Peaucel Perartilla

CS158-2 Activity #5

Instructions:

Answer the following questions in less than 100 words each.

Provide 10 legal issues stated in the article “Legal and human rights issues of AI: Gaps, challenges and vulnerabilities” by Rowena
Rodrigues. For each legal issue, provide answers on the below questions.

Lack of Algorithmic Transparency

1. Artificial Intelligence issue and description
It was stated in the journal that the lack of algorithmic transparency is problematic because some people are being denied on
their jobs, loans and were shifted to no-fly lists with no particular reason. Also, the said algorithm is intentionally poorly
accessible.

2. Why is it considered as an issue and how it impacts AI?

This was considered as an issue as a lot of employees were experiencing this scenario and causes a lot of problems to people.
Also, there are multiple incidents wherein the algorithm transparency creates a barrier between the consumer and the
software itself.

3. How is it currently being addressed?

The lack of algorithmic transparency is being addressed through (a) raising an awareness campaign through the use of
education, watchdogs, and whistleblowers; (b) through asking for accountability in the public sector; (c) oversight and legal
liability regulations; and (d) algorithmic governance for governments throughout the globe.

4. Will it likely to be resolved soon? Or will it be a long-time problem?

I believe that it will take a long-time for this problem to be resolved as the algorithm has its limitations that the developers
have to worked on to.

5. In your own opinion, how the issue can be addressed?

I believe that this issue can be addressed through allowing all its consumers to access the algorithm and give assurance to the
consumer on what was going on in the technology. Also, it is always important to know their opinions regarding this matter
and let them know its downside before letting them use the technology.

Cyber Security Vulnerabilities

1. Artificial Intelligence issue and description
The issue on cyber security vulnerabilities includes the following: (a) errors and fatalities in fully automated decision making,
(b) AI weapons without human meditation; (c) vulnerabilities in normal and national cyber security; (d) network intervention
methods by foreign-deployed AI; and (e) political messages by social media.

2. Why is it considered as an issue and how it impacts AI?

These are considered as an issue since it necessitates sensitive decision-making that jeopardizes management's properties as
well as other software updates.

3. How is it currently being addressed?

This is currently addressed in a way that its solutions here are to have a good security and still takes into account its
limitations in the design process.
4. Will it likely to be resolved soon? Or will it be a long-time problem?
It was stated in the journal that through updating its architecture and execution, this problem can easily be resolved through
following the solutions raised and suggested by the developers.
 5. In your own opinion, how the issue can be addressed?
I believe that through proper design and understanding of the solution, the developers can easily overcome this issue. Since
there are already ways to solve this problem, it is only good to follow this matter and be a better problem for its consumers.

Unfairness, Bias, and Discrimination

1. Artificial Intelligence issue and description
According to the journal, it is stated that it was a major challenge with respect to the use of algorithms and automated
decision-making systems. This issue revolves to the access to education and employment is less likely when there are those
who lack the decency to respect an individual's fundamental right.

2. Why is it considered as an issue and how it impacts AI?

This is considered as an issue since it creates a discrimination between race, color, and gender between people. This removes
their fair rights to have access on the different essential needs.

3. How is it currently being addressed?

It was suggested that the periodic review of data sets which are currently influenced by biased elements to change the
technology in order to compensate for these biases. On the other hand, the goal of the Standard of Algorithmic Bias
Considerations is to provide the community with a new system that prevents unjustified results to its users.

4. Will it likely to be resolved soon? Or will it be a long-time problem?

I believe that this may take a not too long time to accomplish as this kind of problem was not impossible to accomplish. Since
there already proposed solutions regarding this matter, this should be resolved in just a matter of time.

5. In your own opinion, how the issue can be addressed?

In my own opinion, this issue can be addressed by creating a new approach to removes the unbiased system to the program.
This should have a better algorithm that removes the unjustified system it uses and become a friendlier network to its users.

Lack of Contestability
1. Artificial Intelligence issue and description
It was stated in the journal that the lack of contestability is the opacity of the structure to decrease all of its owners’
accountability. It is seen as a concomitant of the rule of law.

2. Why is it considered as an issue and how it impacts AI?

This is considered as an issue because it impedes the rights of a person to pursue an intervention and share their point of view
and challenge a certain decision being made.

3. How is it currently being addressed?

It is currently being address through creating an approach at each level of the Artificial Intelligence system. Through this, the
decisions rights based on automated processing will be safeguarded as its basic requirement.

4. Will it likely to be resolved soon? Or will it be a long-time problem?

I believe that this will be a long time problem as according to the journal, it will be needing a lot of design changes to build a
framework that can offer the specific details for human intervention.

5. In your own opinion, how the issue can be addressed?

I agree on the journal that it is a must to provide users with a better design of the system to optimize the technology’s
functionality and provide data analysis-bases automated processing.

Legal Personhood Issues

1. Artificial Intelligence issue and description
 It is mentioned in the journal that having an Artificial Intelligence as a real person in a community has its own unique
characteristics and consequences. This means that there would be a problem on Artificial Intelligence having a valid and
legal identity.

2. Why is it considered as an issue and how it impacts AI?

This is considered as an issue because it goes beyond the non-biological nature of an AI. Also, they pose a major moral
hazard to people living today.

3. How is it currently being addressed?

It is currently addressed for a legal discussion in an international institution as per the journal.

4. Will it likely to be resolved soon? Or will it be a long-time problem?

I believe that it will be a long-time problem as there are number of measurements and considerations to be done in order to
achieve a capable Artificial Intelligence that has problems with personality.

5. In your own opinion, how the issue can be addressed?

I believe it is only right to do the suggested solution as per the journal as these are considered as legal possibilities to examine
the liability of a technology and accept them as synthetic entities that can hold title as a citizen of a society.

Intellectual Property Issues

1. Artificial Intelligence issue and description
Intellectual property issues are under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and is carried out by the true owner of an
invention and should be the one responsible for its innovation.

2. Why is it considered as an issue and how it impacts AI?

This is considered as an issue because there are many people trying to steal the work of others and claim their inventions as
their own without giving credit to its true owner.

3. How is it currently being addressed?

It is currently being addressed and suggested that the inventors and developers should develop their own identity of their
work or a trademark that will let the people know that it is a property of its owner. Also, there are multiple laws about
stealing the work of someone’s intellectual property.

4. Will it likely to be resolved soon? Or will it be a long-time problem?

I believe that this will not be resolved soon as long as there are people who would always try to steal someone’s work.

5. In your own opinion, how the issue can be addressed?

In my own opinion, I believe that it is only right to propose laws that could jail people stealing the work of others. This
problem will not be resolved as there will always be people trying to steal other’s work of art.

Adverse Effects on Workers

1. Artificial Intelligence issue and description
Adverse effects on workers includes the following: changes in the criteria for potential workers, lower demand for
employees, employment relationships, the emergence of new work systems and new types of jobs, the dismissal of
employees, discrimination in the new job market, the incorporation of untrained employees and the selection of negotiating
components, and difficulties for employee representatives.

2. Why is it considered as an issue and how it impacts AI?

This is considered as an issue as it affects all types of employees and their possible loss of employment due to the rise of
artificial intelligence in different parts of the world.

3. How is it currently being addressed?

 This is currently addressed according to the journal by retraining their employees and helping them adapt to the changing
environment of the world that will help them gain new skills that will help them in the long run.

4. Will it likely to be resolved soon? Or will it be a long-time problem?

I believe that it can be resolved soon due to the stronger and improved system of AI that can help people and also those in the
working industry.

5. In your own opinion, how the issue can be addressed?

I believe that it is only right to help the employees to giving them new opportunities through training that can help them have
their jobs and earn money.

Privacy and Data Protection Issues

1. Artificial Intelligence issue and description
Privacy and data protection issues is about how an AI can access the personal data of a person through informed consent that
could create harm for their client in the future.

2. Why is it considered as an issue and how it impacts AI?

This is considered as an issue because it violates the confidentiality of a person using their technology. This will affect the
person using the AI as his or her information may be leaked to other people.

3. How is it currently being addressed?

This is currently being addressed through the development of a privacy and data security legislation that aims to protect any
personal data breaches in the AI.

4. Will it likely to be resolved soon? Or will it be a long-time problem?

I believe that this can be resolved soon if the lawmakers will make time to prioritize this kind of issue and help those who are
in need in the process.

5. In your own opinion, how the issue can be addressed?

In my own opinion, I believe that this issue can be addressed through strengthening the security of the AI in gaining the
personal data of those individuals under their program.

Liability for Damage

1. Artificial Intelligence issue and description
The liability for damage talks about how an AI creates damage to people and property physically. As an example, AI cars
crashing on the road or a wrong diagnosis of a medical care equipment by an artificial intelligence software.

2. Why is it considered as an issue and how it impacts AI?

This is considered as an issue as it risks the lives and properties of people. This affects all people as most humans today are
using technology or artificial intelligence.

3. How is it currently being addressed?

This is currently addressed by providing a legal responsibility that compensates the victims of the system’s miscalculated
algorithms. The criminal responsibility should be under the developers of the technology.

4. Will it likely to be resolved soon? Or will it be a long-time problem?

I believe that this problem will be resolved soon as long as this will be a priority for the lawmakers.

5. In your own opinion, how the issue can be addressed?

I believe that it is only right to have both legal and criminal liability especially if the Artificial Intelligence has affect the lives
of people using their technology.

Lack of Accountability for Harms

1. Artificial Intelligence issue and description
The lack of accountability for harm states their manufacturers are the ones responsible for its technologies as it should benefit
its consumers and not instill harm to people.

2. Why is it considered as an issue and how it impacts AI?

This is considered as a challenge as all beings should take accountability for each action it does. It was stated in the journal
that lack of accountability causes unresolved problems of causality, fairness, and compensation.

3. How is it currently being addressed?

This is currently being addressed through providing an accountability system that includes the right to clarification, data
security, and transparency protections for all artificial intelligence.

4. Will it likely to be resolved soon? Or will it be a long-time problem?

I believe that this problem can be resolved soon through enhancing the systems of artificial intelligence in a way that it helps
users.

5. In your own opinion, how the issue can be addressed?

In my own opinion, this issue can be addressed through a stronger justification of the framework of Artificial Intelligence.
Through this, this will create to a better program wherein little to no problem would be created.