1.

Air enters an ideal nozzle at a pressure of 60 psia with a

temperature of 1340F. The pressure at the nozzle exit is 15 psia.
P1 = P0
Determine the increase of kinetic energy of 1 lb o air produced by
Pc
an isentropic expansion through the nozzle. = 0.5 3  from table (attached)
Po
 Pt = Pc  0.53P1 = 53(60) = 31.8 psia
T1  1340  460  1800
k 1 0.4
A. The nozzle must be convergent-divergent because P2  Pc '
P  k  15  1.4
T2  T1  2   1800    1211R k-1
 1
P  60  P  k 1.4 1
B. Tc = T1  C   1800  0.53  1.4  1501R
KE = Cp  T1 - T2   0.24(1800  1211)  141.4Btu/lb  P1 
Vc = 2gc J Cp (T1 -Tc ) = 223.8 0.24 1800-1501
2. Air enters an ideal nozzle at a pressure of 60 psia with a
Vc = 1896 ft/s
temperature of 1340 F and is isentropically expanded to an exit
RTC 53.3(1501)
pressure of 15 psia. What is the velocity of the air leaving the C. t   = 17.47 ft 3 / lb
nozzle, ft/sec? PC 144  31.8 
  0.50 
2

 At  = 0.001364 ft 2
4 x144
AV  1896  lb
V2  2gc J Cp  T1-T2  = 223.8 141.4 ft/s = 2662 ft/s m' = t t = 0.001364 
t   60  = 8.9 min
 17.47 
k 1 1.4 1

3. Helium , k = 1.66 at a temperature of 130 C is flowing at a local P  k

 15  1.4
D. T2 = T1  2   1800    1211R
speed of 1500 m/s. Determine the following:  P1   60 
A. Local sonic velocity
B. Local Mach number v exit  2g c Cp T2  T1  = 223.8 0.24(1800  1211) = 2661 ft/s
C. Evaluate if the flow is supersonic or subsonic ' RT2 53.3 1211
E. V exit   = 29.88 ft 3 /lb
 P2 144 x15

A. Vs  kRTg2 4m '  4  8.9  29.88 144 

dexit  x144  = 0.553 in.
V   2661 60 
 N.m   kg.m 
 1.66  2080   403K   1 2 
= 1179.6 m/s
 kg.K   N.s 
V 1500 6. The nozzle of a gas turbine receive air at a pressure of 54 psia
B. Nm = = =1.272
Vsound 1179.6 with a temperature of 1480F and discharge to the impulse blades
at a pressure of 18 psia. For a nozzle velocity coefficient of 0.97,
C. Nm > 1.0; thus the local flow is supersonic
calculate the following:
A. The air velocity leaving the nozzle; ft/s
B. The corresponding nozzle efficiency , %
4. Helium has a value of k = 1.66 . For Mach number Nm equal to 1.0 C. The kinetic energy delivered to the turbine blades, Btu/lb
, determine the : 
A. (T/To)

B. (P/P0)
C. (/0) V1  0 and T1  1480  460  1940
k 1 0.40

 P  k  18  1.40
T2 (ideal) = T1  2   1940    1417R
T0   k-1  2    1.66-1  2   1
P  54 
A.  1+
T   2 
Nm   1+   1   1.33 The (Available Energy ) A.E.
   2  
T A.E. = h1- h2 = Cp (T1-T2 ) = 1.24(1940 -1417) = 125.5 Btu/lb
 0.7519
To (A) V2(actual) = Cn 2g c J Cp T1  T2   223.8Cn A.E .
k-1 0.66
P0   k-1  2  k   1.66-1  2  1.66
= 223.8(0.97) 125.5 = 2432 ft/s
B. = 1+   Nm  = 1+   1   2.048
P   2     2   (B) enozzle = Cn  = (0.97)2  94.1%
2

P
 0.4881 (C) KEactual = en  A.E. = 0.941125.5  = 118 Btu/lb
P0
1 1
0   k-1  2  k-1   1.66-1  2  0.66
C.

= 1+   Nm  = 1+  2  1   1.540 7. A converging-diverging nozzle receives steam at a pressure of 380
  2       psia with temperature of 480F and expands it to a pressure of 50
 psia. Assuming the velocity coefficient of 0.98 for the
 0.6494
0 supersaturated throat condition and an overall nozzle efficiency of
92 percent, calculate the following:
5. Air at pressure of 60 psia with a temperature of 1340 deg F is to
A. The actual throat velocity , ft/s
be expanded isentropically to a pressure of 15 psia in an ideal
B. The mass rate of flow for a throat diameter of 0.50 in, lb/min
nozzle. Calculate or determine :
C. The actual kinetic energy available at the nozzle exit , Btu/lb
A. The type of nozzle required ;
D. The actual nozzle exit velocity, ft/sec
B. The critical velocity ; ft/s
E. The required nozzle exit diameter, inches and
C. The mass flow rate of flow for a minimum nozzle diameter of
F. The length of the divergent section of the nozzle, in inches, for
0.50 in., lb/min
an included angle of 12 degrees between nozzle sides.
D. If the nozzle requires divergent section , determine the
maximum exit velocity developed in the nozzle , ft/s and

E. Required exit diameter in inches
 From: Steam table: At P = 380 psia and temperature of 480F.
h1 = 1234.4 Btu/lb

S1 = 1.5220 Btu/lb.R
Pt = Pc = 0.55P1 = 0.55(380) = 209 psia
 sg - s t 1.5427 - 1.5220
st(ideal) = s1 ; m = = = 2.08%
sfg 0.9941
ht(ideal)  hg  mhfg  1199.9   0.0208  840.3  = 1182.4 Btu/lb
(A) Vt = Cn Videal  223.38Cn h1  htideal

= 223.8  0.98  1234.4  1182.4 = 1582 ft/s

cn 
2
(B) enozzle ' =  (0.98)2  0.96
h1 - ht actual = en'  h1 - hideal   0.9604(1234.4  1182.4)
= 49.9Btu/lb
hactual = h1 - 49.9 = 1234.4 - 49.9 = 1184.5 Btu/lb
hg - htactual 1199.9-1184.5
mtactual = = =1.83%
hfg 840.3
actual = g  mtfg  2.194  0.0183  2.176 

= 2.154 ft 3 / lb
0.1964 2
At = ft
144
A V 0.1964(1582)  60 
m' = t t = = 60.1 lb/min
t (144)(2.154)
sg  s2ideal 1.6589  1.5220
(C) s2ideal  s1; m2    10.97%
sfg 1.2476
h2ideal = hg - m2hfg = 1174.4 - 0.1097(92.4) = 1073.0 Btu/lb
KEactual = h1 - h2' = en ( h1  h2 ' ) = 0.92(1234.4-1073) = 148.5 Btu/lb
ft
(D) Vactual = V2 '= 223.8 h1 - h2' = 223.8 148.5 = 2727
2
(E) h2 '= h1- KE = 1234.4 - 148.5 = 1085.9 Btu/lb
hg - h 2 ' 1174.4  1085.9
m2 ' =   9.58%
hfg 924.2
2 '= g  m2 'fg  8.518  0.0958(8.501)  7.704 ft 3 /lb
'
4 M2 4(60.1)(7.704)
dexit   144  = 0.720 in.
V  60    2727 
  r - r
tan   = exit t
2 l
rexit  rt 0.362 - 0.25
l = = 1.05 in.
  0.1051
tan  
2