MEE4006: COMPUTATIONAL

FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)

B.Tech

Sivakumar, R
SMBS, VIT Chennai
 Module-2
Governing Equations of Fluid Dynamics and Heat
Transfer:
Models of Flow – Conservation and Non-conservation
form - Continuity, Momentum and Energy Equation in
conservation and non-conservation form (differential
equations only) - Characteristics of PDE's - elliptic,
parabolic and hyperbolic. (6 hours)
Governing Equations
Governing Equations
 Represent mathematical statements of Conservation
laws of physics
 The mass of a fluid is conserved
 The rate of change of momentum equals the sum of the
forces on a fluid particle (Newton’s second law)
 The rate of change of energy is equal to the sum of the
rate of heat addition to and the rate of work done on a
fluid particle (First law of thermodynamics)
Governing Equations
 Continuity Equation
 Momentum Equation
 Energy Equation
Models of the flow

Conservation form of Non- Conservation form

governing equation of governing equation
Conservation & Non-conservation forms
Conservation Form:
 Forms of governing equations that are directly
obtained from a flow model which is fixed in
space

Non-Conservation Form:
 Forms of governing equations that are directly
obtained from a flow model which is moving
with the flow
Total or Substantive Derivative
 It is physically time rate of change following a moving
fluid element

Convective Derivative –
Local Derivative – physically the time rate of
physically the time rate change due to the movement of
of change at a fixed the fluid element from one
point location to another in the flow
field where the flow properties
are spatially different
Total or Substantive Derivative
 General form
Divergence of Velocity
 It is physically time rate of change of the volume of the
moving fluid element, per unit volume

Moving control volume

Mass Conservation or Continuity
Equation
Continuity Equation – Integral form
Conservation Form
Mass balance for the fluid control volume

Time Rate of decrease of mass = Net rate of flow of mass

inside the control volume out of control volume
through control surface
Continuity Equation – Integral form
Conservation Form
Time rate of decrease of mass inside the control volume is

___ (1)

Elemental mass flow across the area dS is

Finite control
Net rate of flow of mass out of control volume
volume fixed in
space
(2)
Continuity Equation – Integral form
Conservation Form
Equating (1) and (2) leads to

+ =0
Continuity Equation – Integral form
Non-Conservation Form
Total mass of the finite control volume is

The volume integral is taken over the whole moving control

volume

 Mass is conserved principle is applied to the model 

Mass is constant as the control volume moves with the
flow
Continuity Equation – Integral form
Non-Conservation Form

 Finite control volume is made up of an infinite number

of infinitesimally small fluid elements, all with a fixed,
unchanging mass

 All with substantial derivatives of the unchanging

masses = 0

=0
Assumptions in deriving governing equations
 Continuum
 Analysis at macroscopic length scale
 Molecular structure of matter and molecular motions
may be ignored
 Behavior of fluid expressed in terms of macroscopic
properties – Pressure, Velocity, Density, Temperature
and their space and time derivatives
 The values are average over suitably large numbers of
molecules
Assumptions in deriving governing equations
 A Fluid particle or point in a fluid is the smallest possible
element of fluid whose macroscopic properties are not
influenced by individual molecules
 The element under
consideration is so small
that fluid properties at the
faces can be expressed
accurately enough by
means of the first two
terms of a Taylor Series
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Conservation Form
Mass balance for the fluid element

Rate of increase of mass = Net rate of flow of mass

in a fluid element into fluid element

Rate of increase of mass in the fluid element is

(1)
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Conservation Form
Mass flows in and out of the fluid element
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Conservation Form
Net rate of flow of mass flow into the fluid element is

(2)
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Conservation Form
Equating (1) and (2) and divided by the elemental volume
yields

Unsteady Convective term

term

In Vector form,
Unsteady, 3D mass
conservation or
continuity equation
for a compressible
fluid
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Conservation Form
For incompressible fluid,

Unsteady  = constant
Convective term
term

In Vector form, Unsteady/ steady, 3D

mass conservation or
continuity equation
for a incompressible
fluid
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Non-Conservation Form

(1)

 Since mass is conserved, the

time rate of change of the mass
of the fluid element is zero as
the element moves along with
the flow
(2)
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Non-Conservation Form

 Combining equations (1) and (2),

Divergence of Velocity
Different forms of Continuity Equation

Integral form

+ =0 =0

Differential form

Conservation form Non-Conservation form

Continuity Equation
 The PDE and Integral equations in conservation form are
not fundamentally different
 They are different forms of the Continuity Equation
 By doing manipulation, one form can be converted to
another form
 The terms in each equation have slightly different physical
implications
Continuity Equation
Integral form to PDE Form (Conservation Form)
Integral Form

PDE Form
Application of Continuity Equation
 Functional form of the velocity field is somehow known
and also the density distribution  possible to determine
whether mass is conserved or not
 If mass is conserved, the given flow is physically possible

Problem:
 Determine the flow field is physically possible for the given
steady incompressible flow with the velocity field
u(x,y,z) = 2x + y + z v(x,y,z) = -y
w(x,y,z) = -z
More fundamental form of Governing Equation
 Integral form of governing equation is the more
fundamental form of governing equation. Why?
 Integral form allows the presence of discontinuities
present in the flow
 Example: Shock waves where discontinuities are
present
 Differential form of the governing equations assumes the
flow properties are differential and hence continuous
Momentum Equation
Momentum Equation

According to Newton’s second law,

Rate of increase of = Sum of forces on

momentum of fluid particle fluid particle

 Rate of increase of x momentum / unit volume =

 Rate of increase of y momentum / unit volume =

 Rate of increase of z momentum / unit volume =

Momentum Equation
 Forces on the Fluid Particle
Surface Forces + Body Forces

Pressure Viscous
Forces Forces

Gravity Centrifugal Coriolis Electromagnetic

Force Force Force Force

 Contributions due to surface forces – Separate terms in

the momentum equation
 Effects of body forces – Source term
Momentum Equation

Shear stress (related to Normal stress (related

the time rate of change of to the time rate of
the shearing deformation change of volume)
and

Both depend on velocity gradients in the flow

Momentum Equation
 Stress Component in the X - direction

 The usual suffix notation ij is applied to indicate the direction

of the viscous stresses. The suffices i and j in ij indicate that
the stress component acts in the j-direction on a surface
normal to the i-direction
Momentum Equation
 Net force in the x-direction is the sum of the force
components acting in that direction on the fluid
element
 Net force in the x-direction on the pair of faces (E,
W)
Momentum Equation
 Net force in the x-direction on the pair of faces (N, S)

 Net force in the x-direction on the pair of faces (T, B)

Momentum Equation

 The total force per unit volume in the X – direction due

to the surface stresses is

 Rate of increase of X-momentum due to sources is

SMx

 X – component of momentum equation is

Momentum Equation
 X – component of momentum equation is

 Y – component of momentum equation is

 Z – component of momentum equation is

Compressive normal stress: Minus (-) sign for p