Responsible person is consulted for effective and proper work
coordination
3. Data sheets/applicationnotes are obtained and interpreted based on
manufacturer’s specifications
4. Testing criteria are defined to ensure that components meet
technical and quality requirements
5. Document and communicate testing criteria to relevant personnel
6. Various testing methods are Identified based on types of
electronic components
7. Characteristics and appropriateness of testing methods to be used
during development and on completion is determined
8. Testing methods are considered/selected in relation to
appropriate testing strategy
9. Plan for testing components is developed at specified points during
development and on completion
Required test & measuring instruments and tools are prepared and
checked in accordance with established procedures
10. Records system is established to document testing results,
including problems and faults
11. Testing methods are applied to ensure that products meet
creative, production and technical requirements
12. Problems and faults detected by testing are recorded and
remedial steps taken in records system is documented
13. Problems and faults detected during testing are resolved in
accordance with agreed project or industry practice
14. Evaluate final products against the previously determined
criteria
15. Testing process is documented and summarized evaluation
report is submitted to relevant personnel
16. Testing methods that were successful and those that led to
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difficulties are identified based on industry standards
17. Testing process and records system are evaluated based on
standard procedures
18.Test results/findings are documented for subsequent components
testing.
19. Proper storage of instruments is undertaken according to
company procedures.
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
DETERMINE CRITERIA FOR TESTING ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
CONTENTS:
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1. Reading and comprehension skills required to interpret work
instructions and to interpret basic user manuals
2. OH and S principles and responsibilities
3. Criteria for testing Electronic Components
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Requirements of tasks determined in accordance with the
required output
2. Appropriate hardware and software selected
according to task assigned and required outcome
3. Task planned to ensure that OH and S guidelines and
procedures followed
4. Client-specific guidelines and procedures followed
5. Required data security guidelines applied in accordance with
existing procedures
CONDITIONS:
Students/trainees must be provided with the following:
 Equipment:
1 unit of computer
Voltage regulator / UPS
 Learning materials:
 Learning manuals
 Work Instruction
 Hand -outs
 Supplies/material
 Operating Systems
 Application program
METHODOLOGIES:
 Lecture-demonstration
 Self-paced instruction
 Group discussion
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ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Hands-on
 Direct observation
 Practical demonstration
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES
LEARNING OUTCOME 1: Determine Criteria for Testing Electronics Components
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Read information sheet 7.1-1 assess After reading the information sheet,
quality of received materials you must be able to answer self-
check 7.1-1 and compare your
answer to the answer sheet
Perform job sheet 7.1-1, and refer

your performance to the
performance criteria checklist
INFORMATION SHEET 7.1.1

DETERMINE CRITERIA FOR TESTING ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
Scope
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The testing in the field of electronics broadly covers the following categories:
a. Electronics components such as passive, active-semiconductors &
integrated circuits and hybrids.
b. Electro-mechanical components such as switches, relays and
connectors.
c. Electro-magnetic components cores, solenoids, coils and transformers.
d. Wires, cables such as communication cables and PCBs.
e. Microwave components such as coaxial components, attenuators,
waveguides.
f. Picture tubes-color and black and white, CRTs and allied components
g. Electronics equipment such as mobile-land, sea and air borne
instruments.
h. Power supply equipment and systems.
i. Audio/ Video components and products.
j. Information technology equipment’s.
k. Opt-electronic components and instruments such as fiber optics.
l. Telecommunication equipment and systems.
m. Electro medical equipment’s.
n. EMI/ EMC and ESD testing.
o. Safety Testing.
p. Environmental testing such as conditioning and durability testing.
q. Development of environmental stress screening methods (ESS).
r. Failure mode analysis techniques for components, instruments
and systems
s. Dependability analysis techniques and testing. While assessing testing
capabilities of a laboratory in each of the above categories, it should
be understood that electronic products and application cover a wide
variety of tests based on relevant standards such as International
Standards and other national and international specifications/
standards.
These guidelines suggest only the broad range of tests in the above
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mentioned categories of testing in electronics discipline for
measurement of various parameters.
Classes of Test
In the field of Electronics testing, the tests have been classified product-
wise
e.g. domestic electronics appliances and accessories, computer and
accessories, electronics components & equipment’s etc. However,
certain specialized tests, which are performed on a wide range of
equipment, have been grouped test facility wise e.g. EMI / EMC
testing, environmental testing etc. Accreditation may be granted for
tests performed in mobile laboratories, field laboratory of locations,
as well as in formal laboratory accommodation.
1. Wherever applicable, both fixed and variable types are covered

under relevant headings.
2. Wherever applicable, dimensions/ size, ranges and limits shall
be indicated (e.g. while indicating the environmental facilities,
size and temperature, humidity ranges shall be indicated).
Accommodation and Testing Environment
Accommodation requirements vary greatly depending on the nature

of the articles to be tested and the order of accuracy required from
the tests. Layout of the laboratory shall be well defined to perform
the desired tests. There shall be sufficient space around test
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equipment to minimize the risk of damage or danger and to provide
for convenient and accurate operation and measurement. The
environment in which the tests are undertaken shall not invalidate
the results or adversely affect the required accuracy and precision of
measurement. There shall be all evidence of the implementation of
all necessary safety measures including first aid kits within the
reach of all staff members and safety instructions shall be displayed
prominently. Firefighting equipment’s and fire exits shall be provided
adequately. Various other environmental conditions to be made
available in the laboratory depending upon the type of product being
tested or type of test being conducted are as follows:
1. The flooring shall have antistatic covering and test personnel
shall ensure that all static protection measures are taken while
testing static sensitive devices, high resistance circuits and
instruments.
2. The laboratory shall be properly sealed to minimize the effects of
external noise, where relevant.
3. Testing shall be undertaken in a shielded cage/enclosure to
minimize the interference, where applicable.
4. All testing/ measurements which can be influenced by vibration

should be carried out in a specially allotted area where vibration
is minimized. Use of anti-vibration mounts and tables as
required shall be provided in the laboratory. All vibration
generating instruments/ machines shall be isolated as far as
possible from the testing area. Proximity to lifts, plant rooms,
workshops, walkways, busy roads and other sources of noise and
vibration should be avoided.
5. Satisfactory grounding is a critical element to measurement
integrity and personnel safety in the electronics testing
laboratories. Dedicated earthling shall be provided to the
electronics test laboratory as per relevant specification. The earth
pit shall be maintained and monitored periodically as per
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International Standards specifications and necessary records of
earth resistance shall be maintained.
6. The power to the testing laboratory and test bench should be on
a phase independent of the other electrical circuits as far as
transients for which necessary starters/ line filters stabilizers
and isolation transformers shall be provided. The power supply
shall be provided with a regulated standby power supply of
adequate capacity.
7. Temperature and humidity control is one of the most critical
elements for consideration in testing laboratory. The laboratory
shall be maintained at an ambient temperature of 25 degrees
centigrade with tolerances to be decided as per the requirements
and sensitivity of measurements being made by the laboratory.
The humidity shall be between 45 and 70 percent RH (relative
humidity – the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the
equilibrium vapor pressure of water at the same temperature).
Both temperature and humidity shall be effectively monitored,
controlled and recorded periodically. Where necessary, air
curtains shall be provided.
8. The light fittings should be chosen to ensure adequate
illumination at the work bench without glare. The illumination
should be in the range 400 to 500 lux. Provisions for emergency
lighting should exist in the testing area.
Measurement Traceability and Calibration
Testing laboratory is required to establish and maintain traceability

of their equipment’s (measurements) to national standards at all
times. In the absence of meeting the above requirements, the
laboratory is required to establish/ substantiate, through
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documents the traceability to international standards for its testing
activities. Where relevant, the test equipment shall be subjected to
in-service checks between regular re-calibrations.
SELF CHECK 7.1-1
1 What is required when testing static sensitive devices, high
resistance circuits and instruments?
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2 How do we avoid the effects of external noise, where relevant?
3 How can we minimize the interference?
4 All testing/ measurements which can be influenced by
vibration should be carried out in a where vibration is
minimized
5 The light fittings should be chosen to ensure
at the work bench without glare.
Answer key to SELF CHECK 7.1-1
1 The flooring shall have antistatic covering and test personnel

shall ensure that all static protection
2 The laboratory shall be properly sealed
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3 Testing shall be undertaken in a shielded cage/enclosure
4 Specially allotted area
5 Adequate illumination
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
PLAN AN APPROACH FOR COMPONENT TESTING
CONTENTS:
 Safety precautions in handling testing equipment as well as
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the materials.
 Identified the materials needed to test components
 Used appropriate tools and equipment needed for testing
 Planning to perform the procedures in testing electronic
components.
 Reading skills required to interpret work instruction
 Communication skills
1. Various testing methods are Identified based on types of

2. Characteristics and appropriateness of testing methods to be
used during development and on completion is determined
3. Testing methods are considered/selected in relation to
appropriate testing strategy
4. Plan for testing components is developed at specified points
during development and on completion
5. Required test & measuring instruments and tools are
prepared and checked in accordance with established
procedures
6. Records system is established to document testing results,
including problems and faults
CONDITIONS:
 Materials
 Toots and equipment
 Personal protective equipment
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METHODOLOGIES:
 Film Viewing
 Individualized Learning
 Direct Student Laboratory Experience
 Project Method
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Demonstration and Questioning
 Assessment of Output Product
LEARNING OUTCOME 2: PLAN AN APPROACH FOR COMPONENT

TESTING
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Read information sheet 7.2-1 After reading the information sheet,
assess quality of received materials you must be able to answer self-
INFORMATION SHEET 7.2.1

PLAN AN APPROACH FOR COMPONENT TESTING
How to Read an Analog Multi-meters?
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Three Parts:
1. Reading the Dial Settings
2. Reading an Analog Multi-meter
3. Troubleshooting
Part 1
Reading the Dial Settings
Image titled Read a Multi-Meter Step 1
1. Test AC or DC voltage. In general, V indicates voltage, a squiggly

line indicates alternating current (found in household circuits),
and a straight or dashed line indicates direct current (found in
most batteries). The line can appear next to or over the letter.
 The setting for testing voltage in an AC circuit is typically

marked V~, ACV, or VAC.
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 To test voltage on a DC circuit, set the multi-meter to V–,
V---, DCV, or VDC.
2. Set the multi-meter to measure current. Because current is

measured in amperes, it is abbreviated A. Choose direct current
or alternating current, whichever the circuit you are testing is
made for. Analog multi-meters typically do not have the ability to
test alternating current.
 A ~, ACA, and AAC are for alternating current.
 A –, A---, DCA, and ADC are for direct current.
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Image titled Read a Multi-Meters Step 3
3. Find the resistance setting. This is marked by the Greek letter

omega: Ω. This is the symbol used to denote ohms, the unit
used to measure resistance. On older multi-meters, this is
sometimes labeled R for resistance instead.
4. Use DC+ and DC-. If your multi-meter has this setting, keep it
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on DC+ when testing a direct current. If you aren't getting a
reading and suspect you've got the positive and negative
terminals attached to the wrong ends, switch to DC- to correct
this without having to adjust the wires.
5. Understand other symbols. If you're not sure why there are

multiple settings for voltage, current, or resistance, read the
troubleshooting section for information on ranges. Besides these
basic settings, most multi-meters have a couple additional
settings. If more than one of these marks is next to the same
setting, it may do both simultaneously, or you may need to refer
to the manual or a similar series of parallel arcs indicates the
"continuity test." At this setting, the multi-meter will beep if the
two probes are electrically connected.
 A right-pointing arrow with a cross through it marks the "diode
test,"
for testing whether one-way electrical circuits are connected.
 Hz stands for Hertz, the unit for measuring the frequency of
AC circuits.
 –|(– symbol indicates the capacitance setting.
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6. Read the port labels. Most multi-meters have three ports or
holes. Sometimes, the ports will be labeled with symbols that
match the symbols described above. If these symbols are
unclear, refer to this guide:
 The black probe always goes into the port labeled COM for
common
(also called the ground. (The other end of the black lead
always connects to the negative terminal.)
 When measuring voltage or resistance, the red probe goes into
the
port with the smallest current label (often mA for milliamps).
 When measuring current, the red probe goes into the port
labeled to withstand the amount of expected current.
Typically, the port for low- current circuits has a fuse rated to
200mA while the high-current port is rated to 10A.
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Part 2
Reading an Analog Multi-Meters Result
Image titled Read a Multi-meter’s step 6
1. Find the right scale on an analog multi-meter. Analog multi-

meters have a needle behind a glass window, which moves to
indicate the result. Typically, there are three arcs printed behind
the needle. These are three different scales, each of which is
used for a different purpose:
 The Ω scale is for reading resistance. This is typically the largest
scale,
at the top. Unlike the other scales, the 0 (zero) value is on the far right
instead of the left.
 The "DC" scale is for reading DC voltage.
 The "AC" scale is for reading AC voltage.
 The "dB" scale is the least used option. See the end of this
section for a brief explanation.
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2. Make a voltage scale reading based on your range. Look carefully

at the voltage scales, either DC or AC. There should be several
rows of numbers beneath the scale. Check which range you have
selected on the dial (for example, 10V), and look for a
corresponding label next to one of these rows. This is the row
you should read the result from.
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3. Estimate the value between numbers. Voltage scales on an
analog multi-meter work just like an ordinary ruler. The
resistance scale, however, is logarithmic, meaning that the same
distance represents a different change in value depending on
where you are on the scale. The lines between two numbers still
represent even divisions. For example, if there are three lines
between "50" and 70," these represent 55, 60, and 65, even if the
gaps between them look different sizes.
4. Multiply the resistance reading on an analog multi-meter. Look

at the range setting that the dial of your Multi-Meter is set to.
This should give you a number to multiply the reading by. For
example, if the Multi-meter is set to R x 100 and the needle
points to 50 ohms, the actual resistance of the circuit is 100 x
50 = 5,000.
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5. Find out more about the dB scale. The "dB" (decibel) scale,
typically the lowest, smallest one on an analog meter, requires
some additional training to use. It is a logarithmic scale
measuring the voltage ratio (also called gain or loss). The
standard by scale in the US defines 0dbv as 0.775 volts
measured over 600 ohms of resistance, but there are competing
dub, dB, and even div. (with a capital V) scales.
Part 3 Troubleshooting
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1. Set the range. Unless you have an auto-ranging Multi-Meter,

each of the basic modes (voltage, resistance, and current) has
several settings to choose from. This is the range, which you
should set before you attach the leads to the circuit. Start out
with your best guess for the value which is just above the closest
result. For example, if you expect to measure around 12 volts,
set the meter to 25V, not 10V, assuming those are the two
closest options.
 If you have no idea what current to expect, set it to the highest
range
for your first try to avoid damaging the meter.
 Other modes are less likely to damage the meter, but
consider the lowest resistance setting and the 10V setting
your default.
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Adjust to "off the scale" readings. On a digital meter, "OL," "OVER," or
"overload" means you need to select a higher range, while a result very
close to zero means a lower range will give more accuracy. On an analog
meter, a needle that stays still usually means you need to select a lower
range. A needle that shoots to the maximum means you need to select a
higher range.
2. Disconnect the power before measuring resistance. Turn off the
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power switch or remove the batteries powering the circuit in
order to get an accurate resistance reading. The Multi-Meter
sends out a current to measure the resistance, and if additional
current is already flowing, this will disrupt the result.
3. Measure current in series. To measure current, you'll need to

form one circuit that includes the Multi-Meter "in series" with
the other components. For example, disconnect one wire from a
battery terminal, then connect one probe to the wire and one to
the battery to close the circuit again.
4. Measure voltage in parallel. Voltage is the change in electrical

energy across some part of the circuit. The circuit should
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already be closed with current flowing, then the meter should
have the two probes placed at different points on the circuit to
connect it "in parallel" with the circuit. This must be done
carefully to avoid discrepancy.
5. Calibrate ohms on an analog meter. Analog meters have an

additional dial, used to adjust the resistance scale and typically marked
with an Ω. Before making a resistance measurement, connect the two
probe ends to each other. Turn the dial until the ohm scale reads zero, to
calibrate it, then conduct your actual test.
 If there is a mirror behind the needle of your analog Multi-

Meter, turn
the meter left or right so that the needle covers its own
reflection for better accuracy.
 If you are having trouble reading a digital M ulti-Meter, refer
to the
manual. By default, it should display the numeric result,
but there could also be settings that display bar graphs or
other forms of information display.
 If the needle of an analog Multi-Meter points below zero even at

the
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lowest range, then your "+" and "-" connectors are probably
backwards. Switch the connectors and take another reading.
 The initial measurement will fluctuate while measuring AC
voltage,
but this will stabilize to an accurate reading
How to Use a Digital Multi-Meter?
Five Methods:
1. Measuring Resistance
2. Measuring Voltage
3. Measuring Current
4. Testing Diodes
5. Measuring Continuity
A Multi-Meter, also called a volt-ohm meter or VOM, is a device that

measures resistance, voltage and current in electronic circuits.
Some also test diodes and continuity. Multi-Meters are small,
lightweight and battery operated, and they can test a wide variety of
electronic components in many situations, making them
indispensable tools for anyone who needs to test and repair
electronic circuits.
Method 1 Measuring Resistance

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Image titled Use Digital Multi-Meter Step 1
1. Connect the Multi-Meter to the circuit. Insert the black probe

into the common terminal and the red probe into the terminal
marked for measuring volts and ohms. The terminal may also
be marked for testing diodes.
2. Twist the selector knob to set the Multi-Meter to measure
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resistance. This may be represented by the Greek Letter Omega,
which stands for ohms, the unit of measurement for resistance.
3. Turn off power to the circuit.
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4 Remove the resistor you want to measure. If you leave the resistor
in the circuit you may not get an accurate reading.
5 Touch the tips of the probes to each side of the resistor.
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Read the display, taking care to note the units. A reading of 10
may indicate 10 ohms, 10 kilo-ohms or 10 mega-ohms.
Method 2 Measuring Voltage
1. Connect the Multi-Meter to a circuit. Put the black probe in the

common terminal and the red probe in the terminal marked for
measuring volts and ohms.
2. Set the Multi Meter it for the voltage you're measuring. You can
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measure volts DC (direct current), millivolts DC or volts AC
(alternating current). If your Multi-Meter has an auto-range function,
it's not necessary to select the voltage you're measuring
Image titled Use Digital Multi Meter Step 3
3. Measure AC voltage by placing the probes across the component. It's

not necessary to observe polarity.
4. Observe polarity when measuring DC voltage or millivolt age.

Place the black probe on the negative side of the component and
the red probe on the positive side.
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5. Read the display, taking care to note the units. If you prefer, you
can use the touch-hold feature to keep the reading on the display
after you remove the probes. The Multi-Meter will beep each time
a new voltage is detected
Method 3: Measuring Current
1. Choose either the terminal marked for measuring 10 amps or the

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one marked for measuring 300 milliamps (mA). If you're unsure of
the current, start in the 10-amp terminal until you're sure the
current is less than 300 milliamps.
2 Set the multi-Meter to measure current. This may be represented

by the letter A.
3 Image titled Use Digital Multi-Meter Step 3
3. Turn off power to the circuit.
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`Image titled Used Digital Multi-Meter Step 4
4. Break the circuit. To measure current, you must place the

multimeter in series with the circuit. Place the probes on
either side of the break, observing polarity (black probe on
negative side, red probe on positive side.)
5. Turn the power on. The current will run through the circuit,
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up the red probe and through the Multi-Meter, then out the
black probe and into the circuit.
6. Read the display, remembering whether you are measuring

amps or milliamps. You can use the touch-hold feature if
desired.
Method 4: Testing Diodes
1. Insert the black probe into the common terminal and the red
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probe into the terminal marked for measuring ohms, volts or
diode test.
2. Use the selector knob to choose the test diode function. This may
be represented by a symbol representing a diode, an arrow
pointing at a vertical line.
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3. Turn the power off to the circuit
4. Test forward bias. Place the red probe on the positive side of the
diode and the black probe on the negative side. If you get a
reading of less than 1 but more than 0, the forward bias is good.
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5. Reverse the probes to test reverse bias. If the display reads "OL
(overload)," this indicates that reverse bias is good.
6. A reading of "OL" or 0 while testing forward bias, and 0 while

testing reverse bias indicates that the diode is bad. •Some multi-
Meters will beep when the reading is less than 1. This doesn't
necessarily indicate a good diode, because a shorted diode will
also cause a beep.
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Method 5: Measuring Continuity
1. Put the black probe into the common terminal and the red
probe into the terminal used to measure volts and ohms.
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1. Set the Multi-Meter to the same setting you use to test diodes.

2. Turn the power off to the circuit.
3. Place the leads on either side of the section of circuit you're testing.
It's not necessary to observe polarity. A reading of less than 210
ohms indicates good continuity.
NOTE
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Never use a Multi-Meter to test whether a high-voltage circuit is
dead, on circuits that use more than 4800 watts, on a main power
supply to a building, when the Multi-meter's battery is low or if its
probes are damaged. All these conditions represent a significant
shock hazard.
HOW TO MEASURE RESISTANCE?
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Resistance is the measure of difficulty electrons have in flowing
through a particular object. Resistance is measured in ohms. One
ohm is equal to 1 volt of electrical difference per 1 ampere of
current. Resistance can be measured with an analog or digital
ohmmeter.
Two Methods:
Method 1 Measuring Resistance with a Digital Mustimeter
1. Remove the component from the circuit or test it before you install
it. Testing the component while still in the circuit can cause
inaccurate readings.
Caution: If you are testing a circuit or even just removing a
component, be sure that all power to the circuit is turned off
before proceeding.
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1 Plug the test leads into the correct test sockets. On
most
Multi-m-Meters, one test lead will be black and the other will be red. A
Multi-Meter often has multiple testing sockets, according to whether it
is being used to test for resistance, voltage, or current. Usually the right
sockets to test for resistance are labeled "COM" (for common) and one
labeled with the Greek letter omega, Ω, which is the symbol for "ohm".
Plug the black lead into the socket labeled "COM" and the red lead into
the socket labeled "ohm".
1 Turn on the Multi-Meter and select the best testing range.

The resistance of a component can range from less than one ohm
to Gig ohms (1,000,000,000 ohms). In order to get an accurate
reading of resistance you must set the Multi-Meter to the proper
range for your component. Some digital Multi-Meters will
automatically set the range for you, but others will need to be set
manually. If you have a general idea of the range of resistance
just set it to that range. If you’re unsure, you can determine the
range through trial and error.
a. If you don’t know the range, start with the middle range
setting, usually 20 kilo-ohms (k/Ω).
b. Touch one lead to the end of your component and the other
lead to the opposite end.
c. The number on the screen will either be 0.00, OL, or the
actual value of resistance.
d. If the value is zero, the range is set too high and needs to be
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lowered.
e. If the screen reads OL (overloaded) the range is set too low
and needs to be increased to the next higher range. Test the
component again with the new range setting.
f. If the screen reads a specific number such as 58, that is the
value of the resistor. Remember to take into account the
range applied. On a digital Multi-Meter, the upper right-hand
corner should remind you of your range setting. If it has a
k/Ω in the corner, the actual resistance is 58 k/Ω.
g. Try lowering the range one more time to see if you can get a
more accurate reading. Use the lowest range setting for the
most accurate resistance readings.
h. Again, touch the Multi-Meter leads to the ends of the
component you are testing. Just as you did when you were
setting the range, touch one lead to one end of the
component and the other lead to the opposite end. Wait
until the numbers stop going up or down and record that
number. This is the resistance of your component.
For example, if your reading is .6 and the upper right corner says MΩ the
resistance of your component is 0.6 mega-ohms.
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4. Turn off the Multi-Meter. When you are done measuring all of your
components, turn off the Multi-Meter and unplug the leads for
storage.
Method 2 Measuring Resistance with an Analog Multi-Meter
1. Remove the component from the circuit or test it before you install
it. Testing the component while still in the circuit can cause
inaccurate readings from other components.
Note: If you are testing a circuit or even just removing a
component, be sure that all power to the circuit is turned off
before proceeding.
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2. Plug the test leads into the correct test sockets. On most Multi-
Meters, one test lead will be black and the other will be red. A Multi-
Meter often has multiple testing sockets, according to whether it is
being used to test for resistance, voltage, or amperage (current).
Usually the right sockets to test for resistance are labeled "COM" (for
common) and one labeled with the Greek letter omega, which is the
symbol for "ohm."
Plug the black lead into the socket labeled "COM" and the red lead into
the socket labeled "ohm".
Turn on the Multi-Meter and select the best testing range. The
resistance of a component can range from less than one ohm to Gig
ohms (1,000,000,000 ohms). In order to get an accurate reading of
resistance you must set the Multi-Meter to the proper range for your
component. If you have a general idea of the range of resistance
just set it to that range. If you’re unsure, you can determine the
range through trial and error.
Setting the range:

1. If you don’t know the range, start with the middle range setting,
usually 20 kilo-ohms (k-Ω).
2. Touch the leads of the ohmmeter then turn the 0ΩAdz knob (zero
ohms’ adjustment knob) until the pointer points to 0Ω.
3. Touch one lead to the end of your component and the other lead
to the opposite end.
4. The needle will swing across the screen and stop in a specific
spot. Multiply the reading on the screen by the range
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(multiplier). The product is the resistance of the component.
5. If the needle swings all the way to the top of the range (the left
side), you will need to increase the range setting, zero out the
Multi-Meter, and try again.
6. If the needle swings all the way to the bottom of the range (the
right side), you will need to decrease the range setting, zero out
the Multi-Meter, and try again.
7. Repeat step number 2 until you get the resistance reading in
step number 4.
Note:
The resistance range on a Multi-Meter goes from right to left. The
right side is zero and the left side goes up to infinity. There are
multiple scales on an analog Multi-Meter so be sure to look at the
scaled labeled with a Ω that goes from right to left. As the scale goes
up, the higher values are clustered closer together. Setting the
correct range is crucial to being able to get an accurate reading for
your component.
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5. Read the resistance. Once you have touched the leads to the
component, the needle will settle somewhere in between the top and
bottom of the scale. Check to make sure you are looking at the ohm
scale and record the value where the needle is pointing to. This is the
resistance of your component. For example, if you had set the range
to 10 Ω and the needle stopped at 9, the resistance of your
component is 9 ohms. If the resistance reading is outside of the
resistance range (determine by the tolerance)
6. Set the voltage to a high range. When you are finished using the
Multi-meter, you want to make sure it is properly stored. Setting the
voltage to a high range before turning it off ensures that it won’t be
damaged the next time it is used if someone doesn’t remember to set
the range first. Turn off the Multi-Meter and unplug the leads for
storage.
Ensuring a Good Test
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1. Test resistance on components not in a circuit. Measuring
resistance on a component in a circuit will cause inaccurate readings
because the Multi-Meter is also measuring resistance from the other
components in a circuit as well as the one being tested. Sometimes,
however, it is necessary to test resistance on components in circuit.
2. Test only components that are powered off. Current flowing

through a circuit
will cause inaccurate readings, as the increased current will create a

higher resistance. Also, the additional voltage could damage the
Multi-meter. (For this reason, testing the resistance of a battery is not
advised.) Any capacitors in a circuit being tested for resistance should
be discharged before testing. Discharged capacitors may absorb
charge from the Multi-Meter's current, creating momentary
fluctuations in the reading
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3. Check for diodes in the circuit. Diodes conduct electricity in only 1
direction; thus, reversing the position of the Multi-Meter's probes in a
circuit with diodes will cause different readings
4. Watch your fingers. Some resistors or components need to be

held in place to maintain contact with the Multi-Meter's probes.
Touching the resistor or the probe with your fingers can cause
inaccurate readings due to your body absorbing current from the
circuit. This is not a significant problem when using a low-voltage
Multi-Meter and in low resistance resistor, but it can be a
problem when testing resistance with a high-voltage Multi-m-
Meter and a high resistance resistor. One way to keep your hands
off components is to attach them to a testing board, or
"breadboard" when testing for resistance. You can also attach
alligator clips to the Multi-Meter probes to keep the terminals of
the resistor or component in place while testing.
Potentiometers
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To test a potentiometer, (pot), or a variable resistor, connect the
component to the probes of a meter set to ohms and turn the shaft.
A “noisy” pot can be repaired using a special spray.
How to test an LDR?

The resistance of an LDR varies according to the light falling on it.
At bright light, the LDR resistance will be around 500 Ohms and at
darkness the resistance will be around 200K. For a proper diagnosis
we need to measure the resistance of the LDR at bright light and at
darkness.
Test 1.
Keep the Multi-Meter at Ohms mode. The LDR must be subjected to
a bright light source (day light is enough). Connect the LDR leads to
the Multi-Meter terminals as shown in the figure. Now the Multi-
Meter will show a low resistance reading around 500 Ohms.
Test 2.
Keep the Multi-Meter at Ohms mode. The LDR must be subjected to
darkness by covering it with an opaque paper. Connect the LDR
leads to the Multi-Meter terminals as shown in the figure. Now the
Multi-Meter will show a high resistance reading around 200K.
If both of the above tests are positive,

then we can conclude that the LDR is healthy
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HOW TO TEST A CAPACITOR?
Five Methods:
1. Using a Digital Multi-Meter with Capacitance Setting
2. Using a Digital Multi-Meter Without Capacitance Setting
3. Using an Analog Multi-Meter
4. Testing a Capacitor with a Voltmeter
5. Shorting the Capacitor Terminal
Capacitors come in 2 main types: Polarized (like electrolytic, and

tantalum), which are used with vacuum tube and transistor power
supplies, and non– polarized (like Mylar, ceramic, and polyester),
which are used to regulate direct current surges. Electrolytic
capacitors can fail by discharging too much current or by running
out of electrolyte and being unable to hold a charge. Non-Polarized
capacitors most often fail by leaking their stored charge. There are
several ways to test a capacitor to see if it still functions as it
should.
Method 1 Using a Digital Multi-Meter with Capacitance Setting.
Steps:
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1. Disconnect the capacitor from the circuit it is part of.
Image titled Test a Capacitor Step 1
2. Read the capacitance value on the outside of the capacitor. The

unit for capacitance is the farad, which is abbreviated with a
capital “F.” You may also see the Greek letter mu (µ), which looks
like a lowercase “u” with a tail in front of it. (Because the farad is
a large unit, most capacitors measure capacitance in
microfarads; a microfarad is a millionth of a farad.)
3. Set your Multi-Meter to its capacitance setting.
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4. Connect the Multi-Meter leads to the capacitor terminals.

Connect the positive (red) Multi-Meter lead to the capacitor
anode lead and the negative (black) lead to the capacitor cathode
lead. (On most capacitors, especially electrolytic capacitors, the
anode lead is longer than the cathode lead.)
Test a Capacitor Step 4
5. Check the Multi-Meter reading. If the capacitance reading on the

Multi-Meter is close to the value printed on the capacitor itself, the
capacitor is good. If it’s significantly less than the value printed on
the capacitor, or, zero, the capacitor is dead.
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Method 2. Using a Digital Multi-Meter Without Capacitance Setting
1. Disconnect the capacitor from its circuit.
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2. Set your Multi-Meter to its resistance setting. This setting may
be marked with the word “OHM” (the unit for resistance) or the Greek letter
omega (Ω), the abbreviation for ohm. •If your unit has an adjustable
resistance range, set the range to 1000 ohm = 1K or higher
3. Connect the Multi-Meter leads to the capacitor terminals. Again,

connect the red lead to the positive (longer) terminal and the
black lead to the negative (shorter) terminal.
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1. Observe the Multi-Meter reading. Write down the initial
resistance value, if you wish. The value should soon revert to
what it was before you connected the leads.
2. Reconnect the capacitor several times. You should see the same
results as on the first test. If you do, the capacitor is good. If,
however, the resistance value does not change on any of the
tests, the capacitor is dead.
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Method 3: Using an Analog Multi-Meter
2. Set your Multi-Meter to its resistance setting. As with the digital

Multi-Meter, it may be marked “OHM” or with an omega (Ω).
3. Connect the Multi-Meter leads to the capacitor terminals. Red

lead to positive (longer) terminal, black lead to negative (shorter)
terminal.
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4. Observe the results. Analog Multi-Meters use a needle to display

their results. How the needle behaves determines whether or not
the capacitor is good.
a. If the needle initially shows a low resistance value, then
gradually
moves to the right, the capacitor is good.
b. If the needle shows a low resistance value and doesn’t move,
the capacitor has been shorted out. You’ll need to replace it.
c. If the needle shows no resistance value and doesn’t move or a
high value and doesn’t move, the capacitor is an open
capacitor (dead).
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Method 4 Testing a Capacitor with a Voltmeter
1. Disconnect the capacitor from its circuit. You may, if you wish,
disconnect only 1 of the 2 leads from the circuit.
2. Check the capacitor’s voltage rating. This information should

be printed on the outside of the capacitor as well. Look for a
number followed by a capital “V,” the symbol for “volt.”
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1. Charge the capacitor with a known voltage less than, but close
to, its rated voltage. For a 25V capacitor, you could use a voltage
of 9 volts, while for a 600V capacitor; you should use a voltage of
at least 400 volts. Let the capacitor charge for a few seconds. Be
sure to connect the positive (red) lead from the voltage source to
the positive (longer) capacitor terminal and the negative (black)
lead to the negative (shorter) terminal. The greater the
discrepancy between the capacitor’s voltage rating and the
voltage you’re charging it with, the longer it will take to charge.
Generally, the higher voltage of the power supply you have
access to, the higher the voltage ratings of the capacitors you can
test with ease.

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4 Set your voltmeter to read DC voltage (if it’s capable of reading
both AC and DC).
5. Connect the voltmeter leads to the capacitor. Connect the

positive(red) lead to the positive (longer) terminal and the
negative (black) lead to the negative (shorter) terminal.
6. Note the initial voltage reading. This should be close to the voltage
you supplied the capacitor with. If it isn’t, the capacitor is no
good. •The capacitor will discharge its voltage into the voltmeter,
causing its reading to drop back to zero the longer you have the
leads connected. This is normal. Only if the initial reading is
much lower than the expected voltage should you be concerned.
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Method 5: Shorting the Capacitor Terminal
2. Connect leads to the capacitor. Again, connect the positive

(red) lead to the positive (longer) terminal and the negative
(black) lead to the negative terminal.
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3. Connect the leads to a power supply for a short time. You

should leave these connected for no longer than 1 to 4
seconds.
4. Disconnect the leads from the power supply. This is to prevent

damage to the capacitor when you perform the task and to
reduce the likelihood of your getting an electric shock.
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5. Short the capacitor terminals. Be sure to wear insulated gloves

and not to touch anything metal with your hands when you do
this.
6. Look at the spark created when you shorted the terminal. The
possible spark will give you an indication of the capacity of the
capacitor.
 This method will only work with capacitors that can hold
enough energy to produce a spark when shorted.
 This method is not recommended because it only can be used
to determine if the capacitor can hold a charge, capable of
sparking when
shorted, or not. It cannot be used to check if the capacity of
the capacitor is within the specifications.
 Using this method on larger capacitors could result in serious
injury or
even death!
Tips
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 Non-electrolytic capacitors generally are not polarized. When
testing these capacitors, you can connect the leads from the
voltmeter, mustimeter, or power supply to either capacitor
terminal.
 Non-electrolytic capacitors are subdivided by the types of
materials they are made of ceramic, mica, paper, or plastic –
with the plastic capacitors further subdivided by the type of
plastic.
 Capacitors used in heating and air conditioning systems are
subdivided by purpose into 2 types. Run capacitors maintain
constant voltage to the fan motors and compressors in
furnaces, air conditioners, and heat pumps. Start capacitors
are used in units with higher-torque motors in some heat
pumps and air conditioners to provide the extra energy
needed at startup.
Electrolytic capacitors usually have 20% tolerance. It means
that a perfectly good capacitor may differ 20% higher or 20%
lower from its nominal capacity.
This is only a rough test and for complete check -up you need to
verify the capacitor value using a capacitance meter.
HOW TO TEST A RELAY?
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Relays are discrete devices (as opposed to integrated circuits) that
are used to allow a low power logic signal to control a much a higher
power circuit. The relay isolates the high power circuit, helping to
protect the lower power circuit by providing a small electromagnetic
coil for the logic circuit to control. You can learn how to test both
coil and solid-state relays.
Method 1: Getting Started
1. Consult the relay schematic or data sheet. Relays have fairly

standard pin configurations, but it is best to search for the data
sheets to find out more about the number of pins from the
manufacturer, if available. Typically, these will be printed on the
relay. Information on current and voltage ratings, pin
configurations, and other information is sometimes available in
the datasheets will be invaluable in testing, and eliminate most
errors associated with testing. Testing pins randomly without
knowing the pin configuration is possible, but if the relay is
damaged, results may be unpredictable. Some relays, depending
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on their size, may also have this information printed directly on
the body of the relay as well.
2. Do a basic visual inspection of the relay. Many relays have a clear

plastic shell containing the coil and contacts. Visible damage
(melting, blackening, etc.) will help narrow down the issue. Most
modern relays have a LED to tell you if they are in the active
state (ON). If that light is off and you've got control voltage to the
relay or coil terminals (typically A1 [line] and A2 [common]) then
you can safely assume that relay is bad.
3. Disconnect the power source. Any electrical work should be done

with all power sources disconnected, including batteries and line
voltage. Be especially mindful of capacitors in the circuit, as they
can hold a charge for a considerable length of time after
removing the power source. Do not short capacitor terminals to
discharge. It is best to check your local laws before performing
any electrical work, and if you feel unsafe, leave it to the
professionals. Extra low voltage work typically will not fall under
this requirement, but it's still important to be safe.
Method 2 Testing Coil Relays
1. Determine the coil requirements of the relay. The manufacturer's

part number should be listed on the case of the relay. Look up
the applicable data sheet and determine the voltage and current
requirements of the control coil. This also may be printed on the
case of larger relays.
2. Find out if the control coil is diode protected. A diode around the
pole is often used to protect the logic circuitry from damage due
to noise spikes. The diode will be shown on drawings as a
triangle with a bar across one corner of the triangle. The bar will
be connected to the input, or positive connection, of the control
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coil.
Image titled Test a Relay Step 3
3 Assess the contact configuration of the relay. This will also be

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available from the manufacturer's data sheet, or may be printed on
the case of larger relays. Relays may have one or more poles,
indicated in drawings by a single line switch connected to a pin of
the relay. Each pole may have a normally open (NO) and or normally
closed (NC) contact. The drawings will indicate these contacts as
connections with a pin on the relay. The relay drawings will show
each pole as either touching the pin, indicating a NC contact, or not
touching the pin, indicating a NO contact.
4 Test the de-energized condition of the relay contacts. Use a digital

Multi-meter (DMM) to test the resistance between each pole of the
relay and the corresponding NC and NO contacts for that pole. All
NC contacts should read 0 ohms to the corresponding pole. All NO
contacts should read infinite resistance to the corresponding pole.
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5 Energize the relay. Use in independent voltage source appropriate for

the rating of the relay coil. If the relay coil is diode protected, make
sure that the independent voltage source is connected with the
proper polarity. Listen for a click when the relay is energized.
6 Check the energized condition of the relay contacts. Use a digital

Multi-Meter (DMM) to test the resistance between each pole of the
relay and the corresponding NC and NO contacts for that pole. All
NC contacts should read infinite resistance to the corresponding
pole. All NO contacts should read 0 ohms to the corresponding pole.
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Method 3: Testing Solid-State Relays

Use an ohmmeter to check solid-state relays. When solid-state relays
start to short, they will almost always fail. Solid-state relays should be
checked with an ohmmeter across the normally open (N.O.)
terminals when control power is off. The relays should be open,
switched to OL, and closed (0.2, the internal resistance of the
ohmmeter) when control power is applied.
Use a multi-meter in diode-test mode to confirm your findings. You can

further confirm that the relay is bad by taking a multi-meter, put it in
diode test and checking across A1(+) and A2(-). The meter will apply a
small voltage to make the semiconductor conduct and read that voltage
on the screen. This will check the (typically NPN) transistor from the
base
(P) to the... emitter. •If it’s bad, the meter will read 0 or OL, but if the
relay is good it will read 0.7 for a silicon transistor (which almost all of
them are) or 0.5 for a germanium transistor (which are relatively rare
but not unheard of).
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HOW TO TEST A TRANSFORMER?
Transformers are passive electromechanical components that operate on

the principle that every electrical field generates a magnetic field, and every
magnetic field generates an electrical field. This allows the isolation of 2
electrical circuits by having the first electrical circuit create a non-
electrically conductive magnetic field. The second electrical circuit then
recovers the energy from the generated magnetic field. Use these tips to
learn how to test a transformer
Image titled Test a Transformer Step 1
1 Inspect the transformer visually. Overheating, which causes the

internal wiring of the transformer to run at elevated temperatures,
is a common cause of transformer failure. If the transformer
exterior is bulged or shows what appear to be burn marks, don't
test the transformer.
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2 Determine the wiring of the transformer. The transformer should

be clearly labeled. However, it is always best to obtain a schematic
of the circuit containing the transformer to determine how the
transformer is connected. The schematic for the circuit will be
available in the product documentation or on the website of the
circuit manufacturer.
3. Identify the transformer inputs and outputs. The first electrical

circuit, which is generating the magnetic field, will be connected
to the primary of the transformer. The voltage being supplied to
the primary should be on both the transformer label and the
schematic. The second circuit that is receiving power from the
magnetic field will be connected to the secondary of the
transformer. The voltage being generated by the secondary
should be on both the transformer label and the schematic.
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4. Determine the output filtering. It is common to attach capacitors and

diodes to the transformer secondary to shape the AC power from
the output into DC power. This filtering and shaping will not be available
from the transformer label. The filtering and shaping will be shown on the
schematic.
5. Prepare to measure circuit voltages. Remove covers and panels as

necessary to gain access to the circuits that contain the
transformer. Acquire a digital Multi-Meter (DMM) to take the
voltage readings. DMMs are available at electrical supply stores
and hobby shops.
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6. Confirm proper input to the transformer. Apply power to the circuitry.

Use the DMM in AC mode to measure the transformer primary. If the
measurement is less than 80 percent of the expected voltage, the
fault could lie in either the transformer or the circuitry providing the
primary with power. In this case, the primary must be separated from
the input circuit. If the input power (not the disconnected
transformer primary) climbs to the expected value, then the primary
of the transformer is bad. If the input power does not climb to the
expected value, then the problem lies not with the transformer, but
with the input circuitry.
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Measure the secondary output of the transformer. If you have

determined that there is no filtering or shaping being performed by the
secondary circuitry, use the AC mode of the DMM. If there is filtering
and shaping in the secondary circuitry, use the DC scale of the DMM. If
the expected voltage is not present on the secondary, either the
transformer or a filtering or shaping component is bad. Test the filtering
and shaping components separately. If the testing of the filtering and
shaping components shows no problems, then the transformer is bad
Note:
 Do not assume that the primary side and secondary side of the
transformer are referenced to the same electrical ground. The
transformer primary and secondary are frequently referenced to
different grounds. Be aware of this split grounding while taking
measurements.
 A buzzing or cracking sound is frequently an early sign that a
transformer is about to develop a burn.
Coils
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Coils can be tested in the same way as transformers – through their
resistance. All principles remain the same as with transformers.
Infinite resistance means an open winding
Speakers and headphones
When testing speakers, their voice-coil can be between 1.5 up to 32

Ohms. The value marked on the speaker is an impedance value and
the actual DC resistance will be lower. When measuring a speaker
with an analog meter, you should hear a click when the probes are
connected.
HOW TO TEST A SILICON DIODE WITH A MULTI-METER?
Three Methods:
1. Using the Diode Check Function
2. Testing Diode Resistance
3. Miscellaneous Tests
A diode blocks current from flowing in one direction, while allowing it to

pass through when the polarity reverses. You can use any Multi-Meter
to test whether it is functional, but a digital Multi-Meter with a diode
check function will give best results. Most modern diodes are made from
silicon, but this reliable design can still break down when exposed to
too much power.
Method1: Using the Diode Check Function
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1. Check for a diode check mode. Most digital Multi-Meters have a
diode check mode. To enable this mode, turn the dial to the
symbol for "diode:" a black arrow pointing to a vertical line. If
your Multi-Meter does not have this mode, test resistance
instead.
2. Shut off power to the circuit. Turn off all power to the circuit. Test
voltage across the diode to confirm there is no charge. If the
voltage reading is zero, continue to the next step.
 If the power is off but there is still voltage, you may need
to
discharge capacitors in the circuit. This is highly
dangerous and should not be attempted by novices.
 If the diode is connected to other components in parallel,
your may
need to remove the diode from the circuit completely.
This usually requires disordering, then soldering it back
once you're done testing.
3. Select the diode check function. Turn the dial back to diode
check mode. Confirm that the black (negative) lead is plugged
into the port marked COM, and the red (positive) lead is plugged
into the port marked V, Ω, and/or R. Touch the leads together
and listen for a tone that indicates continuity. If you do not hear
anything, double check that your Multi-meter is on and set up
correctly. If you do hear a tone, the function is working.
Continue to the next step. This mode produces a current in order to
measure the diode's voltage, but this current is too small to damage
any typical component.
4. Identify the positive and negative sides of the diode. The two
ends of the diode have opposite polarity. The cathode, or negative
end, is usually marked with a stripe. The anode, or positive end,
is usually left unmarked. If your diode uses a different labeling
system, look up the manufacturer's guide. Alternatively, conduct
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the tests and examine the results to determine which the cathode
is.
5.Test the forward bias of the diode. A forward-biased diode has a

positive charge flowing from the anode to the cathode. Touch the
red (positive) lead to the wire on the anode side, and the black
(negative lead) to the wire on the cathode side. Interpret the
results: A result between about 0.5-0.8 volts means the diode is
working. Some Multi-Meters will also beep to indicate continuity.
 A result of OL (overload) means the diode is opened,

blocking all current flow. This diode needs to be
replaced, but check the next test first. You may have
hooked up your Multi-meter in the wrong direction.
 A result of 0.4 volts or less means the diode may be
shorted. Confirm this with the next test.
6.Test the reverse bias. A reverse-biased diode has a positive charge

on the cathode side and a more negative charge at the anode. Diodes
are designed to prevent current flowing in this direction. To test
whether this is working, just switch the position of the leads. The red
(positive) lead should be next to the striped cathode, and the black
(negative) lead should be next to the anode. Read the Multi-Meter
display: A result of OL (overload) means the diode is successfully
blocking the current.
 A result of 0.5 to 0.8 volts means you've made a

mistake. You are actually testing the forward bias.
(The previous test you did should have a result of OL.)
 If the forward-biased result was 0.4 volts or less, and
this test gives the same result, the diode is shorted
and needs replacement.
 If the forward-biased result was 0.4 volts or less, but
this test is successful (OL), you may be working with a
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germanium diode, not a silicon one.
Method 2: Testing Diode Resistance
1. Use this method when necessary. This method of testing diodes is

less accurate than the diode check function. Follow these
instructions if you have an analog Multi-meter, or if using a
digital Multi-Meter without a diode check function.
2. Set your Multi-Meter to resistance mode. Turn the dial to
resistance mode, usually marked with the ohm symbol Ω. On
some older models, this may be labeled R. Choose a low range,
such as 2KΩ or 20KΩ. Some digital Multi-Meters are auto-
ranging, and will only have one Ω setting.
3. Plug in the leads. Plug the negative lead into the COM port. Plug
the positive lead into the port labeled Ω or R. On almost all
digital Multi-meters, the red lead is positive and the black lead is
negative. An analog Multi-meter may use the red or the black
lead as the positive lead. Check your manual to find out which
setup your Multi-meter uses in resistance mode.
4. Disconnect the diode. A resistance test can give faulty results if the
diode is connected to a circuit. Disorder the diode from the circuit for
independent testing.
5. Measure the forward bias. Touch the negative lead to the cathode
(the negative end of the diode, marked with a stripe). Touch the
positive lead to the anode. A working diode should have a low
resistance value in this direction (usually below 1KΩ). If the
result is 0, try lowering the resistance range on your Multi-meter
dial. If the result is still 0, your diode may have broken down.
The remaining tests can confirm this or rule it out. The exact
quantity displayed has no useful meaning for circuit design, as it
is influenced by multiple factors. You may get a different result
on a second Multi-meter, but it should still be in the same low
range.
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6. Measure the reverse bias. Set your Multi-meter to a high
resistance range, 200KΩ or higher. Reverse the position of the
leads, so the negative lead touches the anode. Since diodes are
designed to block current in this direction, the resistance should
be very high. Most working silicon diodes should display a
resistance in the hundreds of KΩ, or an overload reading (OL)
meaning it is too high to measure. A result of 0 means the diode
needs to be replaced. No matter what the results are, the diode is
broken if you get similar results in the forward and reverse
direction.
7. Compare to a working diode. For best results, test a new silicon
diode or a silicon diode you know is working correctly. If you get
similar results, the diode is most likely functional. If you still
encounter issues with your circuit, consider buying a m
Multi-meter with a diode check function for a more accurate test.
If your forward-bias result is 0 for both diodes, then your digital
Multi-meter most likely isn't producing enough current for an
accurate test. Try again with an analog Multi-meter.
Method 3: Testing ordinary diode using analog Multi-meter.
To check an ordinary Silicon diode using an analogue Multi-meter,

put the Multi-meter selector switch in a low resistance position (say
1K). Connect the positive lead of Multi-meter to anode of the diode
and negative lead of Multi-meter to cathode of the diode. If meter
shows a low resistance reading, we can assume that the diode is
healthy. This is the test for checking forward biased mode of the
diode.
Now put the Multi-meter selector switch in a high resistance

position (say 100 K). Connect the positive lead of Multi-meter to
cathode of the diode and negative lead to anode of the diode. If the
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meter shows an infinite reading, we can assume that the diode is
healthy. This is the test for checking the reverse blocking mode of
the diode. The meter shows infinite or very high resistance reading
because a reverse biased diode has a very high resistance (usually
in the range of hundreds of K Ohms).
Testing Zener diode.
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The forward characteristics of a Zener diode is similar to an
ordinary diode. So the methods used for testing forward conducting
mode of any ordinary diode is applicable to the Zener diode too. But
in reverse mode, the reverse breakdown voltage has great
significance and it has to be specifically tested. For example, a 5.3 V
Zener diode must start conducting only when the applied reverse
voltage just exceeds 5.3 V. The reverse bias mode of Zener diode can
be easily tested by using the circuit given below. The resistance R1
can be typically 100 Ohms. The Multi-meter must be in voltage
mode. Now slowly increase the output of variable power supply and
at the same time observe the voltage shown in the Multi-meter. The
Multi-meter display increases along with the increase in power
supply voltage until the breakdown voltage. Beyond that the Multi-
meter reading stays put despite of the power supply voltage. This is
because the Zener diode is now in breakdown region and the voltage
across it will remain constant irrespective of the increase in supply
voltage and this constant voltage will be equal to the breakdown
voltage. If the reading of Multi-meter in this instant is equal to the
breakdown voltage specified by the manufacturer, we can assume
that the Zener diode is healthy.
While carrying out this test, remember not to exceed the input
excitation voltage to a point that forces the Zener diode to dissipate
more power than it can safely handle. Typically, current through the
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diode should not be allowed to exceed more than 10mA.
HOW TO TEST A TRANSISTOR?
Four Methods:
1 Understanding Transistors
2 Setting Up the Multi-meter
3 Testing When You Know the Base, Emitter and Collector
4 Testing When You Don't Know the Base, Emitter and Collector
A transistor is a semiconductor that allows current to flow through

it under certain conditions, and cuts current off when other
conditions are present. Transistors are commonly used as either a
switch or a current amplifier. You can test a transistor with a Multi-
meter that has a diode test function.
Method 1: Understanding Transistors
1 A transistor is basically 2 diodes that share one end. The shared

end is called the base and the other 2 ends are called the emitter
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and collector. The collector accepts an input current from the
circuit, but it can't send the current through the transistor until
allowed to by the base. The emitter sends a current out into the
circuit, but only if the base allows the collector to pass the
current through the transistor to the emitter. The base acts like a
gate. When a small current is applied to the base, the gate opens
and a large current can flow from the collector to the emitter.
2 Transistors may operate by junctions or field effects, but both
come in two basic types. An NPN transistor uses a positive
semiconductor material (P- type) for the base and negative
semiconductor material (N-type) for the collector and emitter. On
a circuit diagram, an NPN transistor shows an emitter with the
arrow pointing out ("Never Points IN" aids remembering).
A PNP transistor uses an N-type material for the base and P-type
material for the emitter and collector. The PNP transistor show an
emitter with the arrow pointing in ("Points in Permanently" is the
memorizer).
Method 2: Setting Up the Multi-meter
1. Insert the probes into the Multi-meter. The black probe goes into the
common terminal and the red probe goes into the terminal marked for
testing diodes
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Image titled Test a Transistor Step 2
2. Turn the selector knob to the diode test function.

3 Replace the probe tips with alligator clamps.
Method 3: Testing When You Know the Base, Emitter and Collector
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1. Determine which leads are the base, emitter and collector.

The leads are round or flat wires extending from the
bottom of the transistor. They may be labeled on some
transistors or you may be able to determine which lead is
the base by studying the circuit diagram.
2. Clamp the black probe to the base of the transistor

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3. Touch the red probe to the emitter. Read the display on the
Multi-meter and note whether the resistance is high or low.
4. Move the red probe to the collector. The display should give
the same reading as when you touched the probe to the
emitter.
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5. Remove the black probe and clamp the red probe to the base.
6. Touch the black probe to the emitter and collector. Compare
the reading on the Multi-meter's display to the readings you
got previously. •If the previous readings were both high and
the current readings are both low, the transistor is good.
If the previous readings were both low and the current

readings are both high, the transistor is good.
 If both readings you receive with the red probe are not the
same, both readings with the black probe are not the same, or
the readings don't change when switching probes, the
transistor is bad.
Method 4: Testing When You Don't Know the Base, Emitter and
Collector
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1. Clamp the black probe to 1 of the leads of the transistor.
 If the display shows high resistance when each of the

leads are touched, you have found the base (and you
have a good NPN
transistor).
 If the display shows 2 different readings for the other 2
leads, clamp the black probe to another lead and repeat
the test.
 After clamping the black probe to each of the 3 leads, if you
don't get the same high resistance reading when touching the
other 2 leads with
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the red probe, you either have a bad transistor or a PNP
transistor.
2. Remove the black probe and clamp the red probe to 1 of the
leads. Touch the black probe to each of the other 2 leads.
 If the display shows high resistance when each of the leads are
touched, you have found the base (and you have a
good PNP transistor).
 If the display shows 2 different readings for the other 2 leads,
clamp
the red probe to another lead and repeat the test.
 After clamping the red probe to each of the 3 leads, if you
don't get the same high resistance reading when touching the
other 2 leads with the black probe, you have a bad PNP
transistor.
Introduction to Conductivity probe
Conductivity tester is a simple, but very important instrument,

which is able to test for faults many components like: diodes,
transistors, coils, transformers, speakers and headphones,
capacitors, switches, jumpers, cables and many other different
electronic components. This method is a lot faster and
straightforward than it is using some “off the shelf” instrument. The
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circuit uses a 1.5V battery for supply, but it is possible to plug this
instrument on any battery between 1.5V and 9V. Current flowing
through the component that is being tested is lower than I=V/R,
where V is the voltage of the supply battery, and R is the resistance
of the resistor in the base circuit. In the circuit, the values are V=1,5
V and R=47 kW, which means that current flow is I=32 micro
amperes, which is very low, so tested component is safe from harm
from this device.
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Printed board, battery and the speaker are placed in a small box.
Miniature speaker is fixed to the upper pane of the box using two
wood screws. It is connected to the circuit board using two threaded
isolated wires. Same wires are used for all other connections as well.
Battery holder for 9V batteries would simplify the process of

changing the battery. Probes are cheap components and come in
various shapes and sizes with various purposes in mind. Red probe
is connected to point A and black probe is connected to point B.
Give your new instrument the initial self-test by connecting the
probe tips together. If sound is heard from the speaker, everything is
fine and ready for work.
FET testing is done in similar fashion as testing the bipolar transistors,

which is shown on below
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One principle that is applicable when testing the photo resistors, photo
transistors and diodes is NL-NM (or, No Light – No Music). Probe A is
connected to the collector of the transistor, or diode’s anode or one side
of the photo resistor, and the other one is connected to transistor’s
emitter or diode’s cathode or the other resistor’s side and some kind of
sound should be heard from the speaker.
If this continues when the component is shadowed using your palm,

everything is in functional order. We displayed graphically the method of
testing photo sensitive components.
Many other components may be tested using this instrument. Base rule
is: if component is intended to conduct electricity, sound will be heard.
This is the case with resistors, coils, transformers, fuses, closed
switches. If component doesn’t conduct electricity, like capacitors, or
open switches, or two copper wires on the circuit board which shouldn’t
be connected, then music would have not been heard.
When testing different resistors, it is apparent that different resistance

values give different output sound. So with some experience using this
instrument on various resistors it will be possible to tell the resistance
of the resistor in question from only the generated sound. This may be
easier and more accurately done using regular ohmmeter on your
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Multi-meter, but your nerd
level will certainly raise sky high if you are able to tell resistor’s value
from bare sound.
Components which have coils in them, like different electro motors,

headphones, speakers, transformers and such conduct electricity, so
absence of sound while testing tells of some coil connection failure. With
transformers with several secondary coils there is a possibility to find
beginning and the end of each of them. And from the sound frequency
one is possible to tell which coil is primary and which is secondary.
Functional capacitor will generate no sound.
Testing a UJT
Unijunction transistor can be easily tested by using a digital Multi-

meter. The three steps for testing the health of a UJT are as follows.
1. Measuring the resistance between B1 and B2 terminals.
Set your digital Multi--=meter in resistance mode. Connect the positive

lead o Multi-meter to the B1 terminal and negative lead to the B2
terminal. The Multi-meter will show a high resistance (around 4 to 10K).
Now connect the positive lead to B2 terminal and negative lead to B1
terminal. Again the Multi-meter will show a high resistance (around 4 to
10K). Also both the readings will be almost same.
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2. Reverse biasing the emitter junction.
Set the digital Multi-meter in resistance mode. Connect negative

lead of the Multi-meter to the emitter and positive lead to the B1.
The Multi-meter will show a high resistance (around 100KΩ). Now
connect the negative lead once again to the emitter and positive lead
to B2. Again the meter will show a high resistance. In both cases the
reading will be almost same. This test is almost like reverse biasing
a diode.
3. Forward biasing the emitter junction.
Set the digital Multi-meter in resistance mode. Connect the positive

lead to the emitter and negative lead to B1. The Multi-meter will
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show a low resistance (around few 100 ohms). Now connect the
positive lead once again to the emitter and negative lead to the B2
terminal. Again the Multi-meter will show a low resistance reading
(around few 100 ohms). In both cases the reading will be almost
same. This test is almost like forward biasing a diode.
How to test an SCR?
A Multi-meter can be used to test SCRs quite effectively. The first

procedure is to check the diode action between the gate and cathode
terminals of the SCR. This test is just like what you have done in
the case of testing a silicon diode (see testing a silicon diode).
Now put the Multi-meter selector switch in a high resistance

position. Connect the positive lead of Multi-meter to the anode of
SCR and negative lead to the cathode. The Multi-meter will show an
open circuit. Now reverse the connections and the Multi-meter will
again show an open circuit.
Then connect the anode and gate terminals of the SCR to the
positive lead of multimeter and cathode to the negative lead. The
multimeter will show a low resistance indicating the switch ON of
SCR. Now carefully remove the gate terminal from the anode and
again the mustimeter will show a low resistance reading indicating
the latching condition. Here the mustimeter battery supplies the
holding current for the SCR. If all of the above tests are positive, we
can assume the SCR to be working fine.
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Circuit for testing SCR.
This is another method for testing an SCR. Almost all types of SCR
can be checked using this circuit. The circuit is just a simple
arrangement for demonstrating the basic switching action of an
SCR. Connect the SCR to the circuit as shown in the diagram and
switch S2 ON. The lamp must not glow. Now press the push button
switch S1 ON and you can see the lamp glowing indicating the
switch ON of SCR. The lamp will remain ON even if the push button
S1 is released (indicates the latching). If the above checks are
positive, then we can conclude that the SCR is fine
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How to test a TRIAC?
A multimeter can be used to test the health of a TRIAC. First put

the multimeter selector switch in a high resistance mode (say 100K),
then connect the positive lead of multimeter to the MT1 terminal of
the TRIAC and negative lead to the MT2 terminal of TRIAC (there is
no problem if you reverse the connection). The multimeter will show
a high resistance reading (open circuit). Now put the selector switch
to a low resistance mode, connect the MT1 and gate to positive lead
and MT2 to negative lead. The multimeter will now show a low
resistance reading (indicating the switch ON). If the above tests are
positive, then we can assume that the TRIAC is healthy. Anyway this
test is not applicable to TRIACS that require high gate voltage and
current for triggering.
CIRCUIT FOR TESTING A TRIAC.
This is another approach for testing a TRIAC. Almost all type of TRIACS can be
tested using this circuit. This circuit is nothing but a simple arrangement to
demonstrate the elementary action of a TRIAC. Connect TRIAC to the circuit as
shown in circuit diagram and switch S2 ON. The lamp must not glow. Now
press the push button switch S1. The lamp must glow indicating the switching
ON of TRIAC. When you release the push button, you can see the lamp
extinguishing. If the above tests are positive you can assume that the TRIAC is
healthy
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SELF CHECK 7.2-1
1 What is the range of values of interface (base 1 to base 2)

resistance of a UJT?
2 When an SCR is OFF, the anode to cathode resistance is
3 What is the range of forward resistance between gate–cathode of
an SCR?
4 What multitester range can be used to test a TRIAC?

5 When can we say that a leaking resistor is defective?
6 6If you do not know the value of the resistor, where will you set
the ohmmeter range in measuring the resistor?
7 What is the used of the zero ohms’ adjustment knob in analog
multitester?
8 Using and analog multitester without a capacitor check, how will
you determine a short circuited capacitor?
9 Why should we avoid of touching the terminal of a resistor when
testing?
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10 What is the common defect of a coil?
11 What is the indicator that a speaker is in good working condition?
12 What is an indicator of a grounded transformer?
13 Using an analog multitester, how will you determine that an SCR
is defective?
14 What multitester range will be used in determining a good or
defective capacitor?
15 Using an analog multitester, how will you determine that a diode
is open?
ANSWER TO SELF CHECK 7.2-1
1 4kΩ to 10 kΩ
2 Very high (infinity)
3 Below 1 kΩ 4X 100 kΩ
5 When it is outside of the its minimum and maximum values
6 At the middle range either 10 kΩ or 20 kΩ
7 Set the pointer to zero ohms after every after changing the range.
8 When testing the capacitor, the pointer stays at zero.
9 Because our body will conduct current of charges, which will

change the reading of the in the multitester
10 Open coil
11 When we hear some noise while scratching the speaker

terminals with test probes.
12 When there is a certain connectivity between the core and the wire
13 When the pointer does not deflect while the cathode is

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connected to the black test probe and both the gate and the
anode are connected to the red test probe, with the tester
range set at X1
14 Depends on the size of the capacitor, the larger the capacitor,
the lower will be the ohmmeter range, and vice versa.
15 When the reading is both high resistance in both forward and
reverse
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
TEST COMPONENTS
CONTENTS:
 Procedures in testing electronic components
 Reading skills required to interpret work instruction
 Communication skills
1. Testing methods are applied to ensure that products meet
creative, production and technical requirements
2. Problems and faults detected by testing are recorded and
remedial steps taken in records system is documented
3. Problems and faults detected during testing are
resolved in accordance with agreed project or industry
practice
4. Evaluate final products against the previously determined criteria
5. Testing process is documented and summarized evaluation
report is submitted to relevant personnel
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CONDITIONS:
 Materials
 Passive components
 Active components
 Dynamic components
 Hybrid components
 Tools and equipment
 Variable DC power supply
 Digital VOM
 analog VOM
 dual trace triggered oscilloscope
 function generator
METHODOLOGIES:
 Film Viewing
 On-the-Job Training
 Project Method
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Demonstration and Questioning

 Assessment of Output Product
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LEARNING OUTCOME 3: TEST COMPONENTS

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TASK SHEET 7.3-1
Given the tools, equipment, and materials, the trainee has to draw
the equivalent electronic symbol, label each terminal, and put on
remarks whether it is good or defective.
Component Symbol Remarks

1
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6
10
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Demonstration Checklist
Student name:
Teacher name:
Name of School
Module Title Testing electronic components
Unit of Test electronic components
competency:
Instructions for the facilitator:
1. Observe the trainee’s [insert description of activity being observed].
2. Describe the assessment activity and the date on which it was undertaken.
3. Place a tick in the box to show that the trainee completed each aspect of the
activity to the standard expected in the enterprise.
4. Complete the feedback sections of the form.
Date of observation
Description of assessment
activity
Location of assessment
activity
Yes No
• Did the assesse follow the procedure in preparing testing
tools and equipment
 Did the assesse apply operational health and safety
procedures in preparing testing tools and equipment
 Did the assesse apply the operational health and safety
procedures in testing electronic components
 Did the assesse classify good or defective components.
 Did the assesse perform safe keeping and storage of tools.
Did the assesse overall performance meet the standard?
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Feedback to student:
Teacher signature: Date:
Student’s Signature : Date:
LEARNING OUTCOME 4
EVALUATE THE TESTING PROCESS
1. Testing methods that were successful and those that led to

difficulties are identified based on industry standards
2. Testing process and records system are evaluated based on
standard procedures
3. Test results/findings are documented for subsequent
components testing. Proper storage of instruments is
undertaken according to company procedures.
CONTENTS:
 Testing manual
 Testing procedures and data logging
 Safety precautions in handling testing equipment as
well as the materials.
CONDITIONS:
 Materials
 Tools and equipment
 Checklist of testing procedures
METHODOLOGIES:
 Film Viewing
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 On-the-Job Training
 Project Method
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Demonstration and Questioning

 Assessment of Output Product
LEARNING OUTCOME 4: EVALUATE THE TESTING PROCESS

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INFORMATION SHEET 7.4-1
EVALUATE THE TESTING PROCESS
Evaluation on the process of testing components centered on work

evaluation with regards to preparation and validity of testing
procedures.
Testing Procedure Evaluation Form
INSTRUCTIONS:
This testing evaluation instrument is intended to measure how

satisfactorily your testing procedure was. Rate the testing process
by checking on the corresponding cell of your response.
Use the following rating scales:
5 - Outstanding
4- Very Good/Very Satisfactory
3 – Good/Adequate
2 – Fair/Satisfactory
1 – Poor/Unsatisfactory
Preparation 1 2 3 4 5
1. Does the preparation of tools include safety
precaution on testing equipment?
2. Does preparation of components include safety
precaution on electronic component?
3. Does the preparation of tools and materials
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include operational health and safety for the
technician?
Procedures 1 2 3 4 5
1. Do the procedures of using the tools include
safety precaution on testing equipment?
2. Do procedures of testing the components

include safety precaution on electronic
component?
3. Does the preparation using the tools in testing
the electronic components include operational
health and safety for the technician?
4. Do the procedures really identify the good and
defective components?
5. Practice exercises like Task/Job Sheets are
sufficient to learn required skills
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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING

Module Title : TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

SEAMAN JOB STUDY CENTER INC.

Welcome to the module “TEST ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Computer

The unit of competency “TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS” contains

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

This module is prepared to help you achieve the required

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

MODULE TITLE : TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

NOMINAL DURATION :8 hours

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

LEARNING OUTCOME 1: Determine Criteria for Testing Electronics Components

Perform job sheet 7.1-1, and refer

INFORMATION SHEET 7.1.1

1. Wherever applicable, both fixed and variable types are covered

Accommodation and Testing Environment

Accommodation requirements vary greatly depending on the nature

4. All testing/ measurements which can be influenced by vibration

Measurement Traceability and Calibration

Testing laboratory is required to establish and maintain traceability

SELF CHECK 7.1-1

1 What is required when testing static sensitive devices, high

resistance circuits and instruments?

3 How can we minimize the interference?

4 All testing/ measurements which can be influenced by

vibration should be carried out in a where vibration is

5 The light fittings should be chosen to ensure

at the work bench without glare.

Answer key to SELF CHECK 7.1-1

1 The flooring shall have antistatic covering and test personnel

1. Various testing methods are Identified based on types of

LEARNING OUTCOME 2: PLAN AN APPROACH FOR COMPONENT

INFORMATION SHEET 7.2.1

How to Read an Analog Multi-meters?

Reading the Dial Settings

Image titled Read a Multi-Meter Step 1

1. Test AC or DC voltage. In general, V indicates voltage, a squiggly

 The setting for testing voltage in an AC circuit is typically

Image titled Read a Multi-Meter Step 2

2. Set the multi-meter to measure current. Because current is

3. Find the resistance setting. This is marked by the Greek letter

Image titled Read a Multi-Meter Step 4

5. Understand other symbols. If you're not sure why there are

Image titled Read a Multi-Meters Step 5

Reading an Analog Multi-Meters Result

Image titled Read a Multi-meter’s step 6

1. Find the right scale on an analog multi-meter. Analog multi-

2. Make a voltage scale reading based on your range. Look carefully

Image titled Read a Multi-Meters Step 9

4. Multiply the resistance reading on an analog multi-meter. Look

1. Set the range. Unless you have an auto-ranging Multi-Meter,

Image titled Read a Multi-Meter Step 13

2. Disconnect the power before measuring resistance. Turn off the

Image titled Read a Multi-Meter Step 14

3. Measure current in series. To measure current, you'll need to

Image titled Read a Multi-Meter Step 1

4. Measure voltage in parallel. Voltage is the change in electrical

Image titled Read a Multi-Meter Step 16

5. Calibrate ohms on an analog meter. Analog meters have an

 If there is a mirror behind the needle of your analog Multi-

 If the needle of an analog Multi-Meter points below zero even at