Sheet N o 1

ERROR – ACCURACY - RESOLUTION

1) An instrument has an accuracy of ± 0.5% FS and measures resistance from
1
0 to 1500 Ω. What is the resistance range in an indicated measurement of 397 Ω.
Find the accuracy in the measured value of resistance R.

2) A sensor has a transfer function of 5 mV / o C and an accuracy of ± 1%. If the

temperature is known to be 60 0 C, what can be said about the output voltage.

3) A temperature sensor has a transfer function of 44.5 mV / o C. The output

voltage is measured to be 8.86 volts. What is the expected value of the
temperature?

4) For the same sensor in problem (2), if the output voltage was first amplified by
an amplifier of gain 15 ± 0.25 and then measured by a meter of range 0 to 2 volt
and accuracy ± 1.5 % FS, find the worst case of accuracy in the measured value.

5) A temperature sensor has the following specifications:

resolution = 2 o C and sensitivity = 5 mV/ o C.
If the sensor is in contact with a gas at 100 o F, calculate the error in reading if its
temperature is changed to 102 o F.

6) A Bourdon tube with resolution 2 psi . If it reads 100 psi and the pressure supply
varies between ± 1 psi . Find the range of reading in Pascal (Pa).

7) An input of 100 volt is applied to a voltmeter with resolution 0.1 volt. Find the
reading if the input is increased or decreased in the range of ± 0.1 volt.

2
8) If the power is given by P =I R (watt), calculate the relative error in power
measurement for error in resistance R and current I.
9) Calculate the relative error in power P for error in voltage V and resistance R
where P =V 2 /R (watt).
 Sheet N o 2
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 2
1) Water column of height 3.3 m produces a pressure of … KPa but if it is mercury,
the pressure will be ……..psi.

2) A mercury manometer reading at the top of a tower is 74.15 cm and at the bottom
is 76 cm . Calculate the height of the tower if the density of air between the top and
the bottom is 1.258 * 10 -3 g / cm3 .

3) A bellow has an effective area of 25 cm2 is subjected to pressure of 5 psi. Calculate

the force on the bellow surface.

4) A mercury manometer reading at the top of a tower is 94.5 KPa and at the bottom
is 76 cm Hg. Calculate the height of the tower if the density of air between top and
bottom is 1.258 * 10-3 g / cm3.

5) The barometric pressure is 91 KPa. Calculate the vapor pressure of the liquid and
the gauge reading, figure (1). The specific gravity of oil = 0.9.
Vapor only

1.2 m Oil

203 mm
B A
Mercury

Figure (1)

6) U-tube filled with mercury shows a pressure difference proportional to 2 inches.

What will be the equivalent difference when the mercury is replaced by water?

7) Find the gauge reading in figure (2).

Vacuum

Air

Water 200 mm
3m
Mercury

Gauge
Figure (2)
8) For the shown figure (3),

y1 = 5 mm,
P = 50 KN / m2,
A1
P

y1
y1
3
A2
D1 = 40 mm.
Find D2? Mercury

Figure (3)

9) Calculate the level of oil in the closed tank shown in figure (4). The specific
gravity of oil =0.85.
Atmosphere

Air
r 500 mm

Gauge Oil
Mercury
P=180 KPa

Figure (4)

10) A tank holds sea - water with depth 100 cm. What is the absolute pressure at the
tank’s bottom in N/m2, taking into account that the top of the tank is open to the
atmosphere ; the density of sea-water is 1.03 g / cm3 ; the atmospheric pressure is
1 bar and the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m / sec2. If the cross section area of
the tank is 1000 cm2, compute the total pressing force on the bottom of the tank.

11) If the barometric pressure is 758 mm Hg. Calculate the height h in figure (5).

241 mmHg

Vacuum pump h

Mercury

Figure (5)
12) A mercury manometer has one arm as a tube of 4 cm diameter and the other tube
of 5 mm diameter inclined at 30 degree to the horizontal. Find the increase in
liquid level rise in the measuring tube.

13) Bourdon tube registers a vacuum pressure of 310 mm Hg at 1 atm. Calculate the
absolute pressure in psi.
 4
14) A Wheatstone bridge has all 3 resistors = 120 Ω and the 4th one is the strain
gauge with its initial resistance (at no pressure) = 120 Ω and has gauge factor = 2.
The bridge supply voltage is 10V and the applied pressure causes a strain = 2500
µm/m. Calculate the offset voltage of the bridge.
 Sheet N o 3
LEVEL MEASUREMENT 5
1) In an outer type ultra sonic level gauge, the T R

transmitter and receiver sensors are established

over a liquid tank such that their height from the
bottom of the tank is 2 meters. If the time taken by
h+ d
the signal from the transmitting instant to the
-3
receiving instant is 2 x 10 sec. Find the liquid
level height in the tank, taking into consideration
that the speed of signal is 350 m / sec.

2) In a capacitance level gauge if the separation

distance between the two square electrodes is 5 cm.
Tank shell
The capacitance C when the tank is empty is
20 x 105 pF. Certain quantity of liquid is poured in
the tank and the capacitance is dropped by
10 x 105 pF. If the fluid dielectric constant is 0.1
and the air dielectric constant is 1. Find the height
of the fluid in the tank if the width of the electrodes
is w.

3) In the design of a capacitance level gauge the separation distance between the two
plates is d cm and the dimensions of the plates are w meters width and h meters
height. The capacitance when the tank is empty is C pF. When certain amount of
insulating powder was poured in the tank the capacitance is changed to be 2C pF.
If the dielectric constant of the powder is 3 times that of the air. Compute the ratio
of the height of the powder to the total height of the tank h.
 Sheet N o 4
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 6
1) An Iron-Constantan thermocouple (TC) is used to measure temperature
between 0 o C and 300 oC at which it generates 5268 μV. If the thermal emf is
12500 μV relative to the reference junction at 20 o C. Estimate the measured
junction temperature.
2) For a certain thermistor, its resistance at 32 o F is known to be 9 KΩ. And at
212 o F is 2. Find its resistance at 77 o F.
3) A K type thermo-couple is assumed to have a linear operation range up to
1100 oC , with emf (0 o C reference) equal to 45.14 mV at this temperature. The
thermocouple is exposed to a temperature of 840 o C. The meter used as a cold
junction and its temperature is kept at 25 o C. Calculate the true thermal emf.
4) Find the length of a RTD made of Nickel wire, its diameter is 0.002 mm. Its
resistance is 100 Ω at 0 o C. For Nickel, the resistivity is about 8.7 x 10-8 Ω.cm
at 20 oC and the temperature coefficient α = 0.0068 / o C. Determine also the
value of resistance at steam point. R2 R3
5) In the bridge shown in figure, if the bridge is balanced.
R1 = 37.36 Ω , R2 = R3 = 25 Ω and R =25 Ω at 0oC.
R1 R
Find the temperature of the RTD.
Knowing that the thermal coefficient α = 0.00392 / oC. 10V

6) A thermistor is placed in 212 o F environment, and its measured resistance is

20 KΩ; the thermal constant is 3650. If the thermistor is used to measure a
particular temperature; and its resistance is measured as 500 KΩ, determine
the thermistor temperature.
7) An RTD with thermal coefficient (α = 0.004 / oC), and its resistance at 20 o C
is 106 Ω. If this RTD is used in the bridge circuit shown above with
R1 =R2 =R3=100 Ω and supply voltage 10 volts. Calculate the resolution of the
detector to measure 1oC change in temperature.
8) A resistance temperature detector (RTD) arranged in a bridge with each arm
100 ohm and volt supply. If the temperature of the sensor changed such that
the meter indicates 0.569 volt, the material has temperature coefficient of
0.0039 o C-1. The resistance at 0 o C is 100 Ω. Find the sensor temperature and
the power consumed in it.
 Sheet N o 5
FLOW MEASUREMENT 7
1) State the Bernoulli equation regarding the flow of an incompressible fluid.

2) Water flows in a 150 mm diameter pipeline in the form of Venturi tube. The
mean velocity at the entrance is 4.5 m/sec. The U tube shows a head drop of
5 cm. Calculate the diameter of the throat.

3) A liquid of density 800 kg /m3 flows in a horizontal pipe of radius 5 cm. In a

section of the tube of radius 3 cm, the liquid pressure is 15 KN/m2 less the
main pipe. Calculate the velocity of the liquid in the main pipe.
(take Cd = 0.9 ).

4) An orifice meter (Cd = 0.61) measuring the flow of air in a pipe is substituting
by a Venturi meter (Cd = 0.98) having the throat diameter same as that of the
Orifice . for the same flow rate find the ratio of pressure drops for Venturi
meter to Orifice meter.

5) Water flow is controlled from 20 to 50 gal./min. The flow is measured using

Venturi tube of 10 cm inlet diameter, and 5 cm throat diameter. Bellows
connected to LVDT are used to measure flow such that its output is
1.8 volt / psi. Find the range of voltages that result from the flow rate.

6) A nozzle is fitted in a horizontal pipe of diameter 15 cm, carrying a gas of

density 1.15 kg / m3. The diameter ratio is 0.33, the differential pressure head
indicated by a U tube manometer containing oil of specific gravity 0.8 is
10 cm. Take the coefficient of discharge 0.8, determine the gas flow through
the tube.

7) A nozzle flow meter indicates a pressure drop of 20 cm of water when the

flow rate of air is 100 lit /min. What would be the flow rate when the pressure
drop is 40 cm of water?
 Solution of Sheet N o 1
ERROR-ACCURACY- RESOLUTION
8
1) An instrument has an accuracy of ± 0.5% FS and measures resistance from
0 to 1500 Ω. What is the resistance range in an indicated measurement of
397 Ω. Find the accuracy in the measured value of resistance R.
The error = ± 0.5 % x 10 –2 x 1500 = ± 7.5 Ω.
The measured resistance = 397 ± 7.5 = 404.5 or 389.5 Ω.
The accuracy in the measured value = [(true - measured)/ true]x 100
= [(397 –389.5)/397 ]x 100
= ± 1.9 % of the reading

2) A sensor has a transfer function of 5 mV / o C and an accuracy of ± 1%. If the

temperature is known to be 60 0 C, what can be said about the output voltage.
The error = ± 1% x 5 = ± 0.05 mV / o C.
The T.F range 5.05 to 4.95 mV / o C.
The corresponding voltage for 60 o C is 60x [ 5.05 to 4.95 ] = 303 to 297 mV.

3) A temperature sensor has a transfer function of 44.5 mV / o C. The output voltage

is measured to be 8.86 volts. What is the expected value of the temperature?
The expected value is T = (8.86 / 44.5)x 103 = 199.1 o C

4) For the same sensor in problem (2), if the output voltage was first amplified by
an amplifier of gain 15 ± 0.25 and then measured by a meter of range 0 to 2 volt
and accuracy ± 1.5 % FS, find the worst case of accuracy in the measured value.

From problem (2), the TF range 5.05 – 4.95 mV/ o C.

The amplifier gain = 15.25 or 14.75.

The upper range = 15.25 x 5.05 = 77.0125 or 15.25 x 4.95= 75.4875 mV / o C.
The lower range = 14.75 x 5.05 = 74.4875 or 14.75 x 4.95= 73.0125 mV / o C
Error ± 1.5x10-2 x 2 = ± 0.03 Volt.
Error ± 0.03 V
T
T.F. Amplifier
5.05 – 4.95 mV/ o C 15.25 – 14.75
The worst case is T x 73 mV / o C – 0.03 Volt

5) A temperature sensor has the following specifications:

9
resolution = 2 o C and sensitivity = 5 mV/ o C.
If the sensor is in contact with a gas at 100 o F, calculate the error in reading if its
temperature is changed to 102 o F.

100 o F = (100 – 32) x (5/9) = 37.77 o

C, 102 o F = (102 – 32) x (5/9) = 38.88 o
C
The reading error for resolution 2 o
C is (37.77 + 2) – 38.88 = 0. 89 o C.
The reading error in mV is 0. 89 o C x 5mV/ o C = 4.44 mV.

6) A Bourdon tube with resolution 2 psi . If it reads 100 psi and the pressure supply
varies between ± 1 psi . Find the range of reading in Pascal (Pa).
The reading is 100 ± 1 psi i.e. 99 or 101 within the resolution 2 psi.
As 1psi = 6.895 KPa. The reading is (99 to 101) 6.895 KPa.

7) An input of 100 volt is applied to a voltmeter with resolution 0.1 volt. Find the
reading if the input is increased or decreased in the range of ± 0.1 volt.
The input volt varies in the resolution range, the reading is 99.9 and 100.1.

2
8) If the power is given by P =I R (watt), calculate the relative error in power
measurement for error in resistance R and current I.
P= I 2
R , if an error in resistance R is ∆R and an error in current is ∆I, the
corresponding error in power is ∆P.
(P+∆P) =(I+∆I)2 (R+∆R) = (I2 +2I∆I+∆I2 ) (R+∆R)
= (I2R +2I∆IR+∆I2R + I2∆R +2I∆I∆R +∆I2∆R)
∆P ≈ 2I∆IR + I2∆R
P 2 IIR  I 2 R I R
 2
2 
P I R I R
Law:
Solution of Sheet N O 2
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 10
P = ρ.g.h
ρ Density Kg / m3 , ρHg = 13600 kg/m3.
g grarity const. 9.8 m/sec2
h depth of liquid meter.
Pressure at a point in ą liquid = weight of liquid column
Units:
Pascal ( Pa) = 1N/m2 = 1kg/ms2

1 bar = 100 KPa.

1atm = 76 cm Hg = 101.325 KPa.
1 psi = 6.895 KPa.

1- P = ρ.g.h
water Pw = 1000* 9.8 * 3.3 = 32.34 KPa

mercury PHg =13600* 9.8 * 3.3 = 439.824 KPa / 6.895 = 63.78 psi

2- The pressure difference = weight of air column

ρ of air =(1.258x10 -3 ) x 10 -3 / 10 6 = 1.258 kg / m3.
∆p = (0.76 – 0.7415) * 13600 * 9.8 = 24651.68
= 1.258 * 9.8 * H H = 200 m

3- The force F = P*A

5 psi = 5 * 6.895 KPa = 34475 Pa.
25
F = 34475 * = 86.1875 Newton
10 4

4- 76 cm Hg = 100 KPa
∆p = (101.325 – 94.5) * 103 = 6.825x10 3 Pa = ρ* g * H
= 1.258 * 9.8 .H H = 553.6 m
5- Pressure at A = pressure at B
91* 103 = (0.203 * 9.8 * 13600) + (1.2 * 9.8 *0.9 * 1000) + Pvap 11
6- Mercury P = ρHg * h * g
= 13.600 * 2* 2.54* 10-2 * 9.8
Water = 1000 * h * 9.8
h = 13.6 * 2 = 27.2 inch

7- Gauge pressure = water pressure + Pv = Pw + Pv

Pw = 1000 * 9.8 * 3 = 32.34 KPa
Pv = Patm – P Hg = 101.325 * 103 – 0.2 * 13600 * 9.8
= 101.325 * 103 – 26.656 = 74.469 KPa
Gauge pressure = 106.809 KPa

8- P = ρ * h * g = ρ * (y1+ y2) * g.

A1  0.04 m2 = 1.256 * 10-3 m2
4
y1 =5 * 10 -3 m
50 x 103 = 13600 (y1 + y2 )* 9.8 = 133.28 103 (y1 + y2 ).
(y1 + y2 ) = 0.375 m = 375.150 mm.
Continuity equation , the same volume A1y1=A2 y2
Π (d1 / 2)2 y1= Π (d2 / 2)2 y2
d2 2 = (y1/ y2)* d12
A2 =1.7 x 10 –5 m2
d2 = 4.65 mm.

9- Gauge pressure = oil pressure + air pressure in tank

Air pressure in tank = Patm + 500 mmHg
= 101.325 x103 + 0.5 * 13.600 * 9.8 =167.765 KPa
oil pressure = gauge pressure - air pressure in tank =
=180 * 103 - 167.765 =12.235x103 Pa
= ρ * h * g =0.85x 103 x 9.8x h
h = 1.468 m.
 Pabs = P sw +Patm = (
1000
x10x1)+ (100x 103)
12
10- Absolute pressure is the sum of fluid pressure and atmospheric pressure
1.03 *10 6
Patm

= 10300+100 x 103 =110.3 x 103 Pa

h
Force = P x A =110.3 x 103 x1000 x10 – 4= 110.3 x 102 N .

11- Vacuum pump Pressure = atmospheric pressure - ρ.g.h

241 mmHg = 758 mmHg – 13600 * 9.8 * h
0.241 * 13600 * 9.8 = 0.758 * 13600 * 9.8 - 13600 * 9.8 * h
h = (0.758 – 0.241) = 0.517 m

12- Taking the length of the inclined tube as "L" and the vertical length of the inclined
tube is h2.
Volume 1 = volume 2
A1.h1 = A2.L
(D1)2.h1 = (D2)2.L
PA = PB
g.ρ.h1 = g.ρ.h2
sin 30 = opposite (vertical length of the inclined tube)/hypotenuse (length of the
inclined tube)
sin 30 = h2/L = 0.5

13- Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmosphere pressure.

Pabs = Pg +Patm
absolute press = 310 mmHg + 760 mmHg =1.070 m Hg
1.070 *13600 * 9.8
= 1.070 * 13600 * 9.8 Pa = psi
6.895
≈ 20683psi

14- Gauge Factor = (ΔR/Ro)/strain = 2 = (ΔR/120)/(2500*10-6)

So ΔR = 0.6 Ω
120 120  R
ΔV (voltage offset) = VS*(  ) = - 0.0124 V.
120  120 120  120  R
 Solution of Sheet N O 3
LEVEL MEASUREMENT
13
1) In an outer type ultra sonic level gauge, the transmitter and receiver sensors are
established over a liquid tank such that their height from the bottom of the tank is
2 meters. If the time taken by the signal from the transmitting instant to the
-3
receiving instant is 2 x 10 sec. Find the liquid level height in the tank, taking
into consideration that the speed of signal is 350 m / sec.

T R
* h + d = 2m
* The time t = 2 x 10 - 3 sec.
* The speed of signal is 350 m / sec.
h+ d
Solution:
2d 2d
Speed   350 
t 2 10 3
 d = 0.35m  h = 2-0.35 = 1.65m

2) In a capacitance level gauge if the separation distance between the two square
electrodes is 5 cm. The capacitance C when the tank is empty is 20 x 105 pF. Certain
quantity of liquid is poured in the tank and the capacitance is dropped by 10 x 10 5 pF.
If the fluid dielectric constant is 0.1 and the air dielectric constant is 1. Find the height
of the fluid in the tank if the width of the electrodes is w meter.

Solution.

The total capacitance is:

C = Kεo A / d
Tank shell
Where:
K = Dielectric constant
εo = Permittivity = 8.85 pF / m )‫(معامل النفاذ الكهربى‬
A = Plate common area.
d = Plate separation =5 cm
For fluid K = 0.1 & for air K = 1
Plate width = w meter
Area A = w2
For air C = 1 x 8.85 pF / m x w2 m2 / 0. 05 m
= 20 x 10 5 pF
14
So W2 = 11299.435 m2. W = 106.298 m.
For fluid C = (0.1 x 8.85 pF / m x 106.298L1 m2 / 0. 05 m) + (8.85 pF / m x
106.298L2 m2 / 0. 05 m)
= 10 x 10 5 pF
0.0188h2 + (1.8814 x 10-3)h1 = 1 h1 + h2 = w = 106.298
h1 = 59.0121 m and h2 = 47.2858 m.

3) In the design of a capacitance level gauge the separation distance between the two
plates is d cm and the dimensions of the plates are w meters width and h meters
height. The capacitance when the tank is empty is C pF. When certain amount of
insulating powder was poured in the tank the capacitance is changed to be 2C pF. If
the dielectric constant of the powder is 3 times that of the air. Compute the ratio of the
height of the powder to the total height of the tank h.

Solution.

The total capacitance is:

C = Kεo A / d
Tank shell
For air K & for powder 3K
Plate width = w meter
Area A = w h
For air C = (K x 8.85 x w h / (d x10 -2)) pF

For powder 2C = (3K x 8.85 x w h1 / (d x 10 -2)) +

(K x 8.85 x w h2 / (d x 10 -2)) pF

K  8.85  w(h2  3h1 )

2C
 d *10 2
C K  8.85  w( h2  h1 )
d *10 2
(h2 + 3h1)/(h1 + h2) = 2. So h1 = h2 = 0.5 h.
 Solution of Sheet N O 4
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 15
1- Thermocouple:
0 o C to 300 o C 5268 μV
2 0 o C to Th o
C 12500 μV
The electro motive force: E=K (Th –Tc )
Where: K is the T / C sensitivity.
5268 =K (300 – 0 )
5268 300
12500 =K (Th –20 )  
12500 Th  20
Th = (12500 x 300-20 x 5268) / 5268 = 691.845 o C

2- Thermisror:

Convert oF Fahrenheit to o C Centigrade then to oK Kelvin.

Ro = 9 KΩ
To = 32 o F is o
C +273 = 273 o K
RT1 = 2 KΩ
T1 = 212 o F is (212 - 32) x 5/9 o
C + 273 = 100 + 273 = 373 o K
RT2 = ? KΩ
T2 = 77 o F is (77- 32) x 5/9 o
C +273 = 25+273 = 298 o K

 1 1 
R1  R o e   
T
 1 To 

1 1 
2  9e    
 373 273 

 
 1 1 

R2  R1 e    

T T1 
 2 

2  1 1 
ln        1.5
373x273
 1531.58697 K
9  373 273   100


 1 1 
R2  2 e1531.87 

 
  2e
 298 373 
1.0336  5.62K
3- Thermo couple

0 ÷ 1100 C → 45.14 mv
o
linear operation up to 1100 oC
16
E = K ( Th – Tc ) → E (45.14 mv ) = K (1100 - 0 )
K = 45.14 / 1100 mv / oC

E
45.14
1100
 
840 o  25 o  33.44mv

4- RTD
The RTD law: R = Ro (1+ αT) related to 0 oC.

ρN i = 8.7 * 10-8 Ω.cm = 8.7 * 10 –10 Ω.m at 20 oC

d = 0.002 mm = 2 * 10-3 mm
2 2
d   0.002 
A = π      = 3.14 * 10 - 12 m2.
 
2  2000 
Given: Ro = 100 Ω and α = 0.0068 oC-1
R20 = Ro ( 1+ α x 20 ) = 100 ( 1+ 0.0068 x 20 ) = 113.6 Ω
113.6 = ρ20 x( l20 / A) = 8.7 x 10 -7 x ( l20 / 3.14 x 10-6 )  l20 = 0.41 m
When the temperature changes from T1 to T2:
R2 = R1 + Ro α (T2 – T1 )
R100 = R20 + Ro x α ( 100 – 20 ) = 113.6 + 100 x 0.0068 x 80 = 168 Ω

5- RTD In a Wheatstone bridge.

R2 R3
R R3
The condition of bridge balance is: 
R1 R2
R1 R
Given: R2 = R3 = 25 Ω
R3 25
R  R1  37.36  37.36
R2 25
This means that the resistance of RTD = 37.36 Ω at T oC temperature.
37.36 = Ro ( 1 + αT ) = 25 ( 1 + 0.00392 x T ).
37.36  25
T  126.12
o
C
25 x0.00392
6- Thermistor

1
1
1






1
R  R o e  T  To








R

500
17
20
0
-20 0 25 50 75 100 T (oC)
Given:
5
The temperature 212 oF is equal to ( 212 – 32 ) x = 100 oC + 273 = 373 oK
9
R373 = 20 KΩ , β = 3650 and RT = 500 KΩ T=?
 
1 1
R3 7 3  RT   


e  373 T 



 1 1 
20  500 3650  
e  373
 T 

T = 280.67 oK – 273 = 7.674 o C x ( 9 / 5 ) + 32 = 45.81 oF

7- RTD
Given: α = 0.004 oC –1 R20 = 106 Ω
b
R1 = R2 = R3 = 100 Ω and Us = 10 v R2 R3

Required the RTD resolution to measure 1 oC change.

1 oC change means that: R1 RT
o o
T2 = 21 C , T1 = 20 C and To = 0 C o a

R21 = R20 + α ( 21 – 20 ) x Ro
R20 = Ro ( 1 + α x 20 ) → Ro = 98.148 Ω 10 V

R21 = 106 + 0.004 x 98.148 = 106.392 Ω

Resolution means the difference between the measuring device readings at T1 = 20 oC
and T2 = 21 oC
The reading of the measuring device Vab
10 xR20 10 xR3  106 100 
Vab    10    100.545  0.5  0.145v
R1  R20 R2  R3  206 200 
at T1 = 21 oC
10 xR21 10 xR3  106.392 100 
Vab   10    100.01548  0.1548v
R1  R21 R2  R3  206.392 200 
The resolution ΔV = 0.1548 – 0.1450 = 0.0098 = 9.8 mv
1- RTD

Given: α = 0.00395 C o –1 R2
18b
R3

R1 = R2 = R3 = 100 Ω and Ro = 100 Ω

Us = 10 volts
R1 RT
Va b = 0.569 volts ……… voltmeter reading. a
 RT R3 
Va b = 10    0.569volt
 R1  RT R2  R3  10 volt

 RT 
= 10  0.5   0.569volt
 100  RT 
RT
=  0.5  0.0569volt
100  RT
RT = 0.5569 ( 100 + RT ) 0.4431 RT = 50.69 RT = 114.398 
RT = Ro ( 1 + αT )
114.398 = 100 ( 1 + 0.00395 T )
14.394 = 0.395 T T = 36.44 oC
2
 10 
Power = I RT = 
2
 x 114.398 =0.2489 watt.
 100  114.398 
 2
Solution of Sheet N O 5
FLOW MEASUREMENT 19
 
Notes K = A1A2 Gallon = 3.7854 liters
 A  A22
1
2

1-
1
v 2  gh  P  constant
2
kinetic energy + potential energy + pressure energy = constant.

V1
2-   gh V1A1 = V2A2 A2  A1
V2
1 1
V12  P1  V22  P2
2 2
1
2
 
 V22  V12  P  gh  V2  4.5  2  9.8  (5  10 )
2 2 2

V22  20.25  1 V2  4.6m / sec

V
A2  1 A1 d 22 
4.5
d12 d 22 
4.5
0.152
V2 4.6 4.6
 d 2  148.36mm

3-   800kg / m3 Cd  0.9
2
Q  Cd K P
 
K = A1A2
 A  A22
1
2

Q
Q  A1V1 V1 
A1

4- Cd 1  0.16 orifice Q  Cd 1 K Po

Cd 2  0.98 venturi Q  cd 2 k Pv

C d 1 K POrif  Cd 2 K PVent 0.16 Porif  0.98 Pvent

Porif 0.98 Porifice

  2.58
Pvent 0.61 Pventuri

5- Flow range from 20 to 150 gal/min Q  K P   1000kg / m3

For 20 gal/min = 1.2618  10-3 m3/sec = 9.05  10-5 Pmin
For 50 gal/min = 3.1545  10-3 m3/sec = 9.05  10-5 Pmax
Pmin = 194.3944 Pa = 0.02819 PSI
Pmax = 1214.965 Pa = 0.17620 PSI
1 psi = 6.895 KPa.
 Lower range = 0.02819  1.8 = 0.0507 volt
Upper range = 0.17620  1.8 = 0.3171 volt

6-   1.15kg / m 3 , diameter ratio = 0.33 Cd = 0.8 d1 = 15 cm

20
Q? Q  Cd K 

d 2  0.33  15  4.95cm

  gh  800  9.8  (10  102 )  784 N / m2

2
K  A1 A2  2.55313  10 3
 gas ( A1  A2 )
2 2

Q  Cd K P  0.05719m 3 / sec  3431.40litre / min

7-   20cm When Q  100Lit / min Q1  K 1  K 0.2

  40cm Q? Q2  K 2  K 0.4

Q2 K 0.4
  Q2  100  1.414  141.4Lit / min
100 K 0.2