Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MATERIALS
Sector:
ELECTRONICS
Qualification:
ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY AND SERVICING NC II
Unit of Competency:
Test electronic components
Module Title:
Testing electronic components
TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY
ISABELA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES
Ilagan City, Isabela
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The unit of competency Test electronic components contains the knowledge, skills and
attitudes required for ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY AND SERVICING TECHNICIAN.
It is one of the Common Competency Modules at National Certificate Level (NC II).
You may have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered on the learner s
guide because you have:
Been working for some time.
Already completed training on this area.
If you can demonstrate to your Instructor that you are competent in a particular skill,
you dont have to do the same training again. If you feel you have some skills, talk to
your instructor about having them formally recognized. If you gave qualification or
certificates of your competency from previous training, show it to your Instructor. If
the skill you acquired is still relevant to the Module, they may become part of the
evidence you can present to RPL.
At the end of this learners guide is a learner diary, use this diary to record important
dates jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in providing
further details to your Instructors or Assessors. A Record of Achievement is also
provided for your Instructor to complete once you have completed the Module.
This Module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency in Using
hand tools. This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and
skills in this particular trade, with minimum supervision or help from your Instructor.
With the aid of this material you will acquire the competency independently and at
your own pace.
Talk to your Instructor and agree on how you will both organize the Training of
this unit. Read through the learning guide carefully. It is divided into sections,
which cover all the skills, and knowledge you need to successfully complete in
this module.
Work through all the information to complete the activities in each section.
Read Information Sheets and complete the Self-check. Suggested references
are included to supplement the materials provided in this module.
Most probably your Instructor will be your supervision manager. He/she is
there to support you and show you the correct way to do the things. Ask for
help.
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Your Instructor will tell you about the important things you need to consider
when you are completing the activities and it is important that you listen and
take notes.
You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the
job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This
way you will improve both your speed, memory and also your confidence.
Talk to more experience workmates and ask for their guidance.
Use the Self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own
progress.
When you are ready, ask your Instructor to watch you perform the activities
outline in the learning guide.
As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your progress.
Your Instructor keeps feedback/ pre-assessment reports for this reason.
When you have successfully completed each element, ask your Instructor to
mark on the reports that you are ready for the assessment.
When you have completed this module (several modules) and feel confident
that you have had sufficient practice. Your Instructor will arrange an
appointment with registered Assessor to assess you. The results of your
assessment will be recorded in your Competency Achievement Record.
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UNIT OF COMPETENCY : TestElectronic components
MODULE : Testing Electronic components
Introduction:
Learning Outcomes:
Assessment Criteria:
1. Assembly workplace is prepared in accordance with OH&S policies and
procedures
2. Responsible person is consulted for effective and proper work
coordination
3. Required materials, tools and equipment are prepared and checked in
accordance with established procedures.
4. Parts and materials needed to complete the work are prepared and
obtained according to requirements.
5.Soldering and desoldering processes are performed in accordance with
OH&S policies and procedures.
6. Process is checked according to established standards and requirements
7. Soldered products are checked in accordance with quality standards.
8. Assembling and disassembling processes are performed in accordance
with OH&S policies and procedures.
9.Process is checked according to established standards and requirements.
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10. Assembled products are checked in accordance with quality standards.
11. Finished products are subjected to final visual inspection and testing in
accordance with quality standards, procedures and requirements.
12.Work completion is documented and responsible person is informed in
accordance with established procedures.
13.Housekeeping procedures are observed in accordance with 5S discipline
and established procedures.
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TECHNICAL TERMS
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Direct Current - It is an electric current that flows in one direction.
Discrete Components - It is a separated component.
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Qualification: ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY AND SERVICING NC II
Assessment Criteria:
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LEARNING EXPERIENCE/ACTIVITIES
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next learning outcome (LO).
1. Variable Resistor the rated value can be varied from its minimum
value up to its maximum value. The most common application of
this device is its use as volume control for radio receivers.
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(insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the
conductors a static electric field develops in the dielectric that stores energy
and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. An ideal
capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured
in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the
potential difference between them.
Non-polarized
Capacitor
3. Trimmer and Padder are basically of the same class of variable capacitor
since both uses mica or ceramic dielectrics.
A. Trimmer when connected in parallel with another capacitor, fixed or
variable, for providing extremely small increases in the total capacitance.
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B. Padder when connected in series with another capacitor, fixed or variable
for slightly reducing the total capacitance.
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C. Coils or Inductors- An inductor or a coils is a passive electrical component that
can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing
through it. An inductor's ability to store magnetic energy is measured by its
inductance, in units of henries. Typically an inductor is a conducting wire shaped
as a coil, the loops helping to create a strong magnetic field inside the coil due to
Ampere's Law. Due to the time-varying magnetic field inside the coil, a voltage is
induced, according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which by
Lenz's Law opposes the change in current that created it. Inductors are one of
the basic electronic components used in electronics where current and voltage
change with time, due to the ability of inductors to delay and reshape alternating
currents. In everyday speak inductors are sometimes called chokes, but this
refers to only a particular type and purpose of inductor.
D. Diode a two terminal device that conducts current more easily in only one
direction. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to
pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction) while blocking current
in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of
as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called
rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and to
extract modulation from radio signals in radio receivers
1.) Rectifier diodes are usually of silicon material and intended for rectification
purposes. Rectification is the process of changing AC voltage to pulsating DC
voltage.
2.) Zener Diode - is a type of diode that permits current not only in the
forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the
voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage known as "Zener knee voltage"
or "Zener voltage". The device was named after Clarence Zener, who
discovered this electrical property.
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the diode will be permanently damaged. In case of large forward bias (current
in the direction of the arrow), the diode exhibits a voltage drop due to its
junction built-in voltage and internal resistance. The amount of the voltage
drop depends on the semiconductor material and the doping concentrations.
3.) Light Emitting Diode - a p-n device like a rectifier diode except that it is
usually intended to indicate current flow, as a power ON indicator or condition
of a ciruit.
E.) Fuse a protective device having a short length of wire that melts when the
current passing through it exceeds its rated value.
F. Integrated Circuit (IC)- electronic device with both the active (diodes and/or
transistor) and passive (resistor and capacitors) components contained in a single
package to perform a complete electronic function
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G. Loudspeaker converts electrical energy to sound energy. It is usually specified
according to power capacity, size and impedance.
Symbol Actual Component
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Symbols Actual components
NPN PNP
Learning Outcome
Learning Activity
1. Identify the Electronic symbols and Actual components
____________________________________________________________
Part 1
Direction: On the spaces before each number, identify the different symbols
of electronic components.
_____________1.
_____________2.
_____________3.
_____________4.
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_____________5.
_____________6.
_____________7.
_____________8.
_____________9.
____________10.
Part II
Direction: Match the different hand tools with their actual pictures. Write
the letter of your answer in the space provided
A B
__________6. Fuse
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__________7. Light Emitting Diode H. I.
___________8. Transformer
__________10. Speaker
L. M.
10 Competent
1. Transformer 6. Fuse
4. Zener Diode
5. Fuse
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___________9. Integrated Circuit J. K.
__________10. Speaker
L. M.
10 Competent
6. Transformer 6. Fuse
9. Zener Diode
10. Fuse
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Answer Key to Worksheet 1.1 part II
1. M 6. E
2. J 7. D
3. I 8. H
4. F 9. C
5. K 10. A
Resistor
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Green 5 5 00000
Blue 6 6 000000
Violet 7 7 0000000
Gray 8 8 00000000
White 9 9 000000000
Gold * Decimal point is
after the first + 5%
significant digit
* x 0.1
Silver * Decimal point is
before the first +10%
significant digit
* x 0.01
None
+20%
Note: The following colors are not used in the first band of resistors:
1. Black 2. Gold 3. Sil
Examples
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1 +
0 00TESTING ELECTRONIC 1 8 00000
5%
COMPONENTS +
1 Kilohms + 5% 5%
1,800,000 + 5%
1 K + 5% 1.8 megohms
1 .8 M + 5%
Color Coded Value Color Bands Maximum Value Minimum Value
R1= .5 +/-5% Green,Black, Silver,Gold .5+0.025=0.525 .5-0.025=0.475
R2=150+/-5% Brown,Green,Brown,Gold 150+7.5=157.5 150-7.5=142.5
R3= 10K+/-5% Brown,Black,Orange,Gold 10K+500=10.5K 10K-500=9.5K
R4=3.9M+/-10% Orange,White,Green,Silver 3.9M+390K=4.29M 3.9M-390K=3.51M
R5=560K+/-10% Green,Blue,Yellow,Silver 560K+56K=616K 560K-56K=504K
Testing Resistor
Testing Resistors
1.) Read the indicated (color code ) value on the resistors body.
2.) Set the VOM to the OHM-SCALE, the range within but not way below the indicated
value.
3.) Zero-adjust the ohmmeter by connecting the red and black test leads of the ohmmeter
before measuring the value of the resistor under test.
Good Indication
A resistor is in good condition if its resistance is close to the indicated value.
Defective Indication
1. No meter deflection (infinity) at all ohm scale settings.
-The resistor under test is open.
2. Zero reading (full meter deflection) at all ohm scale settings.
-The resistor under test is shorted.
3. The resistance reading does not reach the tolerance to the indicated value.
-The resistor is change value.
Capacitor
Capacitor is an electronic component that has the ability to store electrical charges or
voltages. Capacitors were called condenser earlier. Capacitor have low resistance to AC. It
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means that AC can pass through a capacitor. A signal, for example, is a AC in its form and
it can pass a capacitor. Capacitors have high resistance to DC. In other words they block
DC.
Notes:
1. Most ceramic and mylar capacitors are rated at 50V and 100V DC working voltage.
2. Lower value capacitors (.001uF to .068uF) are either ceramic or mylar, while .1uF to
.68 uF can be ceramic, mylar, or electrolytic.
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3. Value of capacitors from 0.1 uF to 10,000 uF are usually electrolytic.
4. DC working voltage of electrolytic capacitors are usually
16V,25V,35V,50V,100V,350V and 450V.
5. Values from 1 uF to 10uF are typically used in series with a tweeter to eliminate low
frequency signal (bass)to pass through, allowing only the high frequency signals
(treble)to be reproduced by the tweeter
Mathematical Prefixes
Prefixes Symbol Name Multiplier
femto f quadrillionth 10-15
pico p trillionth 10-12
nano n billionth 10-9
micro µ millionth 10-6
milli m thousandth 10-3
centi c hundredth 10-2
deci d tenth 10-1
deka da ten 101
hecto h hundred 102
kilo k thousand 103
mega M million 106
giga G billion† 109
tera T trillion† 1012
peta P quadrillion 1015
C1 C2
+ +
100mf/50 100mf/50
V FigureVA
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Whereas in parallel arrangement the total value of the capacitor is computed by adding
capacitance of each capacitors while the voltage remains the same. The total value of the
circuit in figure B is 200mf/50V.
C1 + + C2
100mf/50 100mf/50
V V
Capacitor functions
In different circuit arrangements capacitors perform various functions. Depending on
these duties capacitors acquire different names:
1. Filter capacitor
2. Coupling capacitor
3. Bypass capacitor
4. Decoupling capacitor
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As the space is being gradually filled up less current can get into the
capacitor. This process is illustrated by the needle gradually reversing to
high resistance. Once the space is filled up current stops flowing.
As you see in figure 28-b the polarity of the capacitor is opposite to the first
test.
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There are three common defects of a capacitor: A-open, B-leaky, C-
short. These defects are illustrated in figure 29.
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Selecting the ohmmeter range
To be able to conduct the test of a capacitor properly it is necessary to
know how much current is available from a certain range of your ohmmeter.
Sanwa tester has the following currents: x1-150ma, x10-15ma, x1k -150µa.
The next thing to consider is the value of the capacitor you want to
check. Large value capacitor will need greater charge (more current) that is
why you have to set the meter to lower range of about x10 or x1k. A smaller
value will need a setting to the highest range of x10K because small values
need very little charge.
Now let us see what happens if the proper range is not used in the
test. Suppose you want to test .01 microfarad capacitor and set the range to
x10. The meter will not deflect at all as shown in figure 31-a. This test
indicates an open capacitor which may be good, because the test range has
not been chosen correctly thus the test is not conclusive. In fact the range is
so high that the small capacitor is charged instantly before the needle could
respond.
For example, there is large capacitor of 1000 microfarad under test in the
range of R- X10K (figure 31-c). The needle of the meter deflects completely
but this does not necessarily mean that the capacitor is shorted because the
range used is too high. The current in x10K range is microampere (µa) and it
takes time to fill up the capacitor probably less than a minute. In this case
the capacitor may seem shorted in the test at first.
TABLE 3
Value of capacitors Suggested R-range
.01-.47 mf R-x10K
1-470 mf R X 1K
1000 mf R x10
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DIODES
Diodes is a two terminal device that conducts current more easily in only
one direction.
Types of Diode
1. Rectifier Diode - are usually of silicon material and intended for
rectification purposes. Rectification is the process of changing AC
voltage to pulsating DC voltage.
Input Signal Output
Signal
+ -
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2. Zener Diode - is a type of diode that permits current not only in the
forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction
if the voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage known as "Zener
knee voltage" or "Zener voltage"
3. Light Emitting Diode - a p-n device like a rectifier diode except that
it is usually intended to indicate current flow, as a power ON
indicator or condition.
Checking Diodes
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While checking a diode with an ohmmeter we are not interested in an
ohmmic resistance of the diode. Before elaborating on DC resistance let us
first find out what makes the ohmmeter needle deflect and why there is no
deflection when polarity is reversed (figure 22).
The flow of current (conduction) in a rectifier diode is one direction
only. This means that applied current can pass through a diode only if the
polarity of the current corresponds to the polarity of the diode (see figure
23).
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When checking a diode with an ohmmeter there are two tests to be
performed in order to determine if a diode is good or bad. We say that a
diode is good when two conditions are met. In one test there should be low
resistance (current flow) and if you reverse the polarity in the other test
there should be high resistance (no current flow). If these two conditions are
not met we conclude that the diode bad. Figures 25-abc summarize the
diode tests:
Figure 25-a indicates that the diode under test is good. The positive
test prod of the meter is placed to the cathode and the negative to the anode.
In this test the diode is forward biased or it ahs low resistance. By reversing
the polarity of the diode: The positive to the anode and the negative to the
cathode, the diode is reversed biased which means high resistance of the
diode.
Both test readings in figure 25-b show high resistance. This means an
internally open element of the diode which results in a defective component.
There are both test readings with low resistances in figure 25-c. This
is an indication of internally shorted diode. Thus we can conclude that this
component is defective.
The deflection of an ohmmeter pointer depends on what range has
been set for measurements. For example, if the ohmmeter is set to range
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Rx1 the pointer does not necesarily deflect to the full scale. While if the
range is Rx1K or Rx10K the pointer will deflect to the full scale. The extent
of deflection of a pointer also depends on diodes as various diodes have
different internal DC resistances.
In practice while testing a diode it does now matter which polarity comes first,
forward or reversed. As long as the results of the tests are opposite that is all that matters. The
reason why two tests are needed is that you cannot tell an open or short diode in a single test.
TRANSISTOR
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Identifying PNP or NPN transistor using JAPAN standard tester
NPN transistor
0 0
8
8
E BC
E BC
- + - +
Range:Rx10
Range:Rx10
Reading: Approximately 100Ω
Reading: Approximately
100Ω
0
8
0
8
E BC E BC
- + - +
Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: Infinite Reading: Infinite
0
8
0 E BC
8
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- +
Range:Rx10K
Reading: Infinite
Range:Rx10K
Reading: Approximately 100K
PNP transistor
8
0
8
E BC E BC
- + - +
Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: Approximately 100Ω Reading: Approximately 100Ω
0
8
0
8
E BC E BC
- + - +
Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: Infinite Reading: Infinite
0
8
Code No. 0
COMMON
8
E BC E BC
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- + - +
Range:Rx10K
Range:Rx10K Reading: Infinite
Reading: Approximately
100K Testing the condition of transistor
Shorted transistor
0
8
0
8
E BC E BC
- + - +
Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: 0Ω Reading: 0Ω
8
0 0
8
E BC E BC
- + - +
Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: zero ohms Reading: zero ohms
8
0 0
8
E BC E BC
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- + - +
Range:Rx10K Range:Rx10K
Reading: zero ohms Reading: zero ohms
Open Transistor
8
0 0
8
E BC E BC
- + - +
Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: infinite Reading: infinite
0 0
8
8
E BC E BC
- + - +
Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: Infinite Reading: Infinite
0 0
8
8
E BC E BC
- - +
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+
Range:Rx10K Range:Rx10K
Reading: infinite Reading: Infinite
8
0
8
E BC E BC
-
Leak transistor + - +
Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: approximately Reading: approximately
100Ω 100Ω
0
8
0
8
E BC E BC
- + - +
Range:Rx10 Range:Rx10
Reading: approximately 100 Reading: approximately
Ω 100 Ω
0
8
0
8
E BC E BC
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-
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Range:Rx10K Range:Rx10K
Reading: approximately Reading: approximately
100 K 100 K
FUSE
a protective device having a short length of wire that melts when the current
passing through it exceeds its rated value.
Condition of fuse
Note: there is no polarity to consider in testing fuse
0
8
- +
0
8
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- +
Transformer
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