Philosophy 101
things
Philo – Philia – “Love for Wisdom”
Sophia – Wisdom
Spirit
Plants – Vegetative
Animal – Sentient
Human – Soul
Concept Notes
Metaphysic – Branch of
Philosophy that Studies nature or
reality
Meta – beyond
Physic – Physical
Reason – Capacity to think and
make inferences
Social Philosophy – Moral
Principles regarding the problems
of freedom, equality, justice and
the state
Soul – Immaterial entity identified
with consciousness, mind or
personality
Universal – Predictive if many
particular entities thus, “man” is
universal since it is predictive of
individuals
Virtue – A morally good character
trait (e.g. Courage)
Value – Judgement of wrath
Virtue Ethics – The position that
to live a normal life, one should be
concerned in cultivating virtuous
character rather than just
following rules of action.
Being = “to be” “to exist”
Supreme Being
Philosophy – is destined as the
science that by natural light of
reason studies the first
causes/highest principle of all
ideas of forms, moral,
Principles
1. Principle of Identity – A
thing is a thing
2. Principle of Non-
contradiction – No
changes
3. Principle of Excluded
Middle - Think of it as
claiming that there is no
middle ground between
being true and being false.
4. Principle of Sufficient
Reason – It is hard to think
something that doesn’t
exist
Aristotle – Ladder of Nature;
1st philosopher who devise a
logical method
- Human – Rational
(Highest)
- Animal – Living motion,
instinct (Second)
- Plant – Living (Third)
- Stone – Non-living being
(Last)
WISDOM, HONESTY, BEAUTY
or OPEN-MINDEDNESS
Philosophers
1. Thales
- Greek Philosopher
- Everything is water
- Water-reality
- Everything else is
“appearance”
2. Plato
- Nothing we experience in
the physical world with
our 5 sense is real
- Reality is just opposite
- It is unchanging. Eternal,
immaterial.
- He calls these realities as
mathematical, scientific.
Ethics
- How do we tell good from
evil or right from wrong?
- Branch of Philosophy that
explores the nature or
moral virtue and evaluate
human actions.
- Nature of Moral
Judgements.
Epistemology
- Deals with nature,
sources, limitations and
validity of knowledge.
- Address varied problems;
the reliability, extent and
kinds of knowledge; truth;
language; and science and
scientific knowledge
Logic
- Reasoning of the Logician
- Greek word “logike”
- Coined by Zeno, the stoic.
- Etymologically, it means
creating on matter
pertaining to the human
thought
- Tool; Concern to the truth
or the validity of the
argument
Aesthetics
- The science of the
beautiful in its various
manifestations
- Whatever experience has
relevance to art
It vitalizes our knowledge
- It makes our knowledge of
the world alive and useful
- Part of a play, a poem, or
a story to give us new
sight.
It helps us to live more deeply
and richly
- A work of art-whether a
book, a piece of music or a
television show
- Rise from purely physical
existence into the realm of
intellect and the spirit
- Nourishment for his
higher level as his lower
It brings us in touch with our
culture
- We cannot shut ourselves
from the past any more
than we can shut
ourselves off
geographically from the
rest of the world.
- The answer of great minds
in the past to these
problems are part of our
culture.
Ontology
- Study of Reality
- What is it?
Metaphysics
- Study of Existence
- What is out there?
Epistemology
- Study of knowledge
- How do I know about it?
Ethics
- Study of Action
- What should I do?
Politics
- Study of Force
- What actions are
permissible?
Aesthetics
- Study of Art
- What can life be like?
Philosophical Orientations
Classical Tradition
Philosophies
1. Idealism
- Plato
- Teacher center
- Conceptual matters
- God is the absolute ideal
- Every individual is born
good, and is capable to
sense, perceive and think.
2. Realism
- Aristotle
- Student center
- Hands-on-learning
- Is the primary self-
evident reality a starting
point in philosophizing.
3. Pragmatism
- John Dewey
- Student Center
- Functionality of learning
experience
- Functionality
4. Experimentalism
- Galileo
- Student Center
- Trial and Error
- Commission on error
Contemporary/Modern
Philosophy
5. Progressivism
- John Dewey
- Total development
- The curriculum should be
derived from the needs
and interest of the
student
- Conative, affective, &
Cognitive
6. Essentialism
- William Bagley
- Teacher Center
- Return to the basics
- Knowledge and skills for
the individual to be a
productive member of
the society.
- Idealism + Realism
- Sequence and
Prerequisites
7. Existentialism
- Jean Paul Sartre
- Student center
- Freedom of Choice
- Believe that human being
is the creator of his own
existence
- Creates own values
through freedom of
choice or individual
preference
8. Perennialism
- Robert Hutchins
- Teacher Center
- Conceptual Matters
- Things change/Process
but same idea
- Education should
promote search for the
since truth is universal
and timeless
9. Reconstructionism
- George Count
- Student Center
- Social Responsibility
- We lived in a period of
great crisis, as is most
evident in the fact that
humans now have the
capability of destroying
civilization overnight
- Take them in real life
situation
10. Empiricism
- Francis Bacon
- Student center
- Real life experience
- Emphasizes the role of
experience rather than
the role of reason as
source of knowledge
- All knowledge is defined
from experience
 - Product of observation;
perceive by the human
sense; real life experience
11. Behaviorism
- Watson
- Teacher center
- Behavior modification on
through favorable
environment
12. Disciplinism
- John locke
- Teacher Center
- Positivity
13. Naturalism
- Jean Jacques Rosseau
- Student Center
- Respect for the needs and
interest of the students
14. Instrumental
Conceptualism
- Pertains to the knowing
process
- The more we used our
brain the more we
understand
15. Rationalism
- Knowledge is acquired by
reason without resort to
experience
- The doctrine that reason
is the right basis for
regulating conduct.
- Human reason rather
than divine revelation
establishes religious
truth.
Eastern Philosophies
1. Hinduism – Commitment
to the ideal way of life
2. Buddhism – Personal
gratification is the root of
all suffering
3. Confucianism – Moral life
though devotion
4. Taoism – Harmony with
nature
5. Zen Buddhism –
Dependence on oneself
6. Islam Philosophy -
Commitment to Allah;
(belief+prayer+fasting+al
msgiving+pilgrimage)
*Not sure*
Filipino Philosophies
1. Rafael Palma – Diploma is
not a conclusive evidence
of one’s ability
2. Lourdes Quisimbing –
Education must
strengthen the dignity of
the learner as a person
3. Manuel Quezon – Great
individuals = Great Nation
4. Camilo Osias –
development of dynamic
nationalism and
internationalism in
relation to the
development of the youth
5. Francisco Betinez – Train
the individual as a
member of the world as It
is.
6. Pedro Orata – Right to
education despite scarce
resources
7. Salvador Araneta –
Education as a tool to
fight intellectual
indolence and moral
turpitude.