CS158-2 Activity #6

Instructions:

Research three (3) studies related to Artificial Intelligence (Medicine) and another three (3)
studies related to Artificial Intelligence (Education). For each study, provide answers to the following
items:

 Title
 Author(s)
 ISBN / Reference URL
 Problem
 Procedure
 Conclusion/Findings
 Benefits
 Opinion about the study
Artificial Intelligence Study on Medicine #1

Title: SUN-476 The Human Cell Atlas and Artificial Intelligence: Kidney Medicine in the Digital Age and
Beyond

Author(s): S. Osadolor, K. Solez, I. Moghe

ISBN / Reference URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.02.1019

Problem: The Human Cell Atlas (HCA) Project - Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is now a
clinically viable technology that can differentiate between cells based on active gene transcription that are
morphologically similar but genetically and functionally distinct. Over the last decade, the rapid
advancement of sequencing technologies helps us to sequence millions of cells at a time, opening the door
to assemble genetic libraries of entire organisms using the single-cell method.

Procedure: This study analyzed the latest findings, analyzing different applications of kidney medicine of
modern medical technology. The need for a new Banff Classification of TEP is stimulated by exponentially
improving technologies such as scRNA-seq, and HCA in particular.

Conclusion/Findings: Together, the HCA and the current TEP Banff Classification would increase the
effectiveness of bioengineered organ transplantation and decrease the number of lost grafts.

Benefits: The combination of medical technology and machine learning with high-throughput has
promising results, some of which are already a reality. In order to help build precision therapeutics,
scRNA-seq studies have detected novel cells, linked unique altered gene expression to human illnesses, and
mapped disease progression.

Opinion about the study: A new wave of research has arisen, using techniques such as digital pathology,
gamification, and crowd-sourcing to combine the abilities of medical experts and computer scientists. We
will begin to understand how kidney medicine can develop in the Digital Era and beyond, with the
assistance of the HCA and other related ventures.
Artificial Intelligence Study on Medicine #2

Title: Artificial intelligence: Developments in medicine in the last two years

Author(s): Rezida Maratovna Galimova, Igor Vyacheslavovich Buzaev, Kireev Ayvar Ramilevich, Lev
Khadyevich, Aigul Fazirovna Shaykhulova

ISBN / Reference URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.11.004

Problem: There are some functions of comprehension and reasoning that humans can not accomplish as
perfectly as they like or should be able to. Such activities are closely linked to protection and transparency.

Procedure: Computer analysis of the dataset was carried out in this study. The dataset contains the names of
all the contributors, all the mesh tags, the year, the language, the title and abstract terms. This knowledge
was extracted from tables that used a unique key to connect to a table of abstracts.

Conclusion/Findings: In historically challenging areas of machine learning, deep learning has achieved
breakthroughs, such as near-human-level image detection, near-human-level speech recognition, digital
assistants such as Google Now and Amazon Alexa, near-human-level autonomous driving, enhanced Web
search performance, the ability to answer questions about natural language, and superhuman Go play.

Benefits: In current practice, examples of AI implementation are now open to more individuals than just
experts in mathematics. For more conventional scientists, methods for machine learning are readily
accessible. They were primarily licensed for medical image processing and displayed comparable precision
to human specialists.

Opinion about the study: Transferring a mind from a sick and mortal human body to the upgradable,
connectable, and easy-to-fix computer body by scanning parameters of neurons and synapses and then
replicating them in the AI machine will be the most amazing possible use of AI in medicine.
Artificial Intelligence Study on Medicine #3

Title: Rapid Response Electroencephalograph with Artificial Intelligence for Diagnosing Seizures and
Highly Epileptiform Patterns in Emergency Medicine

Author(s): J. Parvizi, B. Kamousi, S. Karunakaran, J. Quinn, R. Woo

ISBN / Reference URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.09.120

Problem: Testing the efficiency of a newly FDA-cleared machine learning system which produces bedside
warnings for potential epileptic status and tests the burden of seizure activity in real time.

Procedure: A retrospective analysis of electroencephalographs from adult patients (n=353) who underwent
Rapid Response EEG system monitoring was planned. Throughout each recording, they created a machine
learning system for automatic detection of seizure activity and seizure burden. Sensitivity and specificity of
potential epileptic status (seizures> 5 minutes) and measurements of real-time seizure burden were
measured according to the majority opinion of at least 2 specialist neurologists examining the same EEGs.

Conclusion/Findings: Our new algorithm is a valuable method for triaging EEGs in emergency care
settings by incorporating high sensitivity for epileptic status events coupled with a high negative predictive
value for negative incidents. The triage of these critically ill patients will be expedited and their care will be
expedited by confirming cases of non-convulsive subclinical epileptic status cases within minutes of their
arrival in the emergency department and independently of neurologists and EEG technicians.

Benefits: During EEG recordings for the identification of patients with seizures, the sensitivity and
precision of different seizure burden levels were 100 percent and 82 percent for 50 percent seizure burden
and 88 percent and 60 percent for 10 percent seizure burden. The specific exclusion of seizures in cases
suspected of having seizures will help avoid excessive or aggressive over-treatment of such patients.

Opinion about the study: This AI solution is efficient in diagnosing seizures in an early manner that will
benefit the patient in the long run as well as the future patients to come.
Artificial Intelligence Study on Education #1

Title: Artificial intelligence innovation in education: A twenty-year data-driven historical analysis

Author(s): Chong Guan, Jian Mou, Zhiying Jiang

ISBN / Reference URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2020.09.001

Problem: The weakness of AIEd as a research area with single-journal bibliometric analysis is its
representativeness. The problem with a shorter time-based analysis is that it only represents the current
developments in AIEd. Therefore, this thesis believes that a temporary multiple-journal bibliometric
analysis is necessary to compile the evolution of AIEd research over the past two decades.

Procedure: In the present review, through a systematic examination of the literature published in
authoritative journals over the last two decades, we sought to explore the past research themes and
developments in the field of AI and DL applications in education. To retrieve and compile journal papers
on major publishers' databases, including the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), EBSCO,
Emerald, IEEE, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, and Wiley, we use an automated process (web-
scrapping).

Conclusion/Findings: It is important to recognize that EdTech is not only about technology, but also about
education in its pedagogical, cultural, social, economic, ethical and psychological aspects. In this sense,
AIEd research is cross-disciplinary in nature and a paradigm shift in AIEd research may be caused by any
significant development in the above disciplines.

Benefits: The knowledge of the teaching-learning processes may be expanded by learning analytics and
help to improve learning activities. Studies have explored at a macro level how the insights extracted from
big data analytics on pedagogical trends could help inform the design of instruction.

Opinion about the study: Learning analytics allow students to determine their own individual competencies
and thus directly receive help. The 'technology-centric' approach would work effectively, with a stronger
focus on the use of software to solve particular pedagogical issues, such as instructional agents and
personalized learning.
Artificial Intelligence Study on Education #2

Title: Intelligent information processing for language education: The use of artificial intelligence in
language learning apps

Author(s): Marcel Pikhart

ISBN / Reference URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.09.151

Problem: When talking about education, smartphones must be taken into account as part of their existence,
because all their free time is dedicated to these smart devices, educational apps could incorporate any
aspect of learning when using these devices.

Procedure: The study focused on 10 smartphone applications based on both the Android platform and iOS
that are used for learning a foreign language. Based on the number of downloads, they were selected, i.e.,
ten of the most downloaded apps were checked. Some of them have over 100 million downloads and we
can say they will possibly have more than 100 million downloads. There are no exact user numbers
available, so the number of downloads was the primary predictor for evaluating these applications.

Conclusion/Findings: Testing the user on the basis of their progressive growth will be the most critical
feature of AI applied in language apps, i.e., grammar exercises, for example, which would be changed and
replicated until the user can apply the specified rules effectively. The same can be achieved in the learning
of vocabulary, i.e., the new word will be checked in different contexts by the user before they know the use
and context of the given word.

Benefits: A big advantage of AI in mobile apps, perhaps the most important thing is that no human
instructor can process so much data about individual students and the words or grammar required by each
of them.

Opinion about the study: As can be seen in other areas of human life, the potential growth of the use of AI
in mobile apps for learning a foreign language would definitely be very abrupt. It would be very demanding
to introduce AI in them in terms of time and resources, but the advantages are significant in the long run,
both for the consumer and the company providing the AI solution.
Artificial Intelligence Study on Education#3

Title: Vision, challenges, roles and research issues of Artificial Intelligence in Education

Author(s): Gwo-Jen Hwang, Haoran Xie, Benjamin Wah, Dragan Gasevic

ISBN / Reference URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100001

Problem: From the perspective of precision education, which emphasizes the need to provide individual
learners with prevention and intervention practices by analyzing their learning status or behaviors, allowing
learning systems to serve as an intelligent tutor by incorporating the knowledge and intelligence of
experienced teachers into the system's decision-making process is a crucial issue.

Procedure: New appearances and opportunities for applying AI to teaching and learning design have been
generated by the development of emerging computer technologies, such as quantum computing, wearable
devices, robot control, and sensing devices, as well as by the popularity of mobile and 5G wireless
communication technologies. Therefore, several future AIED research questions are posed.

Conclusion/Findings: The growth of AI has taken computer-supported education to a new age. A computer
system may serve as an intelligent teacher, instrument, or tutor by integrating human intelligence, as well as
promoting decision making in educational settings. The incorporation of AI and education would open up
new possibilities for the standard of teaching and learning to be greatly improved.

Benefits: Intelligent systems that assist in evaluation, data collection, improving learning success, and
implementing new techniques will help teachers. In supporting learning outcomes, students may benefit
from smart tutors and asynchronous learning.

Opinion about the study: In addition to transforming education, the incorporation of AI and education is a
transformation of human intelligence, cognition, and cultures as well. As such, in the field of computers
and education, AI in Education is becoming a primary research subject.