RxeweÁvb

cÖ_g Aa¨vq
 RxeweÁvb : RxeweÁv‡bi Bs‡iwR cwifvlv Biology| Biology kãwU `ywU j¨vwUb kã bios A_© Rxeb Ges logos A_©
Ávb Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ| weÁv‡bi †h kvLvq Rx‡ei MVb, •RewbK wµqv Ges RxebaviY m¤ú‡K© mg¨K •eÁvwbK Ávb cvIqv hvq
Zv‡KB RxeweÁvb ejv nq| wMÖK `vk©wbK A¨vwi÷Uj‡K (wLªóc~e© 384-322) RxeweÁv‡bi RbK ejv nq|
 RxeweÁv‡bi kvLvmg~n : Rx‡ei aib Abymv‡i RxeweÁvb‡K cÖavb `ywU kvLvq fvM Kiv nq, h_v : Dw™¢` weÁvb I cÖvYx weÁvb|
Rx‡ei †Kvb w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”Q Zvi Ici wfwË K‡i RxeweÁvb‡K Avevi †f․Z RxeweÁvb I dwjZ RxeweÁvb G `ywU
kvLvq fvM Kiv nq|
†fŠZ RxeweÁvb : †f․Z RxeweÁvb kvLvq ZË¡xq welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z mvaviYZ †hme welq¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ
nq Zv n‡jv : 1. A½ms¯’vb (Morphology); 2. †kªwYweb¨vmwe`¨v (Taxonomy); 3. kvixiwe`¨v (Physiology); 4.
wn‡÷vjwR (Histology); 5. åƒYwe`¨v (Embryology); 6. †Kvlwe`¨v (Cytology); 7. eskMwZwe`¨v (Genetics); 8.
weeZ©bwe`¨v (Evolution); 9. ev¯‘we`¨v (Ecology); 10. G‡ÛvµvB‡bvjwR (Endocrinology); 11. Rxef‚‡Mvj
(Biogeography) BZ¨vw`|
dwjZ RxeweÁvb : dwjZ RxewÁvb kvLvq Rxeb-mswkøó cÖv‡qvwMK welqmg~n Av‡jvwPZ nq| G‡Z mvaviYZ †h welq¸‡jv
Av‡jvwPZ nq Zv n‡jv : 1. cÖZœZË¡we`¨v (Palaeontology); 2. RxecwimsL¨vb we`¨v (Biostatistics); 3. ciRxexwe`¨v
Parasitology; 4. grm¨weÁvb (Fisheries); 5. KxUZË¡ (Entomology); 6. AYyRxeweÁvb (Microbiology); 7.
K…wlweÁvb (Agriculture); 8. wPwKrmvweÁvb (Medical Science); 9. wRb cÖhyw³ (Genetic Engineering); 10.
cÖvYimvqb (Biochemistry); 11. g„wËKv weÁvb (Soil Science); 12. cwi‡ek weÁvb (Environmental Science);
13. mgy`ª weÁvb (Oceanography) 14. eb weÁvb (Forestry); 15. RxecÖhyw³ (Biotechnology), 16. dv‡g©wm
(Pharmacy); 17. eb¨cÖvwYwe`¨v (Wildlife) Ges 18. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm (Bioinformatics).
 RxeweÁvb cv‡Vi ¸iæZ, nuvm I gyiwM Drcbœ Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| gvQ Pv‡lI e¨vcK mvdj¨ G‡m‡Q| RxeweÁv‡bi Ae`v‡bi d‡j
GKw`‡K †hgb wewfbœ †iv‡Mi RxevYy Avwe®‥…Z n‡q‡Q, †Zgwb bvbvb `yiv‡ivM¨ †ivM `gb Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ iK‡gi A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK
Ilya m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
 †kªwYweb¨vm : Rx‡ei AvK…wZMZ I cÖK…wZMZ wewfbœ •ewk‡ó¨i cvi¯úwiK mv`„k¨ I •emv`„‡k¨i Ici wfwË K‡i Zv‡`i wewfbœ
RMr, ce©, †kªwY, eM©, †MvÎ, MY, cÖRvwZ av‡c web¨¯Í Kivi c×wZ‡K †kªwYweb¨vm e‡j|
 †kªwYweb¨vm we`¨v : RxeweÁv‡bi †h kvLvq Rx‡ei bvgKiY, kbv³KiY I †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K †kªwYweb¨vm
we`¨v (Taxonomy) e‡j|
 cÖvYx †kªwYweb¨vm : cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i Ici wfwË K‡i cÖvYx‡`i †Mvôxfy³ Kivi c×wZ‡K cÖvYx †kªwYweb¨vm e‡j|
 †kªwYweb¨v‡mi avc : Rx‡ei †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ‡Z mvZwU avc Aej¤^b Kiv nq| †kªwYweb¨v‡mi avc¸‡jv n‡jv :
RMr (Kingdom), ce© (Phylum), †kªwY (Class), eM© (Order), †MvÎ (Family), MY (Genus) I cÖRvwZ (Species)
 GKwU Rx‡ei cÖRvwZ ch©šÍ †kªwYweb¨v‡mi avc¸‡jv web¨¯Í ev mvRv‡bv _v‡K Gfv‡e-
RMr (Kingdom)
ce© (Phylum)
†kªwY (Class)
eM© (Order)
†MvÎ (Family)
MY (Genus)
cÖRvwZ (Species)
 †kªwYweb¨v‡mi RbK : †kªwYweb¨v‡mi RbK n‡jb cÖK…wZ weÁvbx K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm|
wØc` bvgKiY : GKwU Rx‡ei •eÁvwbK bvg `ywU Ask wb‡q MwVZ nq| cÖ_g AskwU Zvi MY bvg I wØZxq AskwU Zvi cÖRvwZK
bvg| Giƒc `ywU c` wb‡q MwVZ bvg‡K wØc` bvg e‡j Ges bvgKi‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K wØc` bvgKiY e‡j| wØc` bvgKiY cÖeZ©b
K‡ib K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm|
 wØc` bvgKi‡bi c×wZ:
1) bvgKiY j¨vwUb fvlvq wKsev j¨vwUb fvlvi g‡Zv K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
2) ‣eÁvwbK bv‡gi `ywU Ask _vK‡e| cÖ_g AskwU MY bvg Ges wØZxq AskwU cÖRvwZ bvg|
3) ‣eÁvwbK bv‡gi cÖ_g As‡ki cÖ_g Aÿi eo n‡e, evwK Aÿi¸‡jv †QvU Aÿi n‡e Ges wØZxq AskwUi bvg †QvU Aÿi w`‡q wjL‡Z n‡e|
4) ‣eÁvwbK bvg gy`ª‡bi mgq me©`v BUvwjK Aÿ‡i wjL‡Z n‡e|
5) nv‡Z †jLvi mgq MY I cÖRvwZi bv‡gi wb‡P Avjv`v Avjv`v `vM w`‡Z n‡e|
 †kªwYweb¨v‡mi avc ev GKK : Rx‡ei †kªwYMZ Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †hme avc e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡`i †kªwYweb¨v‡mi avc ev GKK
ejv nq|
RxeweÁvbL-1_ 1

 RxeRM‡Zi †kªwYweb¨vm : 1969 mv‡j ûB‡UKvi GKwU cuvPRMr †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| G¸‡jv n‡”Q g‡biv, †cÖvwU÷v,
dvbRvB, cøvbwU I A¨vwb‡gwjqv| cieZx©Kv‡j gvi¸wjm 1974 mv‡j GwU ms‡kvab K‡ib| wZwb mg¯Í RxeRMr‡K `ywU mycvi
wKsW‡g fvM K‡ib Ges cuvPwU RMr‡K G `ywU mycvi wKsW‡gi AvIZvfy³ K‡ib|
 RxeRMr

mycvi wKsWg-1 mycvi wKsWg-2

ivR¨-g‡biv

ivR¨-†cÖvwU÷v ivR¨-dvbRvB ivR¨-cøvbwU ivR¨-A¨vwb‡gwjqv

wØZxq Aa¨vq
 †Kvl : •elg¨ †f`¨ c`©v Øviv Ave„Z Ges RxeR wµqvKjv‡ci GKK hv Ab¨ mRxe gva¨g e¨wZ‡i‡KB wb‡Ri cÖwZiƒc •Zwi Ki‡Z
mÿg Zv‡K †Kvl e‡j| wbDwK¬qv‡mi msMV‡bi wfwˇZ †Kvl `yB ai‡bi h_v : Avw` †Kvl I cÖK…Z †Kvl|
 Avw` †Kvl : G ai‡bi †Kv‡l msMwVZ †Kv‡bv wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K bv| wbDwK¬qe¯‘ mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Qov‡bv _v‡K| Gme †Kv‡l
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, cøvw÷W, G‡ÛvcøvRwgK †iwUKzjvg BZ¨vw` A½vYy _v‡K bv Z‡e ivB‡ev‡mvg Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| bxjvf meyR •kevj,
e¨vK‡Uwiqv G ai‡bi †Kvl|
 cÖK…Z †Kvl : Gme †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ A_©vr wbDwK¬qvi wSwjø Øviv wbDwK¬qe¯‘ cwi‡ewóZ I mymsMwVZ| •kevj †_‡K ïiæ
K‡i mcy®úK Dw™¢` Ges A¨vwgev †_‡K m‡e©vbœZ cÖvwY‡`‡nI G ai‡bi †Kvl _v‡K|
 †Kvl wSjøx: †cÖv‡UvcøvR‡gi evB‡i `yB ¯Í‡ii †h w¯’wZ¯’vcK c`©v _v‡K, hv wj‡cvcÖwUb Øviv MwVZ Zv‡K †Kvl wSwjø e‡j|
 gvB‡µvwfjvB: †KvlwSwjøi fvR‡K gvB‡µvwfjvB (cÖvYx †Kv‡l _v‡K) e‡j|
 †`n‡Kvl : eû‡Kvlx Rx‡ei †`n MV‡b Gme †Kvl Ask MÖnY K‡i| gvB‡UvwUK I A¨vgvB‡UvwUK wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvl wefvwRZ
nq| wewfbœ Zš¿ I A½-cÖZ¨½ MV‡b †`n‡Kvl Ask †bq|
 Rbb †Kvl : †h․b Rbb I Rbyµg †`Lv hvq Ggb Rx‡e Rbb †Kvl Drcbœ nq| wg‡qvwmm c×wZ‡Z Rbb gvZ…‡Kv‡li wefvRb N‡U
Ges Rbb †Kvl Drcbœ nq| Rbb †Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨v gvZ…Rbb †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨vi A‡a©K _v‡K|
 gvB‡UvKwÛªqv : GwU wدÍi wewkó wSwjø w`‡q †Niv| †fZ‡ii ¯ÍiwU fuvR n‡q _v‡K| G‡`i wµw÷ e‡j| wµw÷i Mv‡q e„šÍhy³
†MvjvKvi e¯‘ _v‡K, G‡K Aw·‡mvg e‡j| Aw·‡mv‡g Dr‡mPK¸‡jv mvRv‡bv _v‡K| gvB‡UvKwÛªq‡bi †fZ‡i _v‡K g¨vwUª·|
Rx‡ei k¦mbKv‡h© mvnvh¨ Kiv gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi cÖavb KvR| G Rb¨ gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K kw³i Ni ejv nq|
 MjwR e¯‘ : MjwR e¯‘ cÖavbZ cÖvwY‡Kv‡l cvIqv hvq| ni‡gvb wbtmi‡YI Gi f‚wgKv jÿ Kiv hvq| KL‡bv KL‡bv Giv †cÖvwUb
mÂq K‡i iv‡L|
 †cÖv‡UvcøvRg : †Kv‡li †fZ‡i †h Aa©¯^”Q, _K_‡K †Rwji b¨vq e¯‘ _v‡K Zv‡K †cÖv‡UvcøvRg e‡j|
 cøvw÷W : cøvw÷W Dw™¢` †Kv‡li ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A½vYy| Gi cÖavb KvR Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv, Lv`¨ mÂq Kiv I Dw™¢` †`n‡K eY©gq I
AvKl©Yxq K‡i civMvq‡Y mvnvh¨ Kiv|
 †mw›UªIj : cÖvwY‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡mi Kv‡Q †h `ywU duvcv bjvKvi ev `ÛvKvi A½vYy †`Lv hvq, Zv‡`i‡K †mw›UªIj e‡j|
 †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ : meyR i‡Oi cøvw÷W‡K †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ e‡j| cvZv, KwP KvÛ I Ab¨vb¨ meyR As‡k G‡`i cvIqv hvq| cøvw÷‡W
†K¬v‡ivwdj _v‡K ZvB G‡`i meyR †`Lvq|
 ivB‡ev‡mvg : cÖvYx I Dw™¢` Dfq cÖKvi †Kv‡lB G‡`i cvIqv hvq| †Kv_vq Avwgl ms‡køl n‡e Zvi ¯’vb wba©viY Kiv Gi KvR|
†cÖvwU‡bi cwj‡ccUvBW †PBb ms‡hvRb GB ivB‡ev‡Rv‡g n‡q _v‡K|
 wSjøxwenxb mvB‡UvcøvRgxq A½vby:
K) gvB‡µvwUDweDj L) gvB‡µvwdjv‡g›U
M) ivB‡evRg N) †mw›URg
 jvB‡mv‡mvg : jvB‡mv‡mvg Rxe †Kvl‡K RxevYyi nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i Ges Gi Dr‡mPK AvMZ RxevYy¸‡jv‡K nRg K‡i †d‡j|
 wbDwK¬qvm : †Kv‡li me •RewbK wµqv wewµqv wbqš¿Y K‡i wbDwK¬qvm| Gi AvK…wZ †MvjvKvi, wW¤^vKvi, bjvKvi BZ¨vw`|
wmf‡Kvl I †jvwnZ i³ KwYKvq wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K bv|
 wUmy¨ : GKB MVbwewkó GK¸”Q †Kvl GKwÎZ n‡q hw` GKB KvR K‡i Ges Zv‡`i DrcwËI hw` Awfbœ nq ZLb Zv‡`i wUmy¨ ev
Kjv e‡j| wUmy¨ `yB ai‡bi h_v : fvRK wUmy¨ I ¯’vqx wUmy¨| fvRK wUmy¨ wefvR‡b mÿg wKš‘ ¯’vqx wUmy¨ wefvwRZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
¯’vqx wUmy¨ wZb cÖKvi, h_v : mij wUmy¨, RwUj wUmy¨ I wbtmªvex wUmy¨ (ÿiYKvix)|
 mij wUmy¨ : †h ¯’vqx wUmy¨i cÖwZwU †Kvl AvKvi, AvK…wZ I MV‡bi w`K †_‡K Awfbœ Zv‡K mij wUmy¨ e‡j| †Kv‡li cÖK…wZi Ici
wfwË K‡i mij wUmy¨‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v : 1. c¨v‡ibKvBgv, 2. †Kv‡jbKvBgv I 3. †¯‥¬‡ibKvBgv|
 RwUj wUmy¨ : wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii †Kvl mgš^‡q †h ¯’vqx wUmy¨ MwVZ nq Zv‡K RwUj wUmy¨ e‡j| Giv Dw™¢‡` cwien‡bi KvR K‡i, ZvB
G‡`i cwienb wUmy¨I ejv nq| G wUmy¨ `yB ai‡bi, h_v : RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡qg| RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡qg GK‡Î Dw™¢‡`i cwienb
wUmy¨¸”Q (vascular bundle) MVb K‡i|
 RvB‡jg wUmy¨i cÖKvi‡f`:
K) UªvwKW L) RvB‡jg c¨v‡ibKvBgv
M) †f‡mj N) RvB‡jg dvBevi

RxeweÁvbL-1_ 2

†d¬v‡qg wUmy¨i cÖKvi‡f`:

K) wmf‡Kvl L) m½x‡Kvl
M) †d¬v‡qg c¨v‡ibKvBgv N) †d¬v‡qg dvBevi
 cÖvYx wUmy¨i cÖKv‡f` : cÖvwYwUmy¨ Zvi MVbKvix †Kv‡li msL¨v, •ewkó¨ Ges Zv‡`i wbtm„Z c`v‡_©i •ewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ cÖavbZ Pvi
ai‡bi nq| h_v : 1. AveiYx wUmy¨, 2. †hvRK wUmy¨, 3. †cwk wUmy¨, 4. mœvqy wUmy¨|
 †cwk wUmy¨i cÖKvi‡f`:
K)Hw”QK †cwk ev †WvivKvUv †cwk
 L) A‣bw”QK †cwk ev gm„Y †cwk
M) KvwW©qvK †cwk ev ür‡cwk
 wUmy¨ZË¡ : wUmy¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv‡K wUmy¨ZË¡ ev Histology e‡j|
 A½ I Zš¿ : GK ev GKvwaK wUmy¨i mgš^‡q MwVZ Ges wbw`©ó Kvh© m¤úv`‡b mÿg cÖvwY‡`‡ni Askwe‡kl‡K A½ (Organ) e‡j|
Avevi cwicvK, k¦mb, †iPb, cÖRbb BZ¨vw` kvixie„Ëxq KvR m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ cÖvwY‡`‡n KZ¸‡jv A‡½i mgš^‡q wewfbœ Zš¿ MwVZ nq|
 AYyexÿY hš¿ : †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ ÿz`ª e¯‘ eo K‡i †`Lv hvq Zv‡K AYyexÿY hš¿ e‡j| G hš¿ `yB ai‡bi| h_v : mij AYye xÿY hš¿
I RwUj AYyexÿY hš¿|
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
 †Kvl : Rxe‡`‡ni MVb I Kv‡Ri GKK‡K †Kvl e‡j| cÖwZwU Rxe‡`n †Kvl w`‡q MwVZ| GKwUgvÎ †Kvl w`‡q cÖwZwU Rx‡ei
Rxeb ïiæ nq|
 †Kvl wefvRb : †h c×wZ‡Z gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K `yB ev `yB‡qi †ewk AcZ¨‡Kv‡li m„wó nq Zv‡K †Kvl wefvRb e‡j|
 AcZ¨‡Kvl : †h †Kvl¸‡jvi ¸Yv¸Y gvZ…‡Kv‡li g‡Zv nq Zv‡`i AcZ¨‡Kvl e‡j|
 †Kvl wefvR‡bi cÖKvi‡f` : †Kvl wefvRb wZb cÖKv‡ii| GB wZb ai‡bi †Kvl wefvRbÑ 1. A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm, 2. gvB‡Uvwmm Ges
3. wg‡qvwmm|
 A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm ev cÖZ¨ÿ †Kvl wefvRb : G ai‡bi wefvR‡b wbDwK¬qvm I mvB‡UvcøvRg mivmwi wef³ n‡q `ywU AcZ¨ †Kvl m„wó
K‡i|
 gvB‡Uvwmm : †h †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqvq †`n‡Kv‡li gvZ…‡KvlwU wefvwRZ n‡q mg¸Ym¤úbœ I mgmsL¨K †µv‡gv‡mvgwewkó `ywU
AcZ¨ †Kvl m„wó nq, Zv‡K gvB‡Uvwmm e‡j| cÖK…Z wbDwK¬qvmhy³ Rxe‡`‡ni †`n‡Kv‡l gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb N‡U|
gvB‡Uvwmm wefvRb N‡U bv cÖvYx‡`i mœvqy †Kv‡l, ¯Íb¨cvqx‡`i cwiYZ †jvwnZ i³KwYKvq I AYyPwµKvq Ges Dw™¢‡`i ¯’vqx wUmy¨i
†Kv‡l|
 gvB‡Uvwmm cÖavbZ `ywU ch©v‡q m¤úbœ nqÑ 1. K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm Ges 2. mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm| Gi g‡a¨ K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm GKwU
avivevwnK cÖwµqvq N‡U|
 K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm : G ch©v‡q gvZ…‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvRb N‡U Ges †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvmwU avivevwnKfv‡e K‡qKwU RwUj
cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wef³ nq| avivevwnKfv‡e wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvRb‡K cuvPwU av‡c fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v : (1) †cÖv‡dR (2)
†cÖv‡gUv‡dR (3) †gUv‡dR (4) A¨vbv‡dR I (5) †U‡jv‡dR|
 mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm : G ch©v‡q wefvwRZ †Kv‡li mvB‡UvcøvRg wefvwRZ n‡q `ywU AcZ¨‡Kvl m„wó K‡i|
 wg‡qvwmm : †h †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqvq Rx‡ei Rbb gvZ…‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvmwU cici `yBevi wefvwRZ n‡q Rbb gvZ…‡Kv‡li A‡a©K
†µv‡gv‡mvgmn PviwU AcZ¨ Rbb‡Kvl m„wó K‡i, Zv‡K wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb e‡j|
 mgxKiwYK ev BKz‡qkbvj wefvRb : gvB‡Uvwm‡m †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi GKevi wefvRb N‡U Ges AcZ¨ †Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨v
gvZ…‡Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨vi mgvb _v‡K| GRb¨ GB ai‡bi †Kvl wefvRb‡K mgxKiwYK ev BKz‡qkbvj wefvRbI e‡j|
 n«vmg~jK †Kvl wefvRb : wg‡qvwm‡m †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi `yBevi wefvRb N‡U Ges AcZ¨‡Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi msL¨v gvZ…‡Kv‡li
†µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨vi A‡a©K n‡q hvq| GRb¨ wg‡qvwmm‡K n«vmg~jK †Kvl wefvRb e‡j|
 B›Uvi‡dR : †Kvl wefvR‡bi c~‡e© †Kv‡l wKQy cÖ¯‘wZg~jK KvR nq| †Kv‡li G Ae¯’v‡K B›Uvi‡dR e‡j|
 †cÖv‡dR av‡c wbDwK¬qvi RvwjKv †f‡O KZK¸‡jv wbw`©ó msL¨K myZvi g‡Zv As‡ki m„wó nq| G¸‡jv‡K †µv‡gv‡mvg e‡j|
 †cÖv‡gUv‡dR : wefvwRZ †Kv‡li †gUv‡dR av‡ci c~e© Ae¯’v|
 w¯úÛj Zš‘ : †cÖv-†gUv‡dR av‡c wbDwK¬qv‡mi wejywß N‡U Ges Dw™¢` †Kv‡l mvB‡UvcøvRg †_‡K Ges cÖvwY‡Kv‡l †mw›UªIj †_‡K
†Kv‡li DËi I `wÿY †giy ch©šÍ KZK¸‡jv Zš‘i Avwef©ve N‡U| G‡K w¯úÛj Zš‘ e‡j|
 w¯úÛj hš¿ : †Kv‡li ga¨fvM‡K welyexq AÂj e‡j| w¯úÛj ZšÍ¸‡jv †Kv‡li welyexq A‡j we¯Í…Z n‡q gvKzi AvKvi aviY K‡i
G‡K w¯úÛj hš¿ e‡j|
 AvKl©Y Zš‘ : †hme w¯úÛj Zš‘i mv‡_ †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †m‡›Uªvwgqvi mshy³ _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K AvKl©Y Zš‘ ev †µv‡gv‡mvgvj Zš‘ e‡j|
 A¨vbv‡dR : A¨vbv‡dR av‡c †µvgvwUW¸‡jv wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq| G Ae¯’vq cÖwZwU †µvgvwUW‡K AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡mvg e‡j|
 †U‡jv‡dR : K¨vwiIKvB‡bwm‡mi †kl avcwUi bvg †U‡jv‡dR| †U‡jv‡d‡R †Kv‡li `yB †giy‡Z `ywU AcZ¨ wbDwK¬qvm MwVZ nq
Ges K¨vwiIKvB‡bwm‡mi mgvwß N‡U|
 †Kvl †cë : Dw™¢` †Kv‡l †U‡jv‡dR av‡ci †k‡l welyexq Z‡j G‡ÛvcøvRwgK RvwjKvi ÿz`ª ÿz`ª A½¸‡jv Rgv nq Ges cieZ©x‡Z
wgwjZ n‡q †h †cøU MVb K‡i Zv‡K †Kvl †cøU e‡j|
 wWcø‡qW : †`n‡Kv‡l †µvgv‡mvg msL¨v‡K wWcø‡qW msL¨v ev 2n e‡j| wWcø‡qW Ae¯’vq †µvgv‡mvg¸‡jv †Rvovq †Rvovq _v‡K|
D`vniY¯^iƒc gvby‡li †`n‡Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨v 23 †Rvov ev 46wU|
 n¨vcø‡qW : Rbb †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨v‡K n¨vcø‡qW msL¨v ev n e‡j| Rbb gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K Drcbœ Rbb †Kvl¸‡jv n¨vcø‡qW
nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc gvby‡li Rbb †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨v 23 A_©vr n ev n¨vcø‡qW|
 eskMwZ ev Heredity : gvZvwcZvi PvwiwÎK •ewkó¨ †h cÖwµqvq mšÍvbmšÍwZ‡Z mÂvwiZ nq Zv‡K eskMwZ ev †n‡iwWwU (Heredity)
e‡j|
 †µv‡gv‡mvg : †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq wbDwK¬qvi RvwjKv †_‡K Drcbœ myZvi g‡Zv †h Ask¸‡jv Rx‡ei eskMZ •ewk‡ó¨i evnK
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Zv‡`i †µv‡gv‡mvg e‡j|
 A¨vbv‡dR †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jvi AvKvi : A¨vbv‡d‡R †m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv V, L, J ev I Gi g‡Zv AvKvi
aviY K‡i| G‡`i‡K h_vµ‡g †gUv‡mw›UªK, mve‡gUv‡mw›UªK, A¨v‡µv‡mw›UªK ev †U‡jv‡mw›UªK e‡j|
RxeweÁvbL-1_ 3

 Rx‡ei cÖwZwU cÖRvwZi †Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi msL¨v aªyeK|

 †µvgvwUW : gvB‡Uvwm‡mi †cÖv‡dR av‡c cÖwZwU †µv‡gv‡mvg j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e wef³ nIqvi ci †h `ywU mgvb AvK…wZi myZvi g‡Zv
Ask MVb K‡i Zv‡K †µvgvwUW e‡j| †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †µvgvwUW `ywU ci¯úi †h As‡k hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K †m‡›Uªvwgqvi e‡j|
 †µv‡gv‡mvg

PZz_© Aa¨vq
mv‡jvKms‡kølY : mv‡jvKms‡kølY‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z d‡Uvwmb‡_wmm (Photosynthesis) ejv nq| d‡Uvwmb‡_wmm kãwU Ô†dv‡UvmÕ
(Photos) A_©vr Av‡jv Ges Ôwmb‡_wmm (synthesis) A_©vr ms‡køl wb‡q MwVZ| †h kvixie„Ëxq cÖwµqvq meyR Dw™¢` m~h©v‡jv‡Ki
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Ges †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cwi‡ek †_‡K †kvwlZ cvwb I Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi d‡j mij kK©iv (Møy‡KvR)
cÖ¯‘Z K‡i Zv‡K d‡Uvwmb‡_wmm ev mv‡jvKms‡kølY e‡j| GwU GKwU RwUj I `xN© cÖwµqv| mv‡jvKms‡kølY GKwU •Re ivmvqwbK
wewµqv hv wbgœiƒc :
Av‡jv
6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
†K¬v‡ivwdj
Møy‡KvR Aw·‡Rb cvwb
 mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi DcRvZ `ªe¨ n‡jv Aw·‡Rb I cvwb|
 GwU GKwU RviY-weRviY cÖwµqv|
 G cÖwµqvq H2O RvwiZ nq Ges CO weRvwiZ nq| 2

 1905 mv‡j Bs‡iR kvixiZË¡we` eø¨vKg¨vb (Blakman) mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv‡K `ywU ch©v‡q fvM K‡ib| h_v :
Av‡jvKwbf©i ch©vq I Av‡jvK wbi‡cÿ ev AÜKvi ch©vq|
 Av‡jvKwbf©i ch©vq (Light dependent phase) :
 G ch©v‡q ATP I NADPH + H+ Drcbœ nq|
 †K¬v‡ivwdj AYy Av‡jvKiwk¥i †dvUb n‡Z kw³ mÂq K‡i ADP I A‣Re dm‡dU (Pi = inorganic phosphate) †_‡K
ATP •Zwi K‡i| G cÖwµqv‡K d‡Uvdm‡dvivB‡jkb e‡j| GB wewµqvwU n‡jv :
Av‡jv
ADP + Pi  ATP
†K¬v‡ivwdj
m~h©v‡jvK AmsL¨ D”P kw³m¤úbœ KwYKv ev †dvUb wb‡q MwVZ| †dvU‡b Ave× kw³ n‡jv †Kvqv›Uvg|
 m~h©v‡jvK I †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji mnvqZvq cvwbi d‡UvjvBwmm N‡U| G wewµqvwU †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ N‡U|
 cvwbi d‡UvjvBwm‡m Drcbœ B‡jKUªb NADP †K weRvwiZ K‡i NADPH + H Drcbœ K‡i| +

 ATP I NADPH + H †K AvZ¥xKiY kw³ e‡j| +

 Av‡jvK wbi‡cÿ ch©vq ev AÜKvi ch©vq (Light independent phase) :

 Av‡jvK ch©v‡q Drcbœ ATP I NADPH + H Gi mnvqZvq CO weRvwiZ n‡q Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU Drcbœ nq|
+
2

 G ch©v‡q CO2 weRvi‡Yi 3wU MwZc_ kbv³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1. K¨vjwfb Pµ 2. n¨vP I ¯ø¨vKPµ I 3. †µmy †jwmqvb GwmW wecvK| G‡`i g‡a¨ `ywU Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
 C3 MwZc_ ev K¨vjwfb Pµ :
 GB P‡µi cÖ_g ¯’vqx c`v_© 3-dm‡dvwMømvwiK GwmW|
 GB P‡µ Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ weÁvbx K¨vjwfb 1961 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi cvb|
 C MwZc_ wewkó Dw™¢`‡K C Dw™¢` e‡j|
3 3

 C4 MwZc_ ev n¨vP I ¯ø¨vK Pµ :

 GB P‡µi cÖ_g ¯’vqx c`v_© n‡jv 4 Kve©bwewkó A·v‡jv GwmwUK GwmW|
 C4 MwZc_ wewkó Dw™¢`‡K C4 Dw™¢` e‡j|
 C4 Dw™¢`‡K GKB mv‡_ n¨vP I ¯ø¨vK Pµ Ges K¨vjwfb Pµ cwiPvwjZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
 mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi cÖfveKmg~n :
cÖfveK¸‡jv n‡jv :
i) evwn¨K cÖfveK : Av‡jv, cvwb, Kve©b WvBA·vBW, ZvcgvÎv, Aw·‡Rb, LwbR c`v_©, ivmvqwbK c`v_©|
ii) Af¨šÍixY cÖfveKmg~n : †K¬v‡ivwdj, cvZvi eqm I msL¨v, kK©ivi cwigvY, cUvwmqvg, GbRvBg|
 k¦mb : †h •Re ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq †Kvl¯’ Lv`¨ RvwiZ n‡q (Aw·‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ev Abycw¯’wZ‡Z) Lv`¨¯’ •¯’wZK kw³
ivmvqwbK Zvc kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ I gy³ nq Zv‡K k¦mb e‡j|
k¦m‡bi mvgwMÖK ivmvqwbK mgxKiYwU n‡jv :
Dr‡mPK
C H O 
6 12 6 6CO + H O +686 kcal/mol
2 2
RxeweÁvbL-1_ 4

Møy‡KvR Kve©b WvBA·vBW cvwb kw³

 MøvB‡KvjvBwmm cÖwµqvq 8 Aby ATP, A¨vwmUvBj Co-A cÖwµqvq 2 Aby Ges 6 AYy ‡µem Pµ 4 AYy 24 Aby ATP Drcbœ nq|
 k¦mb †Kv_vq Ges KLb nq : Rxe‡`‡ni cÖwZwU mRxe †Kv‡l k¦mb w`bivZ N‡U| k¦m‡bi cÖ_g ch©vq †Kv‡li mvB‡UvcøvR‡g N‡U
Ges wØZxq ch©vq †Kv‡li †Kvl A½vYy gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq N‡U|
 k¦mb `yB cÖKvi| GKwU n‡jv mevZ k¦mb hv Aw·‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z N‡U AciwU AevZ k¦mb ev Aw·‡R‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z N‡U|
  mevZ k¦mb PviwU Ges AevZ k¦mb `ywU av‡c m¤úbœ nq|
 mevZ k¦mb cÖwµqvq PviwU ch©vqµwgK av‡c GK AYy Møy‡KvR m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c RvwiZ n‡q me©‡gvU Qq AYy (CO2), Qq AYy cvwb
Ges 38 wU ATP Drcbœ K‡i| wewµqvwU n‡jv :
wewfbœ GbRvBg 6CO + 6H O + kw³ (686 kcal/mol)
C H O + 6O 
6 12 6 2 2 2
AevZ k¦m‡bi `ywU av‡c Møy‡KvR AvswkK RvwiZ n‡q B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj I CO2 A_ev kyay j¨vKwUK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i|
GbRvBg 2C H OH + 2CO + kw³ (56 kcal/mol)
C H O 
6 12 6 2 5 2
Møy‡KvR B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
 k¦m‡bi ¸iæZ¡ :
 k¦mb cÖwµqvq Drcbœ kw³ w`‡q Rx‡ei me ai‡bi wµqv-wewµqv I KvRKg© cwiPvwjZ nq|
 A¨vj‡Kvnj, iæwU, `B, cwbi BZ¨vw` AevZ k¦mb cÖwµqvq •Zwi nq|
 k¦m‡bi cÖfveKmg~n
evwn¨K cÖfveK : evwn¨K cÖfveKmg~n n‡jvÑ
 ZvcgvÎv, Aw·‡Rb, cvwb, Av‡jv, Kve©b WvBA·vBW BZ¨vw` k¦m‡bi evwn¨K cÖfveK|
Af¨šÍixY cÖfveK : Af¨šÍixY cÖfveKmg~n n‡jvÑ
 Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i cwigvY I aib, Dr‡mPK, †Kv‡li eqm, A‣Re jeY, †Kvlga¨¯’ cvwb BZ¨vw` k¦m‡bi Af¨šÍixY cÖfveK|
 mv‡jvKms‡kølY Ges k¦mb ci¯ú‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj : mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq CO2 M¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq| evqygÛ‡ji Kve©b
WvBA·vBW M¨v‡mi cÖavb Drm Rx‡ei k¦mb cÖwµqv| myZivs mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvwU CO2 Gi Rb¨ k¦m‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj|
k¦m‡bi mgq Rx‡ei cÖ‡qvRb Lv`¨ Ges Aw·‡Rb| Rx‡ei Lv`¨ Ges Aw·‡R‡bi cÖavb Drm mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv| myZivs
k¦mb cÖwµqvwU Lv`¨ I Aw·‡R‡bi Rb¨ mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Ici wbf©ikxj|
cÂg Aa¨vq
 Dw™¢‡`i LwbR cywó : Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ Dw™¢` cwi‡ek †_‡K †ekwKQy LwbR jeY AvniY K‡i †`‡ni ÿqc~iY I e„w× mvab K‡i|
G‡KB ejv nq Dw™¢‡`i LwbR cywó| LwbR jeY¸‡jvB n‡”Q LwbR cywó Dcv`vb| Dw™¢‡` cÖvq 60wU A‣Re Dcv`vb kbv³ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Aek¨ G 60wU Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ gvÎ 16wU Dcv`vb Dw™¢‡`i ¯^vfvweK e„w×i Rb¨ GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
 LwbR cywó Dcv`vb : Dw™¢‡`i cywó‡Z Acwinvh© †g․wjK Dcv`vb n‡jv 16wU| cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi Ici wbf©i K‡i G¸‡jv‡K g¨v‡µv I
gvB‡µv Dcv`v‡b fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dw™¢‡`i ¯^vfvweK e„w×i Rb¨ †hme Dcv`vb †ewk cwigv‡Y `iKvi nq †m¸‡jv‡K g¨v‡µv Ges
†h¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y `iKvi nq †m¸‡jv‡K gvB‡µv Dcv`vb ejv nq| g¨v‡µv Dcv`vb 9wU| h_v : N, K, P, Ca,
Mg, C, H, O Ges S| gvB‡µv Dcv`vb 7wU| h_v : Zn, Mn, Fe, Mo, B, Cu Ges Cl|
( )
 `uvZ:
( )
1) KZ©b `uvZ (Incisor) 2) †Qu`b `uvZ (Canine)
3) AMÖ‡clb `uvZ (Premolar) 4) †clb `uvZ (Molar)
 Lv`¨ : Lv`¨ ej‡Z †evSvq hv Rx‡ei †`nMVb, e„w× mvab I kw³ Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq| Lv`¨ g~jZ wewfbœ †h․‡Mi mgš^‡q MwVZ|
Avgiv Dw™¢` I cÖvYx †_‡K g~jZ Lv`¨ cvB|
 cywó : cywó GKwU cÖwµqv hv‡Z Lv`¨e¯‘ LvIqvi c‡i cwicvK nq Ges RwUj Lv`¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv †f‡O mij Dcv`v‡b cwiYZ nq|
Gme mij Dcv`vb †`n †kvlY K‡i †bq| †kvl‡Yi c‡i Lv`¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv †`‡ni mKj A‡½i ÿqcÖvß †Kv‡li cybM©Vb I †`‡ni
e„w×i Rb¨ bZzb †Kvl MVb K‡i| ZvQvov Zvc Drcv`b, †ivM cÖwZ‡iva I iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Kv‡R cywó †hvMvq| †`‡n Lv‡`¨i Gme
KvRB cywó cÖwµqvi AšÍM©Z|
 Lv`¨ Dcv`vb : Lv`¨ A‡bK¸‡jv ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ| G ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K Lv`¨ Dcv`vb ejv nq|
Avwgl, kK©iv, †mœn, wfUvwgb, LwbR jeY I cvwb| G QqwU Lv‡`¨i Dcv`vb|
 kK©iv : kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ †`‡ni KvR Kivi kw³ †hvMvq| kK©ivi †g․wjK Dcv`vb Kve©b nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb| Avgv‡`i
•`wbK Lv‡`¨i wewfbœ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kK©ivi cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk| fvZ, iywU, wPov, gywo BZ¨vw` G RvZxq Lv`¨| me
kK©ivB Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb G wZbwU †g․wjK Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ| ivmvqwbK MVb Abyhvqx kK©iv‡K GK, wØ I eû
kK©ivq fvM Kiv nq| me kK©ivB cwicv‡Ki ci mij kK©ivq cwiYZ n‡q †`‡ni †kvlY‡hvM¨ nq| 1 MÖvg kK©iv 4 wK‡jvK¨vjwi
Zvc Drcbœ K‡i| Avgv‡`i †gvU K¨vjwii kZKiv 6070 fvM kK©iv †_‡K MÖnY Kiv `iKvi| †`‡n kK©ivi Afv‡e Acywó †`Lv
†`q| d‡j wecvK wµqvq mgm¨vi m„wó nq|
 Avwgl : Avwgl PviwU †g․wjK Dcv`vb, h_v : Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb Ges bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ| †Kej Avwgl
RvZxq Lv`¨ †`‡n bvB‡Uªv‡Rb mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avwg‡l 16% bvB‡Uªv‡Rb _v‡K| KL‡bv KL‡bv dmdivm, †j․n Ges
Ab¨vb¨ †g․wjK Dcv`vbI Avwg‡l Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| Avwgl A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi RwUj †h․M| cwicvK cÖwµqvq GwU mij †kvlY
Dc‡hvMx A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq| gvQ, gvsm, Wvj, `ya BZ¨vw` Avwgl RvZxq Lv`¨| Avwg‡li Afv‡e †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK e„w×
I MVb ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| wkï‡`i †KvqvwkqiKi I †givmgvm †ivM †`Lv †`q|
 †mœnc`v_© : †mœnc`v_© d¨vwU GwmW I wMømvij mgš^‡q MwVZ| Lv`¨e¯‘i g‡a¨ †mœn RvZxq c`v_© me©v‡cÿv AwaK Zvc I kw³
mieivn K‡i| †mœnc`v_© cwicvK n‡q d¨vwU GwmW I wMømvi‡j cwiYZ nq| d¨vwU GwmW I wMømvij ÿz`ªv‡š¿i jwmKvbvwji gva¨‡g
RxeweÁvbL-1_ 5

†kvwlZ nq| gvsm, gvLb, cwbi, WvjWv, wewfbœ cÖKvi Dw™¢¾ †Zj †mœn c`v‡_©i DËg Drm| †`‡n †mœnc`v‡_©i NvUwZ n‡j Z¡K
ï®‥ I LmL‡m n‡q †`‡ni †m․›`h© bó n‡q hvq|
 Lv‡`¨i K¨vjwi : Lv`¨ †_‡K †`‡ni †fZi †h Zvc Drcbœ nq Zv Avgiv K¨vjwi‡Z cÖKvk Kwi| 1000 K¨vjwi‡Z 1 wK‡jvK¨vjwi|
Lv‡`¨ Zvckw³ gvcvi GKK n‡jv wK‡jvK¨vjwi| †`‡ni kw³i Pvwn`vI wK‡jvK¨vjwi‡Z wbY©q Kiv nq|
 Kg©kw³ : kK©iv, Avwgl I †mœnc`v_© Lv‡`¨i G wZbwU Dcv`vb †_‡K †`‡n Zvc Drcbœ nq| G Zvc Avgv‡`i †`‡n KvR Kivi
kw³ †hvMvq| Avevi kvixwiK cwikª‡g Avgv‡`i kw³ e¨q nq| Avgiv Lvevi †_‡K kw³ cvB| kw³i G iƒcvšÍiB Kg©kw³|
 †gŠjwecvK : Avgv‡`i †`‡ni †fZi Lv`¨ cwicvK, k¦mb, i³msenb BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg wecvK wµqvi AšÍM©Z| wecvK wµqv
Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ †h kw³ cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡K †g․jwecvK e‡j|
 wfUvwgb : wfUvwgb ev Lv`¨cÖvY ej‡Z Avgiv Lv‡`¨ KZ¸‡jv m~² Dcv`vb‡K eywS| wfUvwgbmg~n cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e †`n MV‡b AskMÖnY
bv Ki‡jI G‡`i Afv‡e †`‡ni ÿqc~iY, e„w× mvab ev †`‡n Zvc I kw³ Drcv`b BZ¨vw` wewfbœ wµqv¸‡jv mym¤úbœ n‡Z cv‡i
bv| Mv‡Qi meyR cvZv, KwP WMv, njy` I meyR e‡Y©i mewR, dj I exR BZ¨vw` As‡k wfUvwgb _v‡K| `ªeYxqZvi ¸Y
Abymv‡i wfUvwgb‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| (1) †mœn RvZxq c`v‡_© `ªeYxq wfUvwgb †hgb : wfUvwgb G, wW, B Ges †K; (2)
cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb †hgb : wfUvwgb we-Kg‡cø· Ges wm|
 LwbR jeY : K¨vjwmqvg, †mvwWqvg, g¨vM‡bwmqvg, dmdivm, †K¬vwib, Av‡qvwWb, †j․n, mvjdvi BZ¨vw` jeY RvZxq `ªe¨
Lv‡`¨i mv‡_ †`‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i I †`n MV‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| cÖwZw`b Ges cÖwZev‡ii Lv‡`¨ ch©vß LwbR c`v_© _vKv `iKvi| we‡kl
K‡i Lv‡`¨ K¨vjwmqvg, dmdivm, †j․n, Av‡qvwW‡bi Dcw¯’wZ Acwinvh©|
 cvwbi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv : cvwb Lv‡`¨i GKwU Dcv`vb| Avgv‡`i †`‡ni Rb¨ cvwb Acwinvh©| Avgv‡`i i³, gvsm, `uvZ, nvo BZ¨vw`
MV‡bi Rb¨ cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb| cvwb Lvevi nRg Ki‡Z I †`n †_‡K Nvg I g~‡Îi gva¨‡g ÿwZKi c`v_© †ei Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
cvwb †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿Y K‡i| cvwb Qvov †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡ii †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK wewµqv Pj‡Z cv‡i bv|
 iv‡dR ev Auvkhy³ Zš‘ : km¨`vbv, djg~j, mewRi AcvP¨ Ask‡K iv‡dR e‡j| †`‡ni †fZi iv‡d‡Ri †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b N‡U
bv| iv‡dR †Kv‡bv cywó Dcv`vb bq| Z‡e ¯^v¯’¨iÿvi Rb¨ GwU GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| Auvkhy³ Lvevi †_‡K iv‡dR cvIqv
hvq|
 Av‡qvwW‡bi Afv‡e MqUvi ev MjMÛ †ivM nq|
 wfUvwgb ÔGÕ Gi Afv‡e ivZKvbv †ivM nq|
 wfUvwgb ÔwWÕ Gi Afv‡e wi‡KUm †ivM nq|
 wfUvwgb A, D, E, K Pwe©‡Z `ªebxq|
 mylg Lv`¨ : †h Lv`¨e¯‘ †`‡ni K¨vjwi Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i, wUmy¨ †Kv‡li e„w× I MVb eRvq iv‡L Ges †`‡ni kvixie„Ëxq Kvh©vewj‡K
myôzfv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i Zv‡K mylg Lv`¨ e‡j| eqm, wj½‡f`, •`wnK Ae¯’v, kª‡gi cwigvY wn‡m‡e cywói cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb¸‡jv
Dchy³ cwigv‡Y mylg Lv‡`¨i AšÍfy©³ _v‡K|
 Lvevi m¨vjvBb : K‡jiv ev D`ivgq †ivM n‡j †`n †_‡K cÖPzi cwigv‡Y cvwb I LwbR jeY †ei n‡q hvq| G mgq †`‡n cvwb I
LwbR je‡Yi fvimvg¨ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ Lvevi m¨vjvBb †L‡Z nq, GwU K‡jiv ev D`ivg‡qi me‡P‡q mnR wPwKrmv|
 Lv`¨ wcivwgW : wcivwgW AvK…wZ‡Z GKRb e¨w³i cÖwZwbqZ Lv`¨ MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| wcivwg‡Wi kx‡l© i‡q‡Q †mœnRvZxq Lv`¨ Avi
me©wbgœ ¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q kK©iv| wcivwg‡Wi me‡P‡q PIov As‡k Av‡Q kK©ivRvZxq Lv`¨, Gici kvKmewR I djg~j; Zvici †cÖvwUb
RvZxq Lv`¨ I kx‡l© †mœnc`v_©| cÖwZw`‡bi Lvevi Lv`¨ wcivwgW Abyhvqx †e‡Q wb‡j mylg Lv`¨ wbe©vPb A‡bKUv mnR n‡q I‡V|
 kixiPP©v I wekªvg : wbqwgZ kixiPP©v kix‡ii cwicvK Kivi ÿgZv ev‡o, i³ PjvP‡ji ÿgZv fv‡jv nq, cvPb ÿgZv,
k¦vmcÖk¦vm, kix‡ii Zvc wbqš¿Y AviI myôz nq| my¯’ _vKvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i †`‡n †hgb Lv`¨ I kixiPP©v cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb cÖ‡qvRb
wekªvg| wekªv‡g kix‡ii K¬vwšÍ I Aemv` `~i nq| wekªv‡g k¦vmcÖk¦vm I nRgkw³i KvR myk„•Ljfv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K| d‡j kvixwiK
my¯’Zv AwR©Z nq|
 BMI : †`‡ni D”PZvi mv‡_ IR‡bi mvgÄm¨ iÿv Kivi m~PK‡K weGgAvB ev fim~wP ev Body Mass Index e‡j|
 Lv‡`¨ †fRvj I iÄK e¨envi : eZ©gv‡b Lv`¨`ªe¨‡K cPb †_‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii †fRvj †gkv‡bv nq| Gi g‡a¨
g~jZ evwYwR¨K is, Gw›Uev‡qvwUK, ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ †hgb : mi‡eU, Kve©vBW, KxU I evjvBbvkK, digvwjb, †nwf †gUvj
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G‡Z ¯^v¯’¨ SuywKi Avk¼v cÖKU AvKvi aviY Ki‡Q|
 BMR : †g․j wecv‡K †h cwigvY kw³ e¨q nq Ges Zvc wewKiY nq Zvi nviB n‡jv BMR ev †emvj †gUvewjK †iU|
lô Aa¨vq
 BgevBwekb : Kj‡qWag©xq wewfbœ c`v_© (Dw™¢‡`i †ÿ‡Î †KvlcÖvPxi) †h cÖwµqvq Zij c`v_© †kvlY K‡i Zv‡K BgevBwekb
e‡j|
 e¨vcb : c`v‡_©i AYy ev Avqb Zvi wb‡Ri MwZkw³i Kvi‡Y †ewk Nb‡Z¡i ¯’vb †_‡K Kg Nb‡Z¡i ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q cov‡K e¨vcb e‡j|
Bs‡iwR‡Z e¨vcb‡K wWwdDkb (Diffusion) e‡j|
 e¨vc‡bi kZ©vewj : ZvcgvÎv, c`v‡_©i AYyi NbZ¡, gy³kw³|
 e¨vc‡bi ¸iyZ¡ : Dw™¢` I cÖvwY‡`‡n Kve©b WvBA·vBW I Aw·‡Rb cwien‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb, cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z c`v‡_©i (Lv`¨)
cwienb, cÖvwY‡`‡n †iPb c`v_© cwienb|
 `ªeY : `ªve I `ªve‡Ki wgkª‡Yi d‡j hv Drcbœ nq| †hgb: wPwb (`ªve) I cvwb (`ªveK) wgwk‡q kieZ (`ªeY) •Zwi nq|
 `ªve : `ªve‡K hv `ªexf~Z nq| †hgb: wPwb, jeY BZ¨vw`|
 `ªveK : `ªve hv‡Z `ªexf~Z nq| †hgb: cvwb|
 A‡f`¨ c`©v : †h c`©v w`‡q `ªveK I `ªve Dfq cÖKvi c`v‡_©i AYy¸‡jv PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡K A‡f`¨ c`©v e‡j| †hgb:
cwjw_b, wKDwUbhy³ †KvlcÖvPxi|
 Aa©‡f`¨ c`©v : †h c`©v w`‡q †Kej `ªe‡Yi `ªveK AYy (Dw™¢‡`i †ÿ‡Î cvwb) PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ `ªve AYy PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv, Zv‡K Aa©‡f`¨ c`©v e‡j| †hgb: †Kvl c`©v, wW‡gi †Lvmvi wfZ‡ii c`©v, gv‡Qi cUKvi c`©v BZ¨vw`|
RxeweÁvbL-1_ 6

 AwfmªeY : †h †f․Z cÖwµqvq `ywU Avjv`v Nb‡Z¡i `ªeY Aa©‡f`¨ c`©vi Øviv Avjv`v Kiv _vK‡j, Kg Nb‡Z¡i `ªe‡Yi `ªveK †ewk
Nb‡Z¡i `ªe‡Y cÖ‡ek K‡i, Zv‡K AwfmªeY ev Am‡gvwmm e‡j|
 cvwb †kvlY : AwfmªeY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g †Kv‡l Ges wewfbœ †Kvl A½vYyi g‡a¨ cvwbi cÖ‡ek‡K cvwb †kvlY e‡j|
 LwbR jeY †kvlY : Dw™¢` LwbR jeY¸‡jv mvaviYZ Avqbiƒ‡c †kvlY K‡i| g~j‡iv‡gi †Kvli‡m we`¨gvb Avq‡bi NbZ¡ gvwUi
i‡m we`¨gvb Avq‡bi NbZ¡ Kg nIqvi Kvi‡Y e¨vc‡bi gva¨‡g gvwUi im †_‡K Avqb g~j‡iv‡gi †Kvli‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i, G‡K
LwbR jeY †kvlY e‡j|
 cwienb : †h kvixie„Ëxq cÖwµqvq Dw™¢‡`i g~j‡ivg Øviv †kvwlZ cvwb I LwbR je‡Yi `ªeY (im) RvB‡j‡gi gva¨‡g EaŸ©gy‡L
evwnZ n‡q cvZvq Av‡m Ges cvZvq •Zwi Zij Lv`¨e¯‘ †d¬v‡qg wUmy¨i gva¨‡g Dw™¢‡`i mviv‡`‡n Qwo‡q c‡o Zv‡K cwienb
A_ev msenb e‡j| cwien‡bi Bs‡iwR kã Conduction.
■ Dw™¢‡`i cwienb wUmy¨Ñ RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡qg|
■ Dw™¢`‡`‡n i‡mi EaŸ©gyLx cwienb N‡U RvB‡j‡gi gva¨‡g| Dw™¢`‡`‡n cvZvq •Zwi Lv`¨i‡mi wbgœgyLx cwienb N‡U
†d¬v‡q‡gi gva¨‡g|
 cÖ‡¯^`b :
■ cÖ‡¯^`b ev ev®ú‡gvPb GKwU kvixie„Ëxq cÖwµqv| G cÖwµqvq Dw™¢`‡`‡ni cvwb ev®úvKv‡i cvZvi gva¨‡g evqygÛ‡j †ewi‡q
hvq|
■ cÖ‡¯^`b cÖavbZ cÎiÜ« cvZvi wKDwUKj I Kv‡Pi Z¡‡K Aew¯’Z †jw›U‡mj-Gi gva¨‡g N‡U|
■ cvZv, KwPKvP, dz‡ji e„wZ I cvcwoi ewntZ¡‡K cÎiÜ« _v‡K|
■ cÖwZwU cÎiÜ« `yÕwU iÿx‡Kvl wb‡q MwVZ| iÿx‡Kvl `yÕwUi gv‡S Aew¯’Z m~² wQ`ª‡K cÎiܪ e‡j| iÿx‡Kvl `yÕwU cvwb
†kvlY K‡i dz‡j I‡V d‡j cÎiÜ« Ly‡j hvq| Avevi iÿx‡Kvl `yÕwU‡Z cvwb K‡g hvIqvi d‡j wkw_j nq Ges cÎiÜ« eÜ
n‡q hvq|
 i³ : i³ GK ai‡bi jvj e‡Y©i A¯^”Q AvšÍt‡Kvlxq jeYv³ I ÿviag©x Zij †hvRK wUmy¨| i³ cÖavbZ i³im ev cøvRgv Ges
i³KwYKv wb‡q MwVZ| i‡³ i³im _v‡K 55% Ges i³KwYKv _v‡K 45%|
 i³im : i‡³i Clr njy`vf, ÿviag©x I Z‡b mÿg Zij Ask‡K i³im ev cøvRgv e‡j| i³im 91-92% cvwb Ges KwVb c`v_© wb‡q
MwVZ|
 i³KwYKv : i‡³ wZb iK‡gi i³KwYKv _v‡K| h_v: 1. Gwi‡_ªvmvBU ev †jvwnZ i³KwYKv ev RBC, 2. wjD‡KvmvBU ev †k¦Z
i³KwYKv ev WBC I 3. _ª‡¤^vmvBU ev †cøU‡jUm ev AYyPwµKv|
 †jvwnZ i³KwYKv : wn‡gv‡Møvweb bvgK k¦vm-iÄK hy³, Aw·‡Rb cwien‡b mÿg i³KwYKv‡K †jvwnZ i³KwYKv e‡j|
 †k¦Z i³KwYKv : i‡³ Aew¯’Z wbDwK¬qvmhy³ eY©nxb I AwbqZvKvi i³KwYKv‡`i †k¦Z i³KwYKv e‡j|
 AYyPwµKv : i³ Z‡b mnvqK wbDwK¬qvmwenxb ÿz`ª i³KwYKv‡K AYyPwµKv e‡j|
 eøvWMÖæc ev i‡³i MÖæc : A¨vw›U‡Rb I A¨vw›UewWi Ici wfwË K‡i gvby‡li i³‡K wewfbœ MÖæ‡c fvM Kiv hvq| G‡K eøvW MÖæc e‡j|
weÁvbx Kvj© j¨vÛ‡÷Bbvi 1901 mv‡j gvby‡li i‡³i †kªwYweb¨vm K‡i Zv A, B, O I AB G PviwU MÖæ‡c bvgKiY K‡ib|
AvRxeb GKRb gvby‡li i‡³i MÖæc GKB _v‡K, cwieZ©b nq bv|
 me©Rbxb i³`vZv 'O' MÖæc|
 me©Rbxb MÖnxZv 'AB' MÖæc|

 i³bvwj : †hme bvwji gva¨‡g i³ ürwcÛ †_‡K †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k mieivn Kiv nq Ges †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask †_‡K ürwc‡Û
wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡K i³bvwj e‡j|
 agwb : †h i³bvwji gva¨‡g i³ ürwcÛ †_‡K †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k mieivn Kiv nq Zv‡K agwb e‡j|
 wkiv : †h i³bvwji gva¨‡g †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask †_‡K mvaviYZ KwVb Kve©b WvBA·vBW mg„× i³ ürwc‡Û wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡K wkiv
e‡j|
 •KwkK RvwjKv: †cwkZš‘‡Z Pz‡ji g‡Zv AwZ m~² i³bvwj †`Lv hvq| Zv‡K •KwkK RvwjKv e‡j| G¸‡jv GKw`‡K ÿz`ªZg awg©wb Ges Ab¨w`‡K ÿz`ªZg wkivi gv‡S ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i|
 ürwcÛ : i³ msenbZ‡š¿i GKwU Ask ürwcÛ| GwU Aweivg cv¤úh‡š¿i g‡Zv Qvw›`K MwZ‡Z ¯úw›`Z n‡q mviv‡`‡n i³ mÂvjb
K‡i|
 i³Pvc : ürwcÛ †_‡K i³bvwji gva¨‡g i³ cÖevnKv‡j agwb‡Z †h Pv‡ci m„wó nq Zv‡K i³Pvc e‡j|
 wm‡÷vj, Wvqv‡÷vj I ü`¯ú›`b : ürwc‡Ûi ms‡KvPb‡K wm‡÷vj I cÖmviY‡K Wvqv‡÷vj e‡j| ürwc‡Ûi GKwU wm‡÷vj I
Wvqv‡÷vj‡K GKmv‡_ ü`¯ú›`b e‡j|
 Wvb Awj›` I Wvb wbj‡qi ga¨eZ©x wQ`ªc‡_ UªvBKvmwcW _v‡K|
 evg Awj›` I evg wbj‡qi ga¨eZ©x wQ`ªc‡_ evBKvmwcW _v‡K|
 nvU© A¨vUvK I †÷ªvK : nvU© A¨vUvK n‡jv nVvr K‡i ü`¯ú›`b eÜ n‡q hvIqv| Avi gw¯Í‡®‥i †Kv‡bv agwb‡Z i³ mieivn eÜ n‡j †÷ªvK nq|
 A¨vbwRbv : ürwcÛ agwb‡Z ch©vß i³ cÖev‡n weNœ NUvi d‡j ürwcÛ ch©vß Aw·‡Rb bv cvIqvq ey‡K e¨_v Abyf‚Z nq| G
Ae¯’v‡K A¨vbwRbv (Angina) ejv nq|
 Rh d¨v±i : Rh d¨v±i †imvm bvgK evb‡ii †jvwnZ KwYKvq Aew¯’Z GK ai‡bi A¨vMøywU‡bv‡Rb| †imvm evb‡ii bvg Abymv‡i GB
A¨vw›U‡Rb‡K †imvm d¨v±i ms‡ÿ‡c Rh d¨v±i e‡j|
 D”P i³Pvc : kixi I g‡bi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq i³Pvc hw` eq‡mi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ gvÎvi Dc‡i A_©vr wm‡÷vwjK Pvc 150 mm
Hg Ges Wvqv‡÷vwjK Pvc 90 mm Hg nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡K D”P i³Pvc ev nvBcvi‡Ubkb e‡j|
 wjD‡Kwgqv : †k¦Z KwYKvi msL¨v AZ¨waKnv‡i †e‡o †M‡j G Ae¯’vi m„wó nq|
evZR¡i : †÷ªc‡UvK°vm AYyRx‡ei msµg‡Y m„ó k¦vmbvwji cÖ`vn, dzmKzuwohy³ msµvgK R¡i, Ubwm‡ji cÖ`vn A_ev ga¨K‡Y©i
msµvgK †ivM evZR¡‡ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ jÿY| GwU wkïKvj †_‡K ïiæ nq, †`‡ni A‡bK A½-cÖZ¨½ AvµvšÍ nq, we‡kl K‡i ürwcÛ|

mswÿß cÖkœ
RxeweÁvbL-1_ 7

Aa¨vq-1 : Rxeb cvV 5. Rxe‡`‡ni wewfbœ A½cÖZ¨‡½i •Re ivmvqwbK 8. Rx‡ei •`wnK MVb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq
1. RxeweÁv‡bi RbK A¨vwi÷Uj| Kvh©vw` Av‡jvwPZ nq kvixiwe`¨vq| gi‡dvjwR‡Z|
2. A¨vwi÷Uj Awaevmx wQ‡jb wMÖ‡mi| 6. 僇Yi cwiù‚Ub wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq 9. wjwbqvm Awaevmx wQ‡jb myB‡W‡bi|
3. Logos A_© n‡jv Ávb| Ggeªv‡qvjwR‡Z| 10. K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm wØc` bvgKiY bxwZ
4. cÖK…wZ weÁv‡bi GKwU cÖvPxbZg kvLv n‡jv 7. ni‡gvb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq cÖeZ©b K‡ib Systema Naturae MÖ‡š’|
RxeweÁvb| G‡ÛvµvB‡bvjwR‡Z| 11. ûB‡UKvi RxeRM‡Zi dvBf wKsWg cÖ¯Íve
K‡ib 1969 mv‡j|
12. g‡bivi m`m¨‡`i Lv`¨MÖnY c×wZ n‡jv †kvlY|
13. GK‡Kvlx ev eû‡Kvlx, mymsMwVZ wbDwK¬qvm
wewkó †cÖvwU÷v|
14. International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature ICBN|
15. International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature– ICZN
Aa¨vq-2 : Rxe‡Kvl I wUmy¨
1. Rxe‡`‡ni MVb I Kv‡Ri GKK †Kvl|
2. †m‡›Uªv‡mvg _v‡K cÖvwY‡Kv‡l|
3. Kv‡Ri wfwˇZ cÖKZ … ‡Kvl 2 cÖKvi †`n‡Kvl
I cÖRbb †Kvl|
4. AcZ¨ Rbb †Kv‡l gvZ…Rbb †Kv‡li A‡a©K
cwigvY †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K|
5. Dw™¢`‡Kv‡li Abb¨ •ewkó¨ †KvlcÖvPxi|
6. †Kvl wSwjøi fuvR‡K ejv nq gvB‡µvwfwjø|
7. wµw÷i Mv‡q _v‡K Awµ‡mvg|
8. Dw™¢‡`i g~j I 僇Y cvIqv hvq
wjD‡Kvcøv÷|
9. Avwgl ms‡køl‡Y mvnv‡h¨ K‡i ivB‡ev‡mvg|
10. Avgv‡`i nuvUvPjv I bovPovq mvnvh¨ K‡i
†cwk‡Kvl|
11. †`‡ni me‡P‡q eo A½ Z¡K|
12. †`‡n Rv‡ji gZ Qwo‡q _v‡K¯œvqy‡Kvl|
13. i³ÿiY eÜ K‡i AbyPwµKv|
14. ¯’vqx wUmy¨ wZb cÖKvi|
15. †Kv‡li cÖK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i mij wUmy¨  3
cÖKvi|
16. †Kvl¸‡jv, RxweZ, mge¨mxq cvZjv
cÖvPxihy³, †cÖv‡UvcøvR‡gc~Y©  c¨v‡ibKvBgv
wUmy¨i|
17. †mjy‡jvR I †cKwUb Rgv n‡q †Kv‡jbKvBgv
†Kv‡li cyiy nq cÖvPxi|
18. cv‡Ui Auvk‡K ejv nq ev÷ dvBevi|
19. †`‡ni Af¨šÍixY KvVv‡gv MVb K‡i †¯‥‡jUvj
†hvRK Kjv|
20. cÖvYxi Aw¯’‡K `„pZv cÖ`vb K‡i K¨vjwmqvg|
21. Zij †hvRK wUmy¨ n‡jv i³|
22. †jvwnZ i³KwYKvi is jvj nq
wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi Rb¨|
23. †mw›UªIj Abycw¯’Z ZvB wefvwRZ nq bv wbDib|
24. e„‡°i msMÖvnK bvwjKv n‡jv wKDeqWvj
Aveibx wUmy¨|
25. Kjgbvi AveiYx wUmy¨ 3 cÖKvi|
26. †`‡ni A‣bw”QK †cwki KvR¸‡jv wbqš¿Y
K‡i ¯^qswµq ¯^vqyZš¿|
27. ni‡gvb †`‡ni GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨¯’v‡b cwievwnZ
nq i‡³i gva¨‡g|
28. Ae¯’vb‡f‡` gvbe‡`‡n A½ 2 ai‡bi|
29. cvK¯’wj, wWI‡Wbvg, Bwjqvg, n„`wcÛ, hK…r,
dzmdzm, e„° BZ¨vw` Af¨šZixY Z‡š¿i
Ask|
30. cwicvKZ‡š¿i cÖavb Ask 2wU|
Aa¨vq-3 : †Kvl wefvRb
1. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb N‡U  †`n‡Kv‡l|
2. †Kvl wefvR‡bi cÖ¯ZywZg~jK ch©vq 
B›Uvi‡dR
3. cÖ‡dR n‡jv gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi 
cÖ_g ch©vq|
4. w¯úÛj h‡š¿i `yB †giyi ga¨eZ©x ¯’vb‡K e‡j 
welyexq AÂj|
5. †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv me©vwaK †gvUv I Lv‡Uv nq 
†gUv‡dR av‡c|
6. e¨vK‡Uwiqv, C‡÷ N‡U  A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm|
7. Awbqwš¿Z, A¯^vfvweK †Kvl wefvR‡bi dj 
K¨vÝvi|
Aa¨vq-4 :Rxebxkw³
1. kw³i g~j Drm n‡jv m~h©
2. d‡Uvdm‡dvivB‡jkb cÖwµqvq ATP †Z
Ave× †m․ikw³ 7300 K¨vjwi
3. •Re ivmvqwbK wewµqv cwiPvwjZ nq
ev‡qvGbvwR© Øviv
4. Rx‡e kw³ Rgv iv‡L ATP
5. ATP, NADPH2 BZ¨vw` nj ev‡qv
GbvwR©
6. Dw™¢‡`i Lv`¨ cÖ¯ZyZ cÖwµqv n‡jv
mv‡jvKms‡kølY
7. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY n‡jv
†K¬v‡ivwdj, Av‡jv, cvwb I Kve©b WvB A·vBW
8. evqygÛ‡j Kve©b WvB A·vBW Av‡Q  0.03%
9. bZzb †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷i Dcv`vb m„wói nv‡ii Dci
wbf©i K‡i mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi
10. GbRvB‡gi Afve n‡j mv‡jvKms‡kølY n«vm
cvq|
11. †K¬v‡ivwdj m„wó‡Z Ask †bq m~h©v‡jvK
12. cÎiܪ Dš§y³ nq m~h©v‡jv‡Ki cÖfv‡e
13. evqygÛ‡j CO2 evo‡j †Kv‡li A¤jZ¡
ev‡o|
14. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi K‡g cUvwkqv‡gi
Afv‡e
15. †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji cÖavb DcKiY nj N I Mg
16. we‡k¦i me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© •Re ivmvqwbK wewµqv
n‡jv mv‡jvKms‡kølY|
17. Av‡qvwWb `ªe‡Y meyR cvZv aviY K‡i bxj eY©
18. c„w_exi mKj Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z nq
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g|
19. O2 I CO2 Gi mwVK AbycvZ iÿvq f‚wgKv
iv‡L mv‡jvKms‡kølY
20. w¯’wZkw³iƒ‡c kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`¨i g‡a¨ mwÂZ
_v‡K †m․ikw³
21. k¦m‡bi B‡jKUªb cÖevnZ‡š¿ Drcbœ nq †cÖvUb
22. k¦mb 2 cÖKvi|
23. mevZ k¦mb m¤úbœ nq 4wU av‡c|
24. MøvB‡KvjvBwm‡m Drcbœ ATP 8wU|
25. C‡÷i AevZ k¦m‡bi d‡j  iywU duvcv nq
Aa¨vq-5 : Lv`¨, cywó Ges cwicvK
1. Dw™¢‡` mbv³K…Z A‣Re Dcv`vb 60 wU|
2. AZ¨vek¨Kxq cywó Dcv`vb n‡jv 16wU|
3. DNA, RNA, ATP cÖf…wZ •Re AYyyi
MvVwbK Dcv`vb dmdivm|
4. cÎiܪ †Lvjv ev eÜ nIqv wbqš¿Y K‡i
cUvwkqvg|
5. A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW ms‡køl‡Y cÖ‡qvRb `¯Ív|
6. myMviex‡Ui g~j I Kv‡Ûi e„wׇZ f‚wgKv
i‡q‡Q †K¬vwi‡bi|
7. Dw™¢‡`i k¦m‡b mnvqZv K‡i g¨vM‡bwmqvg|
8. Dw™¢‡` cvwb cwi‡kvl‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i
cUvwmqvg|
9. Dw™¢‡` m¤ú~Y© cvZv weeY© n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i
†j․‡ni Afve n‡j |
10. Dw™¢‡`i dz‡ji Kzuwoi Rš§ e¨vnZ nq
†evi‡bi Afv‡e|
11. †`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv evovq
wfUvwgb|
12. †`‡n cvwb I Zv‡ci mgZv iÿv K‡i cvwb|
13. •Re g~j¨ †ewk cÖvwYR Avwg‡li
14. gvQ, gvsm, wWg cÖvwYR Avwgl|
15. •Re g~j¨ Kg Dw™¢` Avwg‡li|
16. Wvj, wPbvev`vg, wk‡gi exR Dw™¢` Avwgl|
17. Avwg‡l kZKiv bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cwigvY 16
fvM|
18. Avwgl RvZxq Lv‡`¨ _v‡K C, H, O, N|
19. kK©ivi †g․wjK Dcv`vb C,H,O|
20. Pvj, Mg, Avjy †_‡K cvB †k¦Zmvi |
21. †`‡ni Z¡‡Ki wb‡P Rgv _v‡K Pwe©|
22. cÖvwYR †¯œn c`v_© Pwe©, wN|
23. Drm Abyhvqx †¯œn c`v_© 2 ai‡bi|
24. Av‡qvwW‡bi Drm nj mvgy`ªxK Dw™¢` I gvQ|
25. K¨vjwmqv‡gi cÖavb Drm kvKmewR|
26. cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb wfUvwgb B I C|
27. mylg Lv‡`¨ cÖPzi cwigv‡Y _v‡K wfUvwgb|
28. GKRb cÖvßeq¯‥ e¨w³i cvwb cÖ‡qvRb
•`wbK 2 wjUvi|
29. Dw™¢‡`i KvVv‡gv •Zwi K‡i Lv`¨ Auvk|
30. †mjy‡jvR nRg Ki‡Z cv‡i Mevw`cï|
31. Auvkhy³ Lvevi n«vm K‡i ¯’~jZv I ÿzavcÖeYZv|
32. †Pv‡Li ms‡e`x ÔiWÕ †Kvl ÿwZMÖ¯Z nq
ivZKvbv †iv‡M|
33. †`‡ni nvo `ye©j, MuvU dz‡j hvq wi‡KUm
†ivM n‡j|
34. cywó Dcv`vb †_‡K wbM©Z kw³i GKK K¨vjwi|
35. 1 wK‡jvK¨vjwi 4.18 wK‡jvRyj|
36. digvwjb m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i K¨vÝvi|
37. KuvPv dj cvKv‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq Kve©vBW|
38. Uvqvwjb I gj‡UR _v‡K jvjvi‡m|
39. 4wU cÖavb Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ `uvZ|
Aa¨vq-6 : Rx‡e cwienY
1. Dw™¢` •KwkK cvwb MÖnY K‡i g~j Øviv
2. AwfmªeY NUvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb •elg¨‡f`¨
c`©v
3. †cÖv‡UvcøvR‡gi kZKiv cvwb 90 fvMB
4. cvwb‡K ejv nq d¬zBW Ae jvBd|
5. cvwb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `ªveK|
6. †cÖv‡UvcøvRg I †KvlcÖvPxi Kj‡qW agx©|
7. †d¬v‡q‡g Lv`¨ cwienb Kg nq kxZKv‡j|
8. LwbR jeY †kvwlZ nq Avqb wn‡m‡e|
9. cvwb I LwbR jeY †kvlY K‡i g~j|
10. g~j‡ivg n‡Z cvwb cÖ‡ek K‡i g~‡ji
K‡U©‡·|
11. cÖ‡¯^`‡bi 90-95% cÖ‡¯^`b nq cÎi‡Üªi
gva¨‡g|
12. RvB‡jg evwnKvq Uvb c‡o cÖ‡¯^`‡bi d‡j|
13. evqexq A‡½i wfwˇZ cÖ‡¯^`‡bi 3 cÖKvi|
14. ZvcgvÎv evo‡j cÖ‡¯^`b nvi ev‡o|
15. †`‡n Lv`¨ cÖevwnZ nq i‡³i gva¨‡g|
16. gvbe‡`‡ni msenbZš¿ n‡jv e×|
17. Rxebxkw³i g~j i³|
18. i³i‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb cvwb|
19. †jvwnZ KwYKvi Mo Avqy 120 w`b|
20. gvby‡li †jvwnZ KwYKvq _v‡K bv
wbDwK¬qvm|
21. †jvwnZ i³KwYKv gvbe‡`‡n cwienY K‡i
Aw·‡Rb|
22. †k¦Z i³ KwYKvi Mo Avqy 20 w`b|
23. g„Z †k¦Z i³KwYKv cwiYZ nq cuy‡R|
24. 1901 mv‡j gvby‡li i‡³i †kÖwYwefvM K‡ib
weÁvbx Kvj©j¨vÛ †÷Bbvi|
25. a I b `yB ai‡bi Gw›UewW _v‡K i³i‡m|
26. i‡³i MÖyc A, B, O I AB PviwU|
27. B Gw›U‡Rb I a Gw›UewW _v‡K B MÖy‡ci i‡³
28. †Kv‡bv Gw›U‡Rb _v‡K bv wKš‘ a I b Gw›UewW
_v‡K O MÖy‡ci i‡³|
29. n„rwc‡Ûi cÖvPx‡ii evB‡ii ¯Zi MwVZ
†hvRK Kjv w`‡q|
30. n„rwc‡Ûi ms‡KvPb‡K ejv nq wm‡÷vj|
31. n„rwcÛi cÖmviY‡K ejv nq Wvqv‡÷vj|
32. CO2 mg„× i³ cwi‡kvwaZ nq dzmdz‡m|
33. i³ msenbZ‡š¿i cÖavb A½ n„rwcÛ|
34. e„ËvKvi A‣bw”QK †cwk w`‡q •Zwi wUDwbKv
wgwWqv|
35. •KwkKbvwj †_‡K Avi¤¢ nq wkiv¸‡jv|
36. wewc h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ wbY©q Kiv nq i‡³i
Pvc|
37. i‡³ wj‡cv‡cÖvwUb †`Lv hvq 3 ai‡bi|
38. n„`‡iv‡Mi SuywK Kgvq HDL.
Aw¯’mw܇Z e¨v_v nq evZR¡‡ii Kvi‡Y|
RxeweÁvbL-1_ 8