CHEMICAL REACTIONS &

BALANCING OF CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS

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CHEMICAL REACTION

Matter can combine or break apart to
produce new types of matter.

When this occurs it is said that matter
has under gone a chemical reaction.

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Chemical Reactions - continued

A chemical reaction is a process
that leads to the transformation of
one set of chemical substances to
another.

Chemical reactions are associated
with chemical change.

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Chemical reactions- continued

Whenever a chemical change
occurs, chemical reaction is said to
takes place.

A chemical change is a permanent
change in which the chemical
composition of the substance
changes.
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Evidence for chemical reactions

If any one of these four things
occur a chemical reaction has
occurred.
* Change in Color.
* Evolution of Gas.
* Change in Temperature.
* Change in State.
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CHEMICAL EQUATION

A chemical equation is a short
scientific representation of a
chemical reaction by using the
Symbols or Formulae of the
substances involved in the reaction.

Chemical equation is the simplest
form of description of a chemical
reaction . vikasana
Representation of chemical
equations

Reactants are written on the left side
and products are written on the right
side.

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* Reactants are the substances
present before the chemical
reaction.
* Products are the substances
formed after the chemical reaction.

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An arrow (→) is placed between
them to show the direction of
reaction.

Coefficients indicates how many

molecules participate in the
reaction.
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Example
Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to
form water.
Coefficients

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Reactants Product
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COMMON SYMBOLS USED
IN CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

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SYMBOLS MEANING
Read plus or and. Used between
+ two formulas to indicate reactants
combined or products formed.
→ Read yields or produces. Used to
separate reactants from products.
Read solid.
(s) Written after the symbol or formula
to indicate that physical state of
the substance is Solid.
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SYMBOLS MEANING
Read liquid. Written after the symbol
(l) or formula to indicate that physical
state of the substance is liquid.
Read gas. Written after the symbol or
(g) formula to indicate that physical state
of the substance is gaseous.
Read aqueous. Written after the
(aq) symbol or formula to indicate that the
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dissolved in water.
Example
Magnesium reacts with oxygen to
form Magnesium Oxide.

2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s)

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Burning of Magnesium ribbon in air

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Symbols used
* The gaseous products are indicated
by writing a vertical arrow mark
pointing upward (↑) after its formula.
* If a precipitate is formed in the
reaction then it is indicated by writing
a vertical arrow mark pointing
downward (↓) after its formula.
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Example

Limestone decomposes on heating
to give Calcium oxide and Carbon
dioxide gas.

CaCO3(s)→ CaO (s) + CO2↑(g)

Reactant Products
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Example

When silver nitrate solution is added
to sodium chloride solution, an
insoluble silver chloride separates
out.
AgNO3(aq)+NaCl(aq)→AgCl↓(s)+NaNO3(aq)
Reactants Products

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 Balanced Chemical Equation

According to the law of conservation
of mass, in a chemical reaction, the
mass of the products equals to the
mass of the reactants.

Total mass must be equal on both
sides of the chemical equation. That
type of equation is known as a
Balanced equation.
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UNBALANCED EQUATION

BALANCED EQUATION

H=2
2H2+O2→2H2O
H=2 O=1
O=2
H=4 H=4
O=2 O=2

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 Balancing of Chemical Equation

The process of equalizing the number of
atoms present in the molecules of
reactants & products is called Balancing
of chemical equation.

Different methods of balancing the
equation:
1. Trial & error method.
2. Oxidation number method.
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Balancing of chemmical equations by
Trial & Error method

Write the unbalanced chemical
equation.

Count the number of atoms of the
elements in the molecules of
reactants and products.
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Start by balancing an element by writing a
suitable number as coefficient of the formula
of molecule, containing that element in
reactants or products.

Once one element is balanced, proceed to
balance other elements with a suitable
coefficient to the formula, until all the
elements are balanced.

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Example 1
Burning of Methane gas in air produce
water and carbon dioxide.

Chemical equation for this reaction is
as follows:
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
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Count up the atoms in the
reactants & products

CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

C=1 C=1
H=4 ≠ H=2
O=2 O=3
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Double the number of water
molecules in the product.
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
C=1 C=1
H=4 H=4
O=2 ≠ O=4
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Balance oxygen atoms by doubling
the number of oxygen molecules in
reactants.
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
C=1 C=1
H=4 = H=4
O=4 O=4
It is a Balanced chemical equation.
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Example 2
Potassium chlorate decomposes on
heating to give potassium chloride
and oxygen.

Chemical equation for this
reaction is:
KClO3 → KCl + O2

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Count up the atoms in the
reactants & products
KClO3 → KCl + O2
K=1 K=1
Cl=1 Cl=1
O=3 ≠ O=2
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Double the KClO3 in the reactant
and triple the oxygen molecule in
the product.

2KClO3 → KCl + 3O2

K=2 K=1
Cl=2 Cl=1
O=6 ≠ O=6
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Double the KCl molecule in the
product.

2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2

K=2 K=2
Cl=2 = Cl=2
O=6 O=6
It is a balanced chemical equation
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Example 3
Zinc reacts with Conc. Sulphuric acid
to form Zinc sulphate and water
liberating sulphur dioxide gas.

Chemical equation for this reaction is:

Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + SO2 ↑+ H2O

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Count up the atoms in the
reactants & products.

Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + SO2+ H2O

Zn=1 Zn=1
H=2 H=2
S=1 ≠ S=2
O=4 O=7

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Write 2H2SO4 on the reactant side

Zn + 2H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + SO2+ H2O

Zn=1 Zn=1
H=4 H=2
S=2 ≠ S=2
O=8 O=7
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Double the water molecules on the
product side

Zn +2H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

Zn=1 Zn=1
H=4 H=4
S=2 = S=2
O=8 O=8
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TYPES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS

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COMBINATION REACTION:

In a combination reaction two or more
substances combine to form new single
substance.
Example: When Aluminium reacts with
Oxygen, Aluminium Oxide is formed.
4Al(s) + 3O2 (g) → 2Al2O3 (s)

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DECOMPOSITION REACTION:

In a decomposition reaction , a single
substance breaks down to give two or
more simpler substances.
Example: Magnesium carbonate
decomposes on heating to give
Magnesum Oxide and Carbon dioxide.
MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2↑(g)
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DISPLACEMENT REACTION:

A reaction in which one element
displaces another element from its
compound.
Example: Zinc displaces copper from
cupric sulphate solution.
Zn(s) +CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu↓(s)

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DOUBLE DISPPLACEMENT REACTION:
A reaction in which two different
atoms or groups of atoms (ions) are
exchanged.
Example: Sodium sulphate solution
reacts with Barium chloride solution to
form a precipitate of Barium sulphate
and sodium chloride.
Na2SO4(aq)+BaCl2(aq)→BaSO4↓(s)+2NaCl(aq)
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REDOX REACTIONS:

A reaction in which oxidation and
reduction takes place simultaneously
OXIDATION: A reaction in which a
substance gains oxygen or loses
hydrogen.
S (s) + O2 (g) → SO2↑(g)
H2S (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g) + S↓(s)

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REDUCTION: A reaction in which
substance gains hydrogen or loses
oxygen .
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl(g)
ZnO(s) + C (s) → Zn (s) + CO↑ (g)

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Examples

Concentrated Sulphuric acid oxidizes
carbon to carbon dioxide, getting
itself reduced to Sulphur dioxide.

2H2SO4 + C → 2SO2 ↑ + CO2 ↑+ 2H2O

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When copper metal is dipped in Silver
nitrate solution, copper gets oxidized to
copper nitrate and silver nitrate gets
reduced to silver.

Cu(s)+2AgNO3(aq)→Cu(NO3)2 (aq)+2Ag↓(s)

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Thank You

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