6.

1 Element Classification

1. All matter consists of tiny and discrete particles.

2. There are 3 types of particles that make up matter, i.e. atom,
molecule and ion.
3. Atom is the simplest particle. Therefore, it can be said that all
matter consists of atoms.

Atom and molecule

Atom is the smallest particle for an individual element.

Molecule is a neutral particle comprising a combination of

two or more chemically integrated atoms.

Neutrons - uncharged particles and

are represented by symbols n.

Proton – positively-charged particles and

are represented by the symbol P.

Electrons – negatively-charged
particles and are represented by the
symbol e.

1. Atom is very small and can only be seen when it is raised up to

millions of times under the electron microscope.
 2. Atom consists of three subatomic particles, namely protons,
neutrons and electrons.
3. Protons and neutrons form the nucleus at the centre of the atom
while the electrons move around the nucleus at very high speed.
4. The nucleus is positively charged because it contains positively
charged protons.
5. Neutron is not charged and does not affect the charge of the
nucleus.
6. The electron is negatively charged and the number is the same as
the number of protons in an atom.
7. Therefore, the atom is electrically neutral.
Electric Relative
Subatomic particle Symbol
charge mass
Proton p +1 1
In nucleus
Neutron n 0 1
Outside
Electron e -1 1/1840
nucleus

8. Atomic mass is the total mass of subatomic particles, i.e. protons,

neutrons and electrons.
9. The mass of electrons is very small compared to the mass of
protons and neutrons.
So, the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
10. Molecules are formed when two or more atoms are chemically
combined through chemical bonds.
11. Molecule can be distinguished from:

1) Combine the same type of atoms.

➔
+

One oxygen atom One oxygen atom One molecule oxygen

2) Combine different types of atoms.

+ ➔

Two hydrogen atom One oxygen atom

One molecule of water

Differences between Elements and Compounds

Element
1. Elements are the simplest materials that cannot be separated into
smaller materials by chemical or physical methods.
2. The element may be formed by the same atom or atomic molecule.
3. Different elements are composed of different atoms. For example,
iron is formed from iron atoms and copper is formed from copper
atoms.
4. Atoms of an element are the same but different from other elemental
elements.
5. All elements can be classified into two main groups, namely metals
and non-metals.
Compounds
1. Compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements that
are chemically combined.
2. The smallest particles in the compound are molecules (groups in two
or more atoms).
3. The element's tendency to form chemical compounds shows that the
compound is more stable than the element.
4. Physical properties of the compounds differ from the physical
properties of the elements contained in them.

Salt (sodium chloride) Sugar (glucose)

5. The table below shows the elements that make up the compound.

The element that forms the

Compound
compound
Salt (sodium chloride) Sodium and chlorine
Sugar (sucrose) Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Water Hydrogen and oxygen
Carbon dioxide Carbon and oxygen
Ammonia Nitrogen and hydrogen
Methane Carbon and hydrogen

6. Compounds can be separated into their elements through chemical

methods such as electrolysis.

Element Compound
Formed from the same atom Formed from two or more
or molecule. elements.
It cannot be separated into Can be separated to its
simpler materials. elements.

Periodic table

1. The discovery of elements by scientists is organized systematically in

the Periodic Table as shown in the diagram below.
2. Elements in the Periodic Table are represented by each symbol.
3. Each element is arranged in order of increasing number of proton
numbers.
4. Vertical columns in the Periodic Table are introduced as groups.
5. There are 18 groups (group 1 to group 18) in the Periodic Table.
6. The chemical properties of the elements in each group are the same.
7. The horizontal lines in periodic table are known as the periods.
8. There are 7 periods (period 1 to period 7) in the Periodic Table.
9. The chemical properties and the physical properties of the elements
change gradually over period.
10. Some groups in the Periodic Table have their own names. The table
below shows the group names and the examples of elements in it.

Group Name Example of element

Group 1 Alkali metal Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Group 2 Alkaline earth metal Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Group 17 Halogen F, Cl, Br, I, At
Group 18 Noble gas He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Group 3 -12 Transition elements Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr (so on)

Classification of Metal and Non-Metal Items

1. In general, the elements are divided into metals and non-metals as

shown in the figure below.
2. All metal elements are solid at room temperature except mercury
is in liquid state.
3. Non-metallic elements exist in solid, liquid or gas state at room
temperature.
Element
Metal Non-metal
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Gas
- Copper - Mercury - Carbon - Bromine - Hydrogen
- Lead - Phosphorus - Oxygen
- Aluminium - Sulphur - Nitrogen
- Magnesium - Silicon - Helium
- Gold - Iodine - Chlorine
- Silver - Neon
- Iron - Argon
Differences of Metallic and Non-Metallic Features

Metallic and non-metallic properties may differ as shown in the figure

below.
Metal Differences Non-metal
Shining (shiny) Appearance Dull (not shiny)
Ductile Ductility Non ductile (brittle)
Malleable Malleability Non-malleable
Good electric conductor Poor electric conductor
Electrical conductivity
except carbon
Good thermal conductor Thermal conductivity Poor thermal conductor
High Melting point and boiling Low
point
High Density Low
Strong Tensile Strength Weak

Metal
Metal
Magnesium Lead Iron
- Strong - Heavy - Very strong
- Light weight - Malleable - Malleable
- Silvery white - Bluish white - Good conductor
- Used in electronic - High density - Used in shipbuilding,
components - Example: lead ball trains and others.

Non-metal
Helium Bromine
- No smell - Toxic
- Colourless - Less reactive than chlorine and
- Low melting and boiling fluorine
point - Brownish red
- Used in hot air balloon - Used in photographic films,
also used in the manufacture of
medicines, dyes and others.
Metal and Non-Metallic Properties

Characteristic and Arrangement of Observation

procedure
Surface shiny
- Rub iron rods using
sandpaper.
- Repeat activity by
rubbing the wooden
rod.
Ductility
- Bend copper wire
- Then, bend the
wooden twig.
Malleability
-Tap the iron sheet
firmly with a hammer.
-Repeat this activity by
tapping the wooden
twigs.
Thermal conductivity
- Prepare the apparatus
as shown in the figure.
- Heat the tip of the iron
rod.
- Repeat this activity
using wooden twig.
apparatus
- Iron rod surface becomes
glossy.
- The surface of the wooden
rod remains faded (not
sparkling).
- Copper wire is bent easily.
- Wooden twig brokes easily.
- Iron pieces become flat.
- A wooden twig is shattered.
- The thumbtack falls down
one by one when the iron rod
is heated.
- Iron rods conduct heat.
- Thumbtack does not fall
when wooden twig is heated.
- Wooden twig is burnt.

Electrical conductivity - The bulb is light up when the

- Connect the iron rod iron rod is connected to the
to the circuit. circuit.
- Repeat this activity - Iron rod conducts electricity.
using wooden twig. - The bulb does not light up
when the wooden twig is
connected to the circuit.
-Wooden twig does not
conduct electricity.

Appreciate the element that exists in nature

1. We must respect the scientists who have drawn up and compiled

elements in the Periodic Table.
2. The order of elements in the Periodic Table has helped scientists
on today to conduct their investigation.
6.2 Mixtures

1. Mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds that are

physically mixed.
2. Here are examples of mixtures.
The mixture contains Example of Components inside a mixture
mixture
Two element Steel Iron and carbon
Example: book
holder
Two compounds Sugar solution Water and sugar
One element and one Iodine solution Iodine and alcohol
compound
Few element and Air Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
compound nobel gases, water vapour, dust
Few compound Petroleum Petrol, kerosene, diesel, bitumen,
lubricating oil, fuel oil, naphtha

Separating Mixture physically

1. Filtration
Filtration
- The filter paper works to filter
solid.
- The size of the pores / holes on
the filter paper determines the
material that can pass through it.

Filtration Filtration is to isolate the mixture of

Technique soluble solids with liquid.

Procedure:-
1. The filter paper is placed in the filter funnel with a beaker placed
beneath it.
2. Solid and liquid mixtures are flushed through the filter funnel.
3. The solid collected on the filter paper is called the residue while the
liquid flowing into the beaker is called the filtrate.
4. The accumulated solids are then dried until all the liquid has
evaporated.
2. Distillation
- The distillation method is performed to purify the mixture in
solution or isolate the liquid mixture by heating to a certain
temperature.
- Evaporated liquids will form vapour.
- Flowing it through the tube at low temperatures will cool the
vapour. The cold vapour drips into receiving flask.
- Condensed cold vapor becomes the distillate.
- This method can be performed provided that liquid solvents or
mixtures have different boiling points.

3. Separation using magnet

Iron, nickel and cobalt are metals that are

magnetic. Metals like aluminium, sulphur, copper
and gold are non-magnetic.

Magnet is used to isolate a mixture of solids

that are magnetic and non-magnetic.

When the magnet is near a mixture, the magnetic compound

is pulled and attracted to the magnets while the non-
magnetic material is left in the container.
4. Sedimentation

- Sedimentation is the process by which particulates settle to

the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment.

5. Floatation

- Floatation is a method of isolating insoluble and floating

substances on the surface of the water.
- For example, a mixture of oil (low density) and water (high
density). Oil floats on the surface of the water.
- The filter funnel can be used to separate the two materials

Oil

Water
Filter funnel

6. Chromatography

- Chromatographic method is used to separate solvents from one

another.
- The filter paper that is dictated by ink dipped into the solvent.
Since different chemicals (allegations) have different rates of
attraction to solvents, the
allegations will be separated
from one another.
- This method is often applied in
the food industry to identify
chemicals (dyes) in food.
6.3 Compounds

Compounds in Daily Life

1. Compound is a substance consisting of atoms of two or more
different elements that combine with chemical bonds.
2. The smallest particles in the compound are molecules.
3. The ratio of atoms that form molecules in compounds is
different for different compounds.
4. Examples of compounds are water, carbon dioxide, methane
and mineral salts such as sodium chloride, calcium carbonate
and magnesium sulphate.

Compund Elements Molecular Atomic ratio

present composition

Water Hydrogen 2 hydrogen : 1

and oxygen oxygen

Carbon dioxide Carbon and 1 carbon : 2 oxygen

oxygen

Methane Carbon and 1 carbon : 4

hydrogen hydrogen

Sodium Sodium dan 1 sodium : 1 chlorine

chloride chlorine

Ammonia Nitrogen 1 nitrogen : 3

dan hydrogen
hidrogen
 5. Water is a compound. Water molecules are formed from two
hydrogen atoms and one chemically joined oxygen atom. This
causes water to loss hydrogen or oxygen properties.
6. Compounds can only be decomposed into their chemical
elements.
Formation of compound

1. Compounds are formed when a metal is fused with a non-metal.

Metal Non-metal New compund

2. Metal reaction with oxygen

(a) Metals such as magnesium, zinc, iron and copper react with
oxygen to form metal oxide.
(b) Different metals react with oxygen at different rates.

3. The table below shows some of the resulting compounds when the
metal reacts with oxygen.
Metal Non-metal Compound Chemical equation
Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium oxide Magnesium + oxygen →
magnesium oxide
Zinc Oxygen Zinc oxide Zinc + oxygen → zinc
oxide
Iron Oxygen Iron oxide Iron + oxygen → iron
oxide
Copper Oxygen Copper oxide Copper + oxygen →
copper oxide

4. Metal reaction with sulphate

(a) Metal reacts with sulphur to form metal sulphide.
(b) Different metals react with sulphur at different rates.

Magnesium sulphide Potassium sulphide

Magnesium + sulphur = Potassium + sulphur = Potassium

Magnesium sulphide sulphide
 5. Metal reaction with water
(a) There are some metals that react with water and produce
alkaline compounds and release hydrogen.
(b) These metals are called alkali metals and are located in group 1
Periodic Table. For example, lithium, sodium and potassium.
Activity 6.2

Purpose: Heating metal with non-metal to produce compounds.

Ingredients and apparatus: Sulphur powder, iron powder, Bunsen
burner, crucible, three-foot furnace, clay triangular base and weighing
balance.

Procedure:
1. Colour of iron powder and sulphur powder is observed and noted.
2. A spatula of sulphur powder and iron powder are put into a
crucible and stirred until becoming homogeneous.
3. The mass of sulphur powder and iron powder together with
crucible are weighed and recorded.
4. The mixture is heated in the crucible until the colour has changed.
5. The colour obtained is observed and recorded.
6. The mixture is left to cool and the mass of new compound with the
crucible is weighed and recorded.

Observation:
1. Mixture of grey iron powder and yellow sulphur powder burn
brightly when heated and a solid black compound formed.
 2. The mass of sulphur powder and iron powder together with the
crucible remain the same before and after the reaction.
Discussion:
1. When the original material, which is a mixture of iron powder
(metal elements) and sulphur powder (non metallic elements), is
heated, a solid is formed.
2. The new material formed (the resultant material of this reaction) is
a sulphide iron (compound) having different physical and chemical
properties of the original material (reaction material).
3. The mass of the mixture before and after being heated is the same
and does not change. Thus, it can be concluded that mass is
conserved during chemical changes.

Conclusion: Compounds are formed when metal and non-metallic

elements are heated.

Mass Conserved During Chemical Change

1. Atom is the smallest particle in the element that participates in a

chemical reaction.
2. During chemical reactions, no atoms are produced or destroyed.
Atoms are simply restructured from the reaction material to form
the resultant material.
3. The resultant material of the reaction may have different properties
compared to the reaction material.
4. There is neither lost nor gain of mass in chemical reactions, i.e. the
mass is always fixed.
5. The total mass of the resultant material at the end of the reaction
equals the total mass of the reaction material at the beginning of
the reaction. For example,
Magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
48g 32g 80g

Separating Compound by Chemical Method

1. Compounds can be separated into their components by chemical

method. For example, electrolysis.
2. Electrolysis is the process of decomposition of a substance to its
elements when the electrical current passes through the material.

Hydrogen
Oxygen

3. Water electrolysis
(a) Water consists of a mixture of hydrogen and
oxygen elements which bound chemically.
(b) Through electrolysis, water can be
decomposed into its elements.
(c) When water undergoes electrolysis, oxygen gas accumulates in
positive electrodes while hydrogen gas accumulates in negative
electrodes.
(d) Gas in a test tube that can ignite flame test wood, indicates the
presence of oxygen gas.
(e) The gas in the test tube, which produces ‘pop’ sounds with
lighted wood, shows the presence of hydrogen gas.
4. Electrolysis of lead bromide
(a) When electrolysis is carried out on lead bromide, brown gas is
released at the positive electrode that converts blue litmus
paper into red. This shows that bromine gas is released.
(b) Shiny grey material is produced at the positive electrode. This
grey material is lead.
Differences in Physical and Chemical Change

1. Changes in the states of matter may involve physical changes and

chemical changes.
2. This is due to the formation and decomposition of the substance. For
example, water is formed from a chemical combination of hydrogen
and oxygen elements. Water cannot be burnt and does not support
combustion. On the contrary, hydrogen can burn and oxygen
supports combustion.
3. Changes in the states of matter have an equation. Both of them
require energy.
4. However, there are some differences between physical changes and
chemical changes as shown in the table below.
Physical changes Chemical changes
Do not convert a substance to a new Converts a substance to a new
material. material.
Small amount of energy needed. Large amount of energy needed.
The nature and composition of the The nature and composition of the
material before and after the change material before and after the change
are the same. are different.
Process is temporary and is Process that is permanent and non-
reversible. reversible.
Examples: evaporation, boiling, Examples: photosynthesis, corrosion,
melting decays.
The difference between Mixture and Compound

1. Mixture and compound differ from aspect

(a) Method of preparation
(b) The formation of new materials
(c) Change in energy
(d) The properties of the original component
(e) Chemical bonds
(f) Composition of elements
2. The mixture can be separated by physical method while the
compound can be separated by chemical method.
3. The table below shows the differences between the mixture and
the compound.
Mixture Aspect Compound
Physical methods Method of preparation Chemical method
No New material formation Yes
Not involving energy Change in energy Involves heat release or
changes absorption
Shows the properties of The properties of the Have different properties
the original component original component from its original
components.
No Chemical bond Yes
Not fixed Composition of element Fixed
Physical Isolation method Chemical
 Two or more atoms Consist
are
chemically combinedof
Atom Molecule

Nucleus
- At the centre of the atom
- Consisting of protons and neutrons
- Positive charge
- Almost all masses are concentrated in
the nucleus
Electron
- Orbit around nucleus
- Negative charge Two or more atoms are
- The mass is too small and is ignored chemically combined at a
constant ratio
Element
Classified
into

Metal Non-metal
element element Mixture Compound

Differ Differ
Mixture Differences Compound
Metal Differences Non metal Through physical Method of formation Through
Yes Shiny surface No changes chemical
Yes Ductility No changes
Yes Malleability No No The formation of new Yes
Good The ability to Weak materials
conduct heat and No Chemical bonding Yes
electricity Physical methods Method of isolation Chemical
High Melting point and Low include: methods
boiling point -Filtration include:
High Density Low - Distillation - Electrolysis
Strength Tensile strength Low - Separate ion using - Thermal
magnet decomposition
- Sedimentation
-Chromatography
Periodic table - Floatation
The components in The properties of the Different from
the mixture retain original component the nature of
their original compounds
properties formed

Not fixed Component ratio Fixed

Two or more atoms are physically combined in any ratio.