COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING

MATERIALS

Republic of the Philippines

Mindanao State University
Maigo School of Arts and Trades
Maigo, Lanao del Norte

Prepared by:

WILFREDO D. LANGOMEZ
Trainer / Faculty In-Charge

Sector ELECTRONICS
Qualification ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY AND SERVICING NC II
Unit of Competency Test electronic components
Module Title Testing electronic components

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 HOW TO USE THIS LEARNER’S GUIDE
Welcome to the learner’s guide for the module Test electronic components.
This learner’s guide contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency Test electronic components contains the knowledge, skills and
attitudes required for ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY AND SERVICING TECHNICIAN .
It is one of the Common Competency Modules at National Certificate Level (NC II).

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

complete each learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcomes there
are Information Sheets, Resources Sheet and Reference Materials for further
reading to help you better understand the required activities. Follow these activities
on your own and answer the self-check at the end of each learning outcomes.

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You may have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered on the learner’s
guide because you have:
 Been working for some time.
 Already completed training on this area.

If you can demonstrate to your Instructor that you are competent in a particular skill,
you don’t have to do the same training again. If you feel you have some skills, talk to
your instructor about having them formally recognized. If you gave qualification or
certificates of your competency from previous training, show it to your Instructor. If
the skill you acquired is still relevant to the Module, they may become part of the
evidence you can present to RPL.

At the end of this learner’s guide is a learner diary, use this diary to record important
dates jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in providing
further details to your Instructors or Assessors. A Record of Achievement is also
provided for your Instructor to complete once you have completed the Module.

This Module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency in Using
hand tools. This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and
skills in this particular trade, with minimum supervision or help from your Instructor.
With the aid of this material you will acquire the competency independently and at
your own pace.

 Talk to your Instructor and agree on how you will both organize the Training of
this unit. Read through the learning guide carefully. It is divided into sections,
which cover all the skills, and knowledge you need to successfully complete in
this module.
 Work through all the information to complete the activities in each section.
Read Information Sheets and complete the Self-check. Suggested references
are included to supplement the materials provided in this module.

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  Most probably your Instructor will be your supervision manager. He/she is
there to support you and show you the correct way to do the things. Ask for
help.

 Your Instructor will tell you about the important things you need to consider
when you are completing the activities and it is important that you listen and
take notes.
 You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the
job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This
way you will improve both your speed, memory and also your confidence.
 Talk to more experience workmates and ask for their guidance.
 Use the Self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own
progress.
 When you are ready, ask your Instructor to watch you perform the activities
outline in the learning guide.
 As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your progress.
Your Instructor keeps feedback/ pre-assessment reports for this reason.
When you have successfully completed each element, ask your Instructor to
mark on the reports that you are ready for the assessment.
 When you have completed this module (several modules) and feel confident
that you have had sufficient practice. Your Instructor will arrange an
appointment with registered Assessor to assess you. The results of your
assessment will be recorded in your Competency Achievement Record.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Mindanao State University
Maigo School of Arts and Trades
Maigo, Lanao del Norte
(063) 227- 4433

TESTING ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS

Prepared by

WILFREDO D. LANGOMEZ
Instructor I

Noted by:

NORISSA L. CABUG
Chairperson, DIT

Approved by:

MACABANGKIT P. ATI, DPA

MSUS EVP and Campus Head

Qualification: ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY AND SERVICING NC II

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 UNIT OF COMPETENCY : TestElectronic components
MODULE : Testing Electronic components

Introduction:

This module contains information and suggested learning activities on

Using Hand Tools. It includes instructions and procedure on how to use
hand tools.

This module consists of three (3) learning outcomes. Each learning

outcome contains learning activities supported by instruction sheets. Before
you perform the instructions, read the information sheets and answer the
self-check and activities provided to ascertain to yourself and your
instructor that you have acquired the knowledge necessary to perform the
skill portion of the particular learning outcome.

Upon completing this module, report to your instructor for

assessment to check your achievement of knowledge and skills requirements
of this module. If you pass the assessment, you will be given a certificate of
completion.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Prepare product, tools and workplace for assembly.

2. Solder/Desolder components to the board.
3. Assemble/disassemble boards
4. Test and inspect assembled products

Assessment Criteria:
1. Assembly workplace is prepared in accordance with OH&S policies and
procedures
2. Responsible person is consulted for effective and proper work
coordination
3. Required materials, tools and equipment are prepared and checked in
accordance with established procedures.
4. Parts and materials needed to complete the work are prepared and
obtained according to requirements.
5.Soldering and desoldering processes are performed in accordance with
OH&S policies and procedures.
6. Process is checked according to established standards and requirements
7. Soldered products are checked in accordance with quality standards.
8. Assembling and disassembling processes are performed in accordance
with OH&S policies and procedures.
9.Process is checked according to established standards and requirements.

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 10. Assembled products are checked in accordance with quality standards.
11. Finished products are subjected to final visual inspection and testing in
accordance with quality standards, procedures and requirements.
12.Work completion is documented and responsible person is informed in
accordance with established procedures.
13.Housekeeping procedures are observed in accordance with 5S discipline
and established procedures.

TECHNICAL TERMS

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  Active State - It is a condition of a semiconductor device that is
working.

 Alternating Current - It is an electric current that is continually

varying in value and reversing its direction of flow at regular interval.

 Anode - It is a positive electrode of semiconductor device.

 Biasing Current - It is a current supply needed by the semiconductor

in order to work properly.

 Capacitance - It is a property that exits whenever two conductors are

separated by insulating material, permitting the storage of electricity.

 Capacitor - A component designed intentionally to have a definite

amount of capacitance.

 Cathode - It is a negative electrode of semi-conductor devices.

 Circuit - An arrangement of one or more complete paths of electron

flow.

 Conductor - A wire, cable, or other body or medium that is suitable

for carrying electric current.

 Couple - To connect two circuits so signals are transferred from one

to the other.

 Current - It is the rate of transfer of electricity from one point to

another.

 Cut-off State - It is a condition of a semiconductor device that is not

working.

 DC Milli-Ammeter - It is an instrument that measures the amount of

direct current flow in a component or circuit.

 Desoldering - It is a process of unsoldering unwanted parts or

components in the circuit with the support of soldering tool.

 Dielectric Material - A material that serves as insulator because it

has poor electric conductivity.

 Direct Current - It is an electric current that flows in one direction.

 Discrete Components - It is a separated component.

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  Junction – It is a hybrid of an electronic circuit enclose in single
package that having an output that varies directly proportional to the
input.

 Ohmmeter - It is an instrument that measures the amount of

resistance in certain component or circuits.

 PCB - It is a Printed Circuit Board or (PCB) which is actually printed

wiring boards that have components inserted into the hole and
soldered to form its circuit connection.

 P-type - Positive type

 Quiescent Point - It is the least amount of operating current of semi-

conductor in order to work properly.

 Resistance - It is the opposition that a component or material offers

to the flow current.

 Resistor - A component designed intentionally to have a definite

amount of resistance.

 Soldering - It is a process of joining two metals caused by heat

 Soldering Technique - It is a right process in which the solder (lead)

is being applied in a connection or in the printed circuit board.

 Splicing - It is defined as a joint that connect two lengths of

conductor.

 Voltage - It is the electrical pressure that existed between two points

and capable of producing a flow of current when a close circuit is
connected between the points.

 Voltmeter - It is an instrument that measures the amount of

electromotive force in a component or circuit.

Qualification: ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY AND SERVICING NC II

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 MODULE : Testing Electronic components

Learning Outcome # 1 Prepare product, tools and workplace for

assembly

Assessment Criteria:

1. Assembly workplace is prepared in accordance with OH&S policies and

procedures
2. Responsible person is consulted for effective and proper work coordination.
3. Required materials, tools and equipment are prepared and checked in
accordance with established procedures.
4. Parts and materials needed to complete the work are prepared and obtained
according to requirements.

References/Resources

1.) Marconi S. Pagarigan, Sharif A. Bandi; Practical Electronics

2.) Benjamin S. Velasco;Electronic Components Testing Simplified
3. Michael Q. Enriquez, Fred T. Gantalao, Rommel M. Lasala; Simple
Electronics
4.) www.wikipedia.com
5.) www.google.com

LEARNING EXPERIENCE/ACTIVITIES

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 Learning Outcome 1: Choose functional hand tools

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read Information Sheet 1.1.1

Electronic symbols and actual
components and Information
1.1.2. Testing of Electronic
Components
2. Answer the worksheet 1.1.1 and  Try to answer the self-check
worksheet 1.1.2 to determine
without looking at the answer key.
how much you have learned.  For worksheet 1.1.2, Let the
3. Compare your answers with the
instructor check your work for
answer key on the last pages of
evaluation.
this module.
4. If you have missed some of the
questions, go over the
information sheet again.
5. If you have any questions or if
you need clarification on the
information, ask assistance
from your teacher or from your
classmate who have finished
this learning outcome (LO).
6. If you have answered all the
questions and perform the
activity, you may proceed to the
next learning outcome (LO).

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1.1

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 Electronic Symbols and Actual Components
A.) Resistors – used to resist or control the flow of current in a
circuit. Resistors are likewise used to provide voltage drop.
1. Fixed Resistor – with fixed values, rated from a fraction
of an ohm up tp million ohms. Most common power ratings are
from ¼, 1/2, 1,2,5,10,15 and 20 watts.

Symbol Actual Component

¼ to 2 watts 5 watts to 20 watts

1. Variable Resistor – the rated value can be varied from its minimum
value up to its maximum value. The most common application of
this device is its use as volume control for radio receivers.

Symbol Actual Component

B. Capacitors- formerly known as condenser is a passive electronic

component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric
(insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the
conductors a static electric field develops in the dielectric that stores energy
and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. An ideal capacitor
is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads.
This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them.

1.) Fixed Non-Polarized – Can be connected in a circuit without polarity

consideration. Their usual application is in

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 audio and RF circuits and as transient
suppressors.

Symbol Actual Component

Non-polarized
Capacitor

2.Air-Dielectric Variable or Tuning Capacitor – is made of a set of fixed

Metallic plates (stator) and set of movable plates (rotor) arranged in a such way
That they can mesh with each other without any physical contact. The
Capacitance can be varied by rotating the shaft holding the rotor plates.

Symbol Actual Component

3. Trimmer and Padder – are basically of the same class of variable capacitor
since both uses mica or ceramic dielectrics.
A. Trimmer – when connected in parallel with another capacitor, fixed or
variable, for providing extremely small increases in the total capacitance.

B. Padder – when connected in series with another capacitor, fixed or variable

for slightly reducing the total capacitance.

Symbol Actual component

4. Polarized Capacitor – ere either aluminum electrolytic or tantalum type. They

are connected like a battery with references to polarity of terminals. An

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 electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte, an ionic
conducting liquid, as one of its plates, to achieve a larger capacitance per unit
volume than other types. They are often referred to in electronics usage
simply as "electrolytics". They are used in relatively high-current and low-
frequency electrical circuits, particularly in power supply filters, where they
store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations in
rectifier output. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits
where AC should be conducted but DC should not. There are two types of
electrolytics; aluminum and tantalum.

Electrolytic capacitors are capable of providing the highest capacitance values

of any type of capacitor. However they have drawbacks which limit their use.
The voltage applied to them must be polarized; one specified terminal must
always have positive potential with respect to the other. Therefore they cannot
be used with AC signals without a DC bias. They also have very low
breakdown voltage, higher leakage current and inductance, poorer tolerances
and temperature range, and shorter lifetimes compared to other types of
capacitors.

The tantalum capacitor is a highly reliable type of solid capacitor or

electrolytic capacitor. Surface mount tantalum capacitors are increasingly
being used in circuit designs because of their volumetric efficiency, basic
reliability and process compatibility.

Symbols Actual Components

C. Coils or Inductors- An inductor or a coils is a passive electrical component that

can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing
through it. An inductor's ability to store magnetic energy is measured by its
inductance, in units of henries. Typically an inductor is a conducting wire shaped
as a coil, the loops helping to create a strong magnetic field inside the coil due to
Ampere's Law. Due to the time-varying magnetic field inside the coil, a voltage is
induced, according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which by
Lenz's Law opposes the change in current that created it. Inductors are one of

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 the basic electronic components used in electronics where current and voltage
change with time, due to the ability of inductors to delay and reshape alternating
currents. In everyday speak inductors are sometimes called chokes, but this
refers to only a particular type and purpose of inductor.

Symbols Actual components

D. Diode – a two terminal device that conducts current more easily in only one
direction. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to
pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction) while blocking current
in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of
as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called
rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and to
extract modulation from radio signals in radio receivers

1.) Rectifier diodes – are usually of silicon material and intended for rectification
purposes. Rectification is the process of changing AC voltage to pulsating DC
voltage.

Symbol Actual Component

2.) Zener Diode - is a type of diode that permits current not only in the
forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the
voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage known as "Zener knee voltage"
or "Zener voltage". The device was named after Clarence Zener, who
discovered this electrical property.

A conventional solid-state diode will not allow significant current if it is

reverse-biased below its reverse breakdown voltage. When the reverse bias
breakdown voltage is exceeded, a conventional diode is subject to high
current due to avalanche breakdown. Unless this current is limited by circuitry,
the diode will be permanently damaged. In case of large forward bias (current
in the direction of the arrow), the diode exhibits a voltage drop due to its
junction built-in voltage and internal resistance. The amount of the voltage
drop depends on the semiconductor material and the doping concentrations.

Symbol Actual component

3.) Light Emitting Diode - a p-n device like a rectifier diode except that it is

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 usually intended to indicate current flow, as a power ON indicator or condition
of a ciruit.

Symbols Actual components

E.) Fuse – a protective device having a short length of wire that melts when the
current passing through it exceeds its rated value.

Symbol Actual component

F. Integrated Circuit (IC)- electronic device with both the active (diodes and/or
transistor) and passive (resistor and capacitors) components contained in a single
package to perform a complete electronic function

Symbol Actual component

G. Loudspeaker – converts electrical energy to sound energy. It is usually specified

according to power capacity, size and impedance.

Symbol Actual Component

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 H. Microphone – an electronic device intended to convert sound waves into
electrical signals.
Symbol Actual component

I. Transformer - an electronic/electrical device consisting of two or more coils

coupled together by magnetic induction.
1.) Power Transformer - the usual application is to convert the 220V ac line
voltage into a lower secondary voltage. a device that transfers electrical energy from
one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's
coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux
in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary
winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or
"voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
Symbol Actual Component

J. Transistor – an active semiconductor device having three electrodes (terminals).

It could perform a variety of application such as switch, amplifier, oscillator, etc.

Symbols Actual components

NPN PNP

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 WORKSHEET 1.1.1: Electronic symbols and Actual components

Learning Outcome

1 Prepare product, tools and workplace for assembly

Learning Activity
1. Identify the Electronic symbols and Actual components
____________________________________________________________

Part 1

Direction: On the spaces before each number, identify the different symbols
of electronic components.

_____________1.

_____________2.

_____________3.

_____________4.

_____________5.

_____________6.

_____________7.

_____________8.

_____________9.

____________10.

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 Part II
Direction: Match the different hand tools with their actual pictures. Write
the letter of your answer in the space provided
A B

_________ 1. Fixed resistor A. B.

__________2. Variable resistor

__________3. Electrolytic Capacitor C. D.

__________4. Rectifier Diode

__________5. Zener Diode E. F.

__________6. Fuse

__________7. Light Emitting Diode H. I.

___________8. Transformer

___________9. Integrated Circuit J. K.

__________10. Speaker

L. M.

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 Assessment Criteria of Worksheet 1.1.1

Score Descriptive Grade

10 Competent

0-6 Not Yet Competent

Answer Key to Worksheet 1.1 part I

1. Transformer 6. Fuse

2. Microphone 7. Fixed Capacitor

3. Resistor 8. Integrated Circuit

4. Zener Diode

5. Fuse

___________9. Integrated Circuit J. K.

__________10. Speaker

L. M.

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 Assessment Criteria of Worksheet 1.1.1

Score Descriptive Grade

10 Competent

0-6 Not Yet Competent

Answer Key to Worksheet 1.1 part I

6. Transformer 6. Fuse

7. Microphone 7. Fixed Capacitor

8. Resistor 8. Integrated Circuit

9. Zener Diode

10. Fuse

Answer Key to Worksheet 1.1 part II

1. M 6. E

2. J 7. D

3. I 8. H

4. F 9. C

5. K 10. A

Resistor

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 Resistor used to resist or control the flow of current in a circuit. Resistors
are likewise used to provide voltage drop. Resistance values of resistor from
1/4W to 2W are color coded, meaning, their values can be determined by
interpreting the four color bands printed on their body using the chart
below.

Leftmost band Stands for 2nd Represents the Represents the

Color Stands for the Significant digit number of zeros Tolerance
first after the two
Significant digit digits or
multiplier
Black 0 0
Brown 1 1 0
Red 2 2 00
Orange 3 3 000
Yellow 4 4 0000
Green 5 5 00000
Blue 6 6 000000
Violet 7 7 0000000
Gray 8 8 00000000
White 9 9 000000000
Gold * Decimal point is
after the first + 5%
significant digit
* x 0.1
Silver * Decimal point is
before the first +10%
significant digit
* x 0.01
None
+20%

Note: The following colors are not used in the first band of resistors:
1. Black 2. Gold 3. Sil

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 Examples

Yellow Orange Green Silver

Violet Gold Black Silver

4 7 000 + 0 X0.0 + 10%

5
5% 1
47 Kilohms + 5% 50 x 0.01 + 10%
47 K + 5% .5 +10%

Brown Red Brown Green

Black Gold Gray Gold

1 +
0 00 18 00000
5% +
1 Kilohms + 5% 5%
1,800,000 + 5%
1 K + 5% 1.8 megohms
1 .8 M + 5%

Color Coded Value Color Bands Maximum Value Minimum Value

R1= .5 +/-5% Green,Black, Silver,Gold .5+0.025=0.525 .5-0.025=0.475
R2=150+/-5% Brown,Green,Brown,Gold 150+7.5=157.5 150-7.5=142.5
R3= 10K+/-5% Brown,Black,Orange,Gold 10K+500=10.5K 10K-500=9.5K
R4=3.9M+/-10% Orange,White,Green,Silver 3.9M+390K=4.29M 3.9M-390K=3.51M
R5=560K+/-10% Green,Blue,Yellow,Silver 560K+56K=616K 560K-56K=504K

Testing Resistor

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 Testing Resistors
1.) Read the indicated (color code ) value on the resistor’s body.
2.) Set the VOM to the OHM-SCALE, the range within but not way below the indicated
value.
3.) Zero-adjust the ohmmeter by connecting the red and black test leads of the ohmmeter
before measuring the value of the resistor under test.
Good Indication
A resistor is in good condition if its resistance is close to the indicated value.

Defective Indication
1. No meter deflection (infinity) at all ohm scale settings.
-The resistor under test is open.
2. Zero reading (full meter deflection) at all ohm scale settings.
-The resistor under test is shorted.
3. The resistance reading does not reach the tolerance to the indicated value.
-The resistor is change value.

Capacitor

Capacitor is an electronic component that has the ability to store electrical charges or
voltages. Capacitors were called condenser earlier. Capacitor have low resistance to AC. It
means that AC can pass through a capacitor. A signal, for example, is a AC in its form and
it can pass a capacitor. Capacitors have high resistance to DC. In other words they block
DC.

Types of Capacitors according to its form and material

The names of capacitors are taken from the types of material which is used for
insulating the plates in a capacitor. Different types of capacitors are listed below.
1. Electrolytic
2. Mylar
3. Polyester
4. Air
5. Mica
6. Tantalum
7. Ceramic
8. Paper

Another classification of capacitors depends on whether they are non-polar or polarized.

Electrolytic and Tantalum capacitors are polarized. It means that one terminal of a
capacitor is positive and the other is negative. All other types of capacitors are non polar.
The capacitance of all capacitors with the exception of air capacitors is fixed. The
capacitance of air capacitors can be varied manually. A tuning capacitor of a radio receiver
is actually an air capacitor.

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 Standard Values of Capacitors

.001 uF .005 uF .002 uF .15 uF

.0012 uF .0056 uF .033 uF .18 uF
.0015 uF .0068 uF .047 uF .2 uF
.0018 uF .01 uF .0057uF .22uF
.002 uF .012uF .056uF .33uF
.0022uF .015uF .068uF .47uF
.0033uF .018uF .1uF .5uF
.0047uF .02uF .12uF .56uF

1uF 22uF 680uF

2.2uF 33uF 1,000uF
3.3uF 47uF 2,200uF
4uF 68uF 3,300uF
4.7uF 100uF 4,700uF
6.8uF 220uF 6,800uF
8uF 330uF 10,000uF
10uF 470uF

Notes:
1. Most ceramic and mylar capacitors are rated at 50V and 100V DC working voltage.
2. Lower value capacitors (.001uF to .068uF) are either ceramic or mylar, while .1uF to
.68 uF can be ceramic, mylar, or electrolytic.
3. Value of capacitors from 0.1 uF to 10,000 uF are usually electrolytic.
4. DC working voltage of electrolytic capacitors are usually
16V,25V,35V,50V,100V,350V and 450V.
5. Values from 1 uF to 10uF are typically used in series with a tweeter to eliminate low
frequency signal (bass)to pass through, allowing only the high frequency signals
(treble)to be reproduced by the tweeter

Mathematical Prefixes
Prefixes Symbol Name Multiplier
femto f quadrillionth 10-15
pico p trillionth 10-12
nano n billionth 10-9
micro µ millionth 10-6
milli m thousandth 10-3
centi c hundredth 10-2
deci d tenth 10-1
deka da ten 101
hecto h hundred 102
kilo k thousand 103
mega M million 106
giga G billion† 109
tera T trillion† 1012
peta P quadrillion 1015

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 Substitution and replacement
Each type of capacitor has distinct advantages over the others in characteristics and
qualities. That is why certain types of capacitors are sued only where they are suited best.
From the point of view of servicing replacing a capacitor with another one of different type
may do more harm than good. For example, replacing tantalum capacitor with electrolytic
one will result in instability of the circuit. As a general rule the original type and value of
the replaced capacitor should be retained. If the original value is not available the closest
higher value is chosen. Opting for a lower value may cause trouble particularly in the DC
value is chosen.
Capacitors can also be installed in different circuit arrangements. To compute for the
total value of capacitors with equal voltages and capacitances in series connection the
voltages of capacitors are added while their capacitance is divided by the number of
capacitors in the series circuit. Thus the total value of the capacitors in figure A. will be
50mf/100V.

C1 C2
+ +

100mf/50 100mf/50
V FigureVA

Whereas in parallel arrangement the total value of the capacitor is computed by adding
capacitance of each capacitors while the voltage remains the same. The total value of the
circuit in figure B is 200mf/50V.

C1 + + C2
100mf/50 100mf/50
V V

Capacitor functions
In different circuit arrangements capacitors perform various functions. Depending on
these duties capacitors acquire different names:
1. Filter capacitor
2. Coupling capacitor
3. Bypass capacitor
4. Decoupling capacitor

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 Checking capacitors with an ohmmeter

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block direct

current while allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference,
to smooth the output of power supplies, and for many other purposes. They
are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency equipment to select
particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.

Checking capacitors is a simple as diode. It is important though that

you understands first, what makes the ohmmeter needle move in the test.
Basically the capacitor can be described as an electronic component which
has the ability to block DC, allow AC to pass through it, store electrical
charge and discharge it. These characteristics of the capacitor are the key to
understanding its function in the circuit. It will discussed later in the text.
After learning fundamentals of the capacitor we can now start
checking it. There are two settings of the needle as shown in figure 28-a.
One is pointed to low resistance (solid line). This low reading is an
indication that current is passing through the ohmmeter. An electrical
charge is being stored in a little space between the plates of the capacitor.
As the space is being gradually filled up less current can get into the
capacitor. This process is illustrated by the needle gradually reversing to
high resistance. Once the space is filled up current stops flowing.

The storing and blocking of current characteristics of a capacitor are

used in the checking of a capacitor. It can be done in a single test but it is
better to do it twice in different polarities. The second test is a confirmation
of the first one.

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 As you see in figure 28-b the polarity of the capacitor is opposite to the first
test.

There are three common defects of a capacitor: A-open, B-leaky, C-

short. These defects are illustrated in figure 29.

The infinite (high) resistance as shown in figure 29-a means that no

current is flowing though the meter. This indicates an internally open
capacitor. When a capacitor partly loses its ability to block DC it can be
imagined that the capacitor is having a resistor across it. The resistor serves
as a current path (see figure 30).

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 Small leakage current is common to an electric capacitor shown in
figure 29-b .Because of this characteristics the use of electrolytic capacitors
is limited to the circuit where slight leakage can be tolerated.
When the needle deflects to low resistance and remains steady shown
in figure 29-c , the capacitor is said to be shorted. The insulator is defective
and there is full contact between the plates.

Selecting the ohmmeter range

To be able to conduct the test of a capacitor properly it is necessary to
know how much current is available from a certain range of your ohmmeter.
Sanwa tester has the following currents: x1-150ma, x10-15ma, x1k -150µa.
The next thing to consider is the value of the capacitor you want to
check. Large value capacitor will need greater charge (more current) that is
why you have to set the meter to lower range of about x10 or x1k. A smaller
value will need a setting to the highest range of x10K because small values
need very little charge.
Now let us see what happens if the proper range is not used in the
test. Suppose you want to test .01 microfarad capacitor and set the range to
x10. The meter will not deflect at all as shown in figure 31-a. This test
indicates an open capacitor which may be good, because the test range has
not been chosen correctly thus the test is not conclusive. In fact the range is
so high that the small capacitor is charged instantly before the needle could
respond.

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 For example, there is large capacitor of 1000 microfarad under test in the
range of R- X10K (figure 31-c). The needle of the meter deflects completely
but this does not necessarily mean that the capacitor is shorted because the
range used is too high. The current in x10K range is microampere (µa) and it
takes time to fill up the capacitor probably less than a minute. In this case
the capacitor may seem shorted in the test at first.

TABLE 3
Value of capacitors Suggested R-range
.01-.47 mf R-x10K
1-470 mf R X 1K
1000 mf R x10

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 DIODES
Diodes – is a two terminal device that conducts current more easily in only
one direction.

Types of Diode
1. Rectifier Diode - are usually of silicon material and intended for
rectification purposes. Rectification is the process of changing AC
voltage to pulsating DC voltage.
Input Signal Output
Signal
+ -

2. Zener Diode - is a type of diode that permits current not only in the
forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction
if the voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage known as "Zener
knee voltage" or "Zener voltage"

3. Light Emitting Diode - a p-n device like a rectifier diode except that
it is usually intended to indicate current flow, as a power ON
indicator or condition.

Checking Diodes

It is important to set the ohmmeter to the proper range while checking

diodes and filter capacitor for DC resistance. Selecting the range depends on
whether the component under test is in circuit or disconnected from it.

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 While checking a diode with an ohmmeter we are not interested in an
ohmmic resistance of the diode. Before elaborating on DC resistance let us
first find out what makes the ohmmeter needle deflect and why there is no
deflection when polarity is reversed (figure 22).
The flow of current (conduction) in a rectifier diode is one direction
only. This means that applied current can pass through a diode only if the
polarity of the current corresponds to the polarity of the diode (see figure
23).

Let us get back to the ohmmeter. When set at ohmmeter (resistance)

function your multi-tester operates on a battery. In most Japanese tester,
Sanwa for example, the plus (+), positive (red) is connected to the negative of
the battery. The negative (black) minus (-) probe is connected to the positive
of the battery. This is true only during ohmmeter function. When the
multimeter is at DC function the polarity of the test probes does not change.
Figure 24 shows a simplified circuit of the ohmmeter. The meter is in
series with a battery. The circuit is closed by the test probes being shorted
together. Current flows through the meter as indicated by the deflection of
he meter needle. By now you can see why the test done on a diode is called
DC resistance. Actually the ohmmeter is acting like an ammeter because it
is in series with the circuit in DC resistance tests. The polarity of the

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 ohmmeter has to be known because it plays an important role in identifying
unknown polarity of a diode and transistors of both PNP and NPN type.

When checking a diode with an ohmmeter there are two tests to be

performed in order to determine if a diode is good or bad. We say that a
diode is good when two conditions are met. In one test there should be low
resistance (current flow) and if you reverse the polarity in the other test
there should be high resistance (no current flow). If these two conditions are
not met we conclude that the diode bad. Figures 25-abc summarize the
diode tests:

Figure 25-a indicates that the diode under test is good. The positive
test prod of the meter is placed to the cathode and the negative to the anode.
In this test the diode is forward biased or it ahs low resistance. By reversing

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 the polarity of the diode: The positive to the anode and the negative to the
cathode, the diode is reversed biased which means high resistance of the
diode.
Both test readings in figure 25-b show high resistance. This means an
internally open element of the diode which results in a defective component.
There are both test readings with low resistances in figure 25-c. This
is an indication of internally shorted diode. Thus we can conclude that this
component is defective.
The deflection of an ohmmeter pointer depends on what range has
been set for measurements. For example, if the ohmmeter is set to range
Rx1 the pointer does not necesarily deflect to the full scale. While if the
range is Rx1K or Rx10K the pointer will deflect to the full scale. The extent
of deflection of a pointer also depends on diodes as various diodes have
different internal DC resistances.
In practice while testing a diode it does now matter which polarity comes first,
forward or reversed. As long as the results of the tests are opposite that is all that matters. The
reason why two tests are needed is that you cannot tell an open or short diode in a single test.

TRANSISTOR

an active semiconductor device having three electrodes (terminals).It

could perform variety of application as switch, amplifier, oscillator, etc. The
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) are designed primarily as amplifier. The
three electrodes are base, collector and emitter.
An electronic device which provides oscillation, amplification, switching
and rectification of electrical current. The principal semiconductor materials
sued are germanium and silicon. Basically, there are two kinds of transistor,
namely; PNP and NPN. “PNP” means positive,negative,positive. “NPN” means
negative, positive,negative.

Typical transistor packages

TO-3 TO-3P(218) TO-3PJ TO-3PL

TO-247 TO- TO- TO-220

220F 220S

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TO-126 TO-202 TO-92 SC-51 TO-52

 Identifying PNP or NPN transistor using JAPAN standard tester

NPN transistor

0 0
8
8

E BC
E BC

- + - +

Range:Rx10
Range:Rx10
Reading: Approximately 100Ω
Reading: Approximately
100Ω

0
8

0
8

E BC E BC

- + - +

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Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: Infinite Reading: Infinite
 0

8
0
8

E BC
E BC

- +

- +

Range:Rx10K Range:Rx10K
Reading: Approximately 100K Reading: Infinite
PNP transistor

0
8

0
8

E BC E BC

- + - +

Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: Approximately 100Ω Reading: Approximately 100Ω

0
8

0
8

E BC E BC

- + - +

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2018, January 35
Reading: Infinite Reading: Infinite

- +0 E BC - +0 E BC
8
8
 Range:Rx10K
Range:Rx10K Reading: Infinite
Reading: Approximately
100K

Testing the condition of transistor

Shorted transistor

0
8

0
8

E BC E BC

- + - +

Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: 0Ω Reading: 0Ω
8

0 0
8

E BC E BC

- + - +

Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: COMMON
zero ohms COMPETENCY Reading:
Developedzero
by: ohms Date Developed Date Page No.
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 8
0 0
8
E BC E BC

- + - +

Range:Rx10K Range:Rx10K
Reading: zero ohms Reading: zero ohms

Open Transistor
8

0 0
8

E BC E BC

- + - +

Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: infinite Reading: infinite

0 0
8
8

E BC E BC

- + - +

Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: Infinite Reading: Infinite

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 0 0

8
8
E BC E BC

- + - +
0

8
0
8

E BC E BC
Range:Rx10K Range:Rx10K
Reading: infinite Reading: Infinite

- + - +

Range:Rx10
Leak transistor Range:Rx10
Reading: approximately Reading: approximately
100Ω 100Ω

0
8

0
8

E BC E BC

- + - +

Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: approximately 100 Reading: approximately
Ω 100 Ω

0
8

0
8

E BC E BC

- + - +

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Range:Rx10K Range:Rx10K
Reading: approximately Reading: approximately
100 K 100 K
 FUSE
a protective device having a short length of wire that melts when the current
passing through it exceeds its rated value.
Condition of fuse
Note: there is no polarity to consider in testing fuse

1. Good fuse (Range: Rx1)

0
8

- +

2. Open fuse (Range:Rx1)

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- +
 Transformer

an electronic/electrical device consisting of two or more coils coupled

together by magnetic induction. Power Transformer - the usual application
is to convert the 220V ac line voltage into higher or lower secondary voltage.
a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current
in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary
winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force
(EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual
induction.
Condition of power transformer
1. Good transformer- all the terminal coil of the transformer from
primary and secondary have the resistance reading of approximately
3-10 ohms.
2. Open transformer – if the primary or secondary winding has infinite
resistance reading in any of the terminal tested.
3. Shorted transformer – if the primary or secondary winding has zero
resistance reading in any of the terminal tested

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Code No. COMMON COMPETENCY Developed by: Date Developed Date
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