TEMA 2 : Penerokaan Unsur dalam Alam

BIDANG
PEMBELAJARAN

4
Kereaktifan Logam
BAB

Reactivity of Metals

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

Emas dan perak (unsur)

Gold and silver (elements)
Unsur dan sebatian
dalam kerak Bumi
Bauksit dan hematit (sebatian)
Elements and compounds
Bauxite and haematite (compounds)
in the Earth’s crust
Ciri-ciri mineral semula jadi
The properties of natural minerals

Tindak balas logam dengan oksigen

Reaction between metals and oxygen
KEREAKTIFAN Siri kereaktifan Contoh: Zink + oksigen → zink oksida
LOGAM logam Example: Zinc + oxygen → zinc oxide
THE REACTIVITY Reactivity series
of metals Kedudukan karbon dan hidrogen dalam siri
OF METALS
kereaktifan logam
Positions of carbon and hydrogen in the
reactivity series of metals

Proses pengekstrakan besi

Pengekstrakan The extraction of iron
logam daripada bijihnya
Extraction of metals Proses pengekstrakan timah
from their ores The extraction of tin

APAKAH KEREAKTIFAN LOGAM?

WHAT IS THE REACTIVITY OF METALS?

Sesetengah logam seperti natrium dan kalium bertindak balas dengan unsur lain (bukan logam) secara lebih
cergas berbanding dengan logam yang lain. Kereaktifan logam merujuk kepada darjah kecergasan logam
untuk mengalami tindak balas kimia dengan unsur lain.
Some metals such as sodium and potassium react with other elements (non-metals) more vigorously
compared to other metals. The reactivity of metals refers to the degree of activeness of metals to undergo
chemical reactions with other elements.

64
 NOTA BESTARI
Pelbagai Mineral dalam Kerak Bumi
1. Mineral ialah unsur atau sebatian pepejal yang ditemui
secara semula jadi di dalam kerak Bumi.
2. Mineral dalam bentuk unsur seperti emas dan perak
wujud secara bebas di dalam kerak Bumi.
3. Mineral dalam bentuk sebatian seperti bauksit dan
galena terdiri daripada gabungan beberapa jenis unsur
yang berlainan.
Siri Kereaktifan Logam
1. Logam yang berlainan mempunyai kereaktifan yang
berbeza terhadap oksigen. Logam yang lebih reaktif
bertindak balas dengan lebih cergas dengan oksigen.
2. Dalam tindak balas yang cergas antara logam yang
lebih reaktif seperti kalium dengan oksigen, nyalaan
yang terang diperhatikan.
3. Dalam tindak balas yang kurang cergas antara logam
yang kurang reaktif seperti besi dengan oksigen, hanya
baraan atau perubahan warna yang berlaku secara
perlahan-lahan dapat diperhatikan.
4. Siri kereaktifan logam dibentuk berdasarkan
kereaktifan logam dengan oksigen.
Kalium, Natrium, Kalsium, Magnesium, Aluminium,
(Karbon), Zink, (Hidrogen), Ferum, Timah, Plumbum,
Kuprum, Merkuri, Perak, Emas
Kereaktifan berkurang
5. Dalam siri kereaktifan logam, karbon terletak di antara
aluminium dengan zink manakala hidrogen terletak di
antara zink dengan ferum (besi).
6. Walaupun karbon ialah unsur bukan logam, karbon
dapat menyingkirkan suatu logam yang kurang reaktif
daripadanya, seperti zink daripada zink oksida.
Zink oksida + karbon ⎯→ zink + karbon dioksida
Aplikasi Siri Kereaktifan Logam
1. Logam-logam yang lebih reaktif daripada karbon
atau terletak lebih tinggi daripada karbon dalam
siri kereaktifan logam (kalium, natrium, kalsium,
magnesium dan aluminium) perlu diekstrak melalui
elektrolisis.
2. Logam-logam ini diekstrak dengan mengalirkan arus
elektrik melalui leburan bijihnya.
arus elektrik
Aluminium oksida ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ aluminium + oksigen
3. Logam-logam yang kurang reaktif daripada karbon,
iaitu terletak lebih rendah daripada karbon dalam siri
kereaktifan logam (zink, ferum, timah dan plumbum)
diekstrak dengan memanaskan bijih bersama-sama
karbon (arang kok).
Timah oksida + karbon ⎯→ timah + karbon dioksida
(bijih timah)
65
Various Minerals in the Earth’s Crust
1. Minerals are solid elements or compounds that are
naturally found in the Earth’s crust.
2. Minerals in the form of elements like gold and silver
exist independently in the Earth’s crust.
3. Minerals in the form of compounds, like bauxite and
galena, consist of combinations of a few types of
different elements.
Reactivity Series of Metals
1. Different metals have different reactivity to oxygen.
The more reactive metals react more vigorously with
oxygen.
BAB
2. In a vigorous reaction between a more reactive metal
such as potassium with oxygen, a bright flame is
observed.
3. In a less vigorous reaction between less reactive
metals such as iron with oxygen, only embers or slow
4
colour changes can be observed.
4. A reactivity series of metals is formed based on the
reactivity of metals with oxygen.
Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium,
(Carbon), Zinc, (Hydrogen), Iron, Tin, Lead, Copper,
Mercury, Silver, Gold
Decreasing reactivity
5. In the reactivity series of metals, carbon is located
between aluminium and zinc while hydrogen is located
between zinc and iron.
6. Although carbon is a non-metallic element, it can
remove a less reactive metal, such as zinc from
zinc oxide.
Zinc oxide + carbon ⎯⎯→ zinc + carbon dioxide
Application of the Reactivity Series of Metals
1. Metals that are more reactive than carbon or are
located higher than carbon in the reactivity series of
metals (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and
aluminium) are extracted by electrolysis.
2. These metals are extracted by passing an electric
current through the molten ores.
electric current
Aluminium oxide ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ aluminium + oxygen
3. Metals which are less reactive than carbon, i.e. which
are positioned lower than carbon in the reactivity
series of metals (zinc, iron, tin and lead) are extracted
by heating the ores with carbon (coke).
Tin oxide + carbon ⎯→ tin + carbon dioxide
(tin ore)
Nota Grafik
 Standard Kandungan
4.1 Kepelbagaian mineral Tarikh:

4.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Unsur dan sebatian dalam kerak Bumi
Elements and compounds in the Earth’s crust
PBD
Masteri

Buku teks m/s 124 – 125

1 Kelaskan mineral yang diberi kepada unsur dan sebatian. Kemudian, berikan maksud mineral.
Classify the minerals given into elements and compounds. Then, give the meaning of minerals.
Merkuri Bauksit Perak Hematit
Mercury Bauxite Silver Haematite
Emas Galena Berlian Kasiterit
Praktis
Gold Galena Diamond Cassiterite Kendiri

Unsur/Elements Sebatian/Compounds

Merkuri/Mercury Emas/Gold Bauksit/Bauxite Hematit/Haematite

Perak/Silver Berlian/Diamond Galena/Galena Kasiterit/Cassiterite

Maksud/Meaning

Mineral ialah unsur atau sebatian pepejal yang terdapat secara semula jadi dengan
BAB

struktur hablur dan komposisi kimia yang tertentu di dalam kerak Bumi.
elements or compounds that are naturally found with certain crystalline
4
Minerals are solid
structures and chemical composition in the Earth’s crust.

2 Padankan nama biasa dan nama saintifik bagi sebatian semula jadi dan gabungan unsurnya dalam
jadual di bawah.
Match the common name and the scientific name for the natural compound and the combination of its
elements in the table below.
Gabungan unsur
Nama biasa Nama saintifik
Combination of
Common name Scientific name
elements

(a) Bauksit Ferum oksida Timah, oksigen

Bauxite Iron oxide Tin, oxygen

(b) Hematit Aluminium oksida Ferum, oksigen

Haematite Aluminium oxide Iron, oxygen

(c) Galena Timah oksida Aluminium, oksigen

Galena Tin oxide Aluminium, oxygen

(d) Kuarza Silikon dioksida Besi, sulfur

Quartz Silicon dioxide Iron, sulphur

(e) Kasiterit Plumbum sulfida Plumbum, sulfur

Cassiterite Lead sulphide Lead, sulphur

(f) Pirit Kalsium karbonat Silikon, oksigen

Pyrite Calcium carbonate Silicon, oxygen

(g) Batu kapur/

Marmar/ Kalsium, karbon,
Kalsit Besi sulfida oksigen
Limestone/ Iron sulphide Calcium, carbon,
Marble/ oxygen
Calcite

66
 Tarikh:

4.2 EKSPERIMEN Sebatian semula jadi PBD

Penemuan
INKUIRI Natural compounds
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 126 – 128
Tujuan Menunjukkan bahawa sebatian semula jadi ialah gabungan beberapa unsur
To show that the natural compound is a combination of several elements
Bahan dan Serpihan marmar (kalsium karbonat), asid hidroklorik cair, air kapur, tabung uji, tiub
Radas penghantar dengan penyumbat, penunu Bunsen
Marble chips (calcium carbonate), dilute hydrochloric acid, lime water, test tubes, delivery
tubes with stoppers, Bunsen burner
Prosedur dan alankan aktiviti-aktiviti di bawah. Kemudian, rekodkan pemerhatian dan berikan sebab
J
Pemerhatian anda./Carry out the activities below. Then, record the observations and give your reasons.

Aktiviti/Activities Pemerhatian/Observations
1 Asid hidroklorik cair
• Tambahkan Air kapur bertukar menjadi
Dilute hydrochloric sedikit asid keruh .
acid hidroklorik cair pada
beberapa serpihan The lime water turns cloudy .

BAB
marmar di dalam Sebab/Reason:
tabung uji. Gas karbon dioksida
Serpihan
marmar
Add some dilute
hydrochloric acid to a
terbebas apabila kalsium
karbonat bertindak balas
4
Marble chips Air kapur few marble chips in a dengan asid.
Lime water test tube. Carbon dioxide gas is
released when calcium
• Salurkan gas yang terhasil melalui air kapur
carbonate reacts with an acid.
dan rekodkan pemerhatian.
Pass the gas produced through lime water and
record the observation.

2 • Panaskan dengan Air kapur bertukar menjadi

Serpihan marmar kuat beberapa keruh .
Marble chips serpihan marmar The lime water turns
dalam tabung uji. cloudy .
Heat strongly a few
marble chips in a test Sebab/Reason:
Panaskan
tube. Gas karbon dioksida
Heat • Salurkan gas yang terbebas apabila kalsium
terhasil melalui air karbonat dipanaskan.
kapur dan rekodkan Carbon dioxide gas is
Air kapur pemerhatian.
Lime water released when calcium
Pass the gas produced
carbonate is heated.
through lime water and
record the observation.

Perbincangan 1 Tandakan ( ✓ ) unsur-unsur yang bergabung dalam kalsium karbonat.

Tick ( ✓ ) the elements combined in calcium carbonate.
Kalsium Karbon Hidrogen Oksigen
✓ ✓ ✓
Calcium Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
2 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana kalsium karbonat
bertindak balas dengan asid dan tindakan haba ke atasnya.
Complete the word equations to show how calcium carbonate reacts with acids and the
action of heat on it.
(a) Kalsium asid kalsium karbon
karbonat + hidroklorik klorida + dioksida + air
Calcium hydrochloric calcium carbon water
carbonate acid chloride dioxide

67
 (b)
Kalsium karbonat panaskan kalsium oksida karbon dioksida
+
Calcium carbonate heat calcium oxide carbon dioxide

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) pelbagai bentuk kalsium karbonat.

Tick ( ✓ ) the various forms of calcium carbonate.

Batu karang Kuarza Batu kapur

✓
Coral Quartz Limestone
BAB

4
Siput Kulit telur Tulang haiwan
✓ ✓ ✓
Shell Eggshell Animal bone

4 Ramalkan gas yang terbebas apabila asid ditambahkan pada telur. Berikan sebab.
Predict the gas released when an acid is added to an eggshell. Give a reason.
Karbon dioksida/Carbon dioxide

Sebab: Kulit telur mengandungi kalsium karbonat .

Reason: An eggshell contains calcium carbonate .
5 Kenal pasti sebatian berdasarkan kegunaannya. 
Identify the compounds according to their uses.

Kalsium karbonat Kalsium oksida

Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide

(a) (b) (c)

Kalsium oksida Kalsium karbonat Kalsium karbonat

Calcium oxide Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate
Bersifat bes untuk Keras dan kuat untuk Dicampurkan dengan
meneutralkan tanah membuat jubin lantai mineral lain untuk
berasid Hard and strong to make membuat barangan kaca
Praktis Basic property to floor tiles Is mixed with other
Kendiri neutralise acidic soil minerals to make
glasswares

Kesimpulan Kalsium karbonat merupakan sebatian semula jadi yang terdiri daripada
gabungan beberapa unsur .
Calcium carbonate is a natural compound which consists of a combination of a few
elements  .

68
 Standard Kandungan
4.2 Siri kereaktifan logam Tarikh:

4.3 EKSPERIMEN Tindak balas logam dengan oksigen PBD

Penemuan
INKUIRI Reaction of metals with oxygen
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 129 – 131
(Demonstrasi guru/Teacher’s demonstration)
Tujuan Mengkaji tindak balas logam dengan oksigen
To study the reaction of metals with oxygen
• Elakkan serbuk
Bahan dan Pita magnesium, serbuk aluminium, serbuk zink, serbuk ferum logam daripada
Radas (besi), hablur kalium manganat(VII), tabung didih, kertas asbestos, bercampur dengan
hablur kalium
wul kaca, spatula, penunu Bunsen, kaki retort dan penyepit manganat(VII) untuk
Magnesium ribbon, aluminium powder, zinc powder, iron powder, mengelakkan letupan
potassium manganate(VII) crystals, boiling tube, asbestos paper, apabila dipanaskan.
glass wool, spatula, Bunsen burner, retort stand and clamp • Pakai cermin mata
keselamatan dan
Serbuk zink tutup mulut serta
Prosedur Zinc powder hidung anda semasa
Serbuk ferum mengendalikan wul
Serbuk aluminium Iron powder kaca. Basuh tangan
Wul kaca Aluminium powder anda selepas
Glass wool mengendalikan wul

BAB
Wul kaca kaca.
Glass wool
Hablur kalium

4
manganat(VII) Kertas asbestos • Prevent metal
Potassium Asbestos paper powders from mixing
manganate(VII) with potassium
Kaki retort manganate(VII)
crystals Panaskan Panaskan
Retort stand crystals to avoid an
Heat Heat
explosion when
heated.
1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah • Wear safety glasses
di atas. and cover your mouth
Set up the apparatus as shown in the above diagram. and nose when
handling the glass
Video 2 Panaskan dengan kuat serbuk logam dalam mangkuk asbestos. wool. Wash your
Kemudian, panaskan dengan kuat hablur kalium manganat(VII). hands after handling
Heat strongly the metal powder in an asbestos bowl. Then, heat the glass wool.
strongly the potassium manganate(VII) crystals.
3 Perhatikan perubahan yang berlaku./Observe the changes that take place.
4 Sepit sejalur pita magnesium yang panjangnya 5 cm dengan menggunakan penyepit.
Use a clamp to hold a 5 cm long piece of magnesium ribbon.
5 Panaskan pita magnesium itu dengan menggunakan penunu Bunsen dan rekodkan
pemerhatian anda.
Heat the magnesium ribbon by using a Bunsen burner and record your observation.

Pemerhatian Jenis logam Kecergasan tindak balas
Type of metal Reactivity of reaction
Magnesium Terbakar dengan nyalaan putih berkilauan
Magnesium Burns with a bright white flame
Aluminium Terbakar dengan nyalaan terang yang merebak dengan cepat
Aluminium Burns with a bright flame that spreads quickly
Zink Terbakar dengan nyalaan terang yang merebak dengan perlahan
Zinc Burns with a bright flame that spreads slowly
Ferum Bara merebak dengan perlahan
Iron Glows that spread slowly

Perbincangan 1 Apakah fungsi hablur kalium manganat(VII)?
What is the function of the potassium manganate(VII) crystals?
Membekalkan/To supply oksigen/oxygen .

2 Apakah bahan yang menghalang hablur kalium manganat(VII) daripada bercampur

dengan serbuk logam?/What is the material which prevents the potassium manganate(VII)
crystals from mixing with the metal powder?
Wul kaca/Glass wool

69
 3 Apakah bahan yang terhasil dalam aktiviti ini? TP1
What is the substance produced in this activity?
Oksida logam/Metal oxide

4 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan bagi tindak balas antara logam dengan oksigen.
Complete the word equations for the reactions between metals and oxygen. TP2

(a) Magnesium + oksigen magnesium oksida
Magnesium oxygen magnesium oxide

(b) Aluminium + oksigen aluminium oksida

Aluminium oxygen aluminium oxide

(c) Zink + oksigen zink oksida

Zinc oxygen zinc oxide

(d) Ferum + oksigen ferum oksida

Iron oxygen iron oxide
BAB

5 Nyatakan hubung kait antara kecergasan tindak balas dengan kereaktifan logam

4
terhadap oksigen. TP2
State the relationship between the vigorous of the reaction and the reactivity of metal
to oxygen.
Semakin cergas logam bertindak balas dengan oksigen, semakin reaktif
logam itu terhadap oksigen.
The more vigorous the metal reacts with oxygen, the more reactive the
metal is to oxygen.
6 Berdasarkan pemerhatian, lengkapkan peta alir untuk menunjukkan susunan logam
mengikut kereaktifan yang semakin bertambah terhadap oksigen. TP2
Based on the observation, complete the flow map to show the metal arrangement
according to increasing reactivity with oxygen.

Ferum Zink Aluminium Magnesium

Iron Zinc Aluminium Magnesium

Kereaktifan semakin bertambah/Increasing reactivity

7 Kaji perbualan di bawah. TP3

Study the conversation below.
Praktis
Kendiri Azuan: Cikgu, yang manakah lebih reaktif, plumbum atau besi?
Teacher, which is more reactive, lead or iron?
Cikgu: Besi lebih reaktif daripada plumbum. Azuan, berdasarkan pemerhatian
yang direkod dalam aktiviti ini, ramalkan pemerhatian apabila serbuk
plumbum bertindak balas dengan oksigen.
Iron is more reactive than lead. Azuan, based on the observations recorded
in this activity, predict the observation when lead powder reacts with oxygen.
Azuan: ........................................................................................................................

Apakah jawapan Azuan?/What is Azuan’s answer?
Bara merebak dengan sangat perlahan./Glows that spread very slowly.

Kesimpulan Logam bertindak balas dengan oksigen untuk membentuk oksida logam .
Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides .

Logam + oksigen oksida logam

Metal oxygen metal oxide

70
 Tarikh:

4.4 EKSPERIMEN Kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam PBD

Penemuan
BERPANDU Position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 132 – 133
Tujuan Menentukan kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam
To determine the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals
Bahan dan Serbuk arang kayu (karbon), serbuk plumbum(II) oksida, serbuk aluminium oksida,
Radas serbuk zink oksida, mangkuk pijar, penunu Bunsen, spatula, alas segi tiga tanah liat,
tungku kaki tiga
Charcoal (carbon) powder, lead(II) oxide powder, aluminium oxide powder, zinc oxide powder,
crucible, Bunsen burner, spatula, pipeclay triangle, tripod stand

Prosedur 1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang

Campuran karbon ditunjukkan dalam rajah./Set up the
dan oksida logam Mangkuk pijar apparatus as shown in the diagram.
Mixture of carbon Crucible
and metal oxide 2 Masukkan satu spatula arang kayu dan
satu spatula serbuk zink oksida ke dalam
mangkuk pijar.
Tungku
Put one spatula of charcoal and one spatula

BAB
kaki tiga
Panaskan Tripod of zinc oxide powder into a crucible.
Heat stand

4
3 Panaskan campuran itu dengan kuat.
Heat the mixture strongly.
4 Rekodkan pemerhatian sama ada terdapat baraan atau tidak.
Record the observation on any sign of a glow.
5 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 4 dengan menggunakan serbuk aluminium oksida dan
plumbum(II) oksida./Repeat steps 1 to 4 by using aluminium oxide and lead(II) oxide
powders.
Keputusan Rekodkan pemerhatian, bulatkan jawapan dan berikan sebab.
Record the observations, circle the answers and give the reason.

Jenis Perubahan Tindak balas

campuran pada campuran berlaku? Sebab
The type of Change to Has a reaction Reason
mixture the mixture taken place?

Karbon dan Campuran Karbon lebih

zink oksida membara Ya Tidak reaktif daripada zink.
Carbon and Mixture glows Yes No Carbon is more
Video
zinc oxide reactive than zinc.

Karbon dan Tiada perubahan Karbon kurang

aluminium No change Ya Tidak reaktif daripada aluminium.
oksida Yes No less
Carbon is
Carbon and reactive than aluminium.
aluminium
oxide

Karbon dan Campuran Karbon lebih

plumbum(II) membara Ya Tidak reaktif daripada plumbum.
oksida Mixture glows Yes No more
Carbon is
Carbon and reactive than lead.
lead(II) oxide

Perbincangan 1 Daripada keputusan eksperimen, bulatkan: TP2

From the results of the experiment, circle:
(a) logam yang lebih reaktif daripada karbon./the metal which is more reactive than carbon.

Aluminium/Aluminium Zink/Zinc Plumbum/Lead

71
 (b) logam-logam yang kurang reaktif daripada karbon.
the metals which are less reactive than carbon.

Aluminium/Aluminium Zink/Zinc Plumbum/Lead

2 Daripada jawapan anda di 1, tentukan kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan

logam.
From your answers in 1, determine the position of carbon in the reactivity series of
metals. TP2
Karbon terletak di antara aluminium dengan zink dalam siri kereaktifan
logam.
Carbon is positioned between aluminium and zinc in the reactivity series
of metals.
3 Susunkan karbon, plumbum, aluminium dan zink mengikut tertib kereaktifan yang
semakin menurun dalam rajah berikut./Arrange carbon, lead, aluminium and zinc
according to decreasing reactivity in the following diagram. TP2
BAB

Aluminium Karbon Zink Plumbum

Aluminium Carbon Zinc Lead

4 Kereaktifan semakin menurun/Reactivity decreases

4 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan bagi tindak balas antara karbon dengan oksida logam.
Complete the word equations for the reactions between carbon and metal oxide. TP2

(a) Zink oksida + karbon zink karbon dioksida

+
Zinc oxide carbon zinc carbon dioxide

(b) Plumbum(II) oksida + karbon plumbum karbon dioksida

+
Lead(II) oxide carbon lead carbon dioxide

5 Tandakan ( ✓ ) pada oksida-oksida logam yang bertindak balas dengan karbon. Berikan
satu sebab./Tick ( ✓ ) the metal oxides which react with carbon. Give one reason. TP2
Magnesium oksida Ferum oksida Kuprum(II) oksida
✓ ✓
Magnesium oxide Iron oxide Copper(II) oxide

Sebab/Reason:
Ferum dan kuprum adalah kurang reaktif daripada karbon.
Iron and copper are less reactive than carbon.
6 Tandakan ( ✓ ) oksida logam yang tidak bertindak balas dengan karbon. Berikan satu
sebab./Tick ( ✓ ) the metal oxide which does not react with carbon. Give one reason. TP2
Magnesium oksida Ferum oksida Kuprum(II) oksida
✓
Magnesium oxide Iron oxide Copper(II) oxide

Sebab/Reason:
Magnesium adalah lebih reaktif daripada karbon.
Magnesium is more reactive than carbon.
Praktis
Kendiri 7 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan./Complete the word equation. TP2

Kuprum(II) oksida karbon kuprum karbon dioksida
+ +
Copper(II) oxide carbon copper carbon dioxide

Kesimpulan Karbon terletak di antara aluminium dengan zink dalam siri kereaktifan logam.
Carbon is positioned between aluminium and zinc in the reactivity series of
metals.

72
 Tarikh:

4.5 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam
Hydrogen in reactivity series of metals
PBD
Konstruktivisme

Buku teks m/s 134 – 135

Guru mendemonstrasikan suatu eksperimen untuk menentukan kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri
kereaktifan logam.
A teacher demonstrated an experiment to determine the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals.
1 Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Pilih jawapan yang betul. TP2
Based on the information given, complete the table below. Choose the correct answers.

Adakah tindak
Campuran
Pemerhatian balas berlaku? Sebab
dipanaskan
Observation Does the reaction Reason
Heated mixture
occur?
Hidrogen dan Nyalaan Hidrogen (kurang, lebih) reaktif
kuprum(II) oksida terang Ya daripada kuprum.
Hydrogen and Bright glow Yes Hydrogen is (less, more) reactive than
copper(II) oxide copper.

BAB
Hidrogen dan Nyalaan Hidrogen (kurang, lebih) reaktif
plumbum(II) terang Ya daripada plumbum.
oksida/Hydrogen
and lead(II) oxide
Bright glow Yes Hydrogen is (less, more) reactive than
lead.
4
Hidrogen dan zink Tiada Hidrogen (kurang, lebih) reaktif
oksida perubahan Tidak daripada zink.
Hydrogen and zinc No change No Hydrogen is (less, more) reactive than
oxide zinc.
Hidrogen dan Nyalaan Hidrogen (kurang, lebih) reaktif
ferum(III) oksida malap Ya daripada ferum.
Hydrogen and Dim glow Yes Hydrogen is (less, more) reactive than
iron(III) oxide iron.
Siri kereaktifan logam
2 Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 1, deduksikan Reactivity series of metals
kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan
logam. TP2 Kalium/Potassium
Based on your answers in 1, deduce the position
Natrium/Sodium
of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals.
Hidrogen terletak di antara zink dengan Kalsium/Calcium
ferum . Magnesium/Magnesium
Hydrogen is positioned between zinc and
iron Aluminium/Aluminium
.
Karbon/Carbon
3 Bina siri kereaktifan logam dengan menyusun Kereaktifan
bahan-bahan yang diberi mengikut kereaktifan Zink/Zinc semakin
yang semakin menurun dalam rajah di sebelah. Hidrogen/Hydrogen menurun
Construct a reactivity series of metals by arranging Reactivity
the substances given according to decreasing Ferum/Iron decreases
reactivity in the diagram on the left. TP2
Timah/Tin
Ferum/Iron
Karbon/Carbon Plumbum/Lead
Aluminium/Aluminium
Kuprum/Copper
Hidrogen/Hydrogen
Magnesium/Magnesium Merkuri/Mercury
Praktis Zink/Zinc
Kendiri Kuprum/Copper Argentum (perak)/Argentum (silver)
Plumbum/Lead
Aurum (emas)/Aurum (gold)

73
 Standard Kandungan
4.3 Pengekstrakan logam daripada bijihnya Tarikh:

4.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Siri kereaktifan logam dan pengekstrakan logam
The reactivity series of metals and the extraction of metals
PBD
Masteri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 137 – 140
1 Bincangkan pengekstrakan logam daripada bijihnya. TP2
Discuss the extraction of metals from their ores.

Arus elektrik Arang kok Kurang Leburan Lebih Memanaskan

Electric current Coke Less Molten More Heating

Siri kereaktifan Elektrolisis/Electrolysis

logam/Reactivity
series of metals Logam yang lebih
reaktif daripada karbon diekstrak dengan
mengalirkan arus elektrik melalui leburan oksida logam atau
bijih.
Kalium/Potassium more
Natrium/Sodium Metals that are reactive than carbon are extracted by passing
Kalsium/Calcium an electric current through the molten metal oxides or ores.
BAB

Magnesium/Magnesium
Contoh/Example:
Aluminium/Aluminium arus elektrik
Aluminium oksida aluminium + oksigen
4 Karbon/Carbon
Aluminium oxide electric current
aluminium + oxygen

Pemanasan bijih logam dengan karbon

Heating the metal ores with carbon
Zink/Zinc
Logam yang kurang reaktif daripada karbon diekstrak dengan
Ferum/Iron
Timah/Tin memanaskan bijih logam bersama karbon atau arang kok .
Plumbum/Lead less
Metals that are reactive than carbon are extracted by
heating the metal ores together with carbon or coke .
Kereaktifan Decreasing
menurun reactivity Contoh/Example:
Timah oksida + karbon timah + karbon dioksida
Tin oxide + carbon tin + carbon dioxide
(bijih timah/tin ore)

2 Kaji rajah tentang pengekstrakan besi daripada bijihnya seperti hematit (ferum(II) oksida) dan
magnetit (ferum(III) oksida)./Study the diagram about the extraction of iron from its ore such as haematite
(ferum(II) oxide) and magnetite (iron(III) oxide). TP4
(a) Namakan unsur-unsur yang membentuk bijih besi.
Name the elements that make up iron ore.
Besi/Ferum dan oksigen/Iron and oxygen
Gas M
(b) K ialah sejenis karbon. Namakan K.
K is a type of carbon. Name K.
Arang kok/Coke
Bijih besi
Iron ore (c) (i) Namakan L.
+K
+L
Name L.
Batu kapur/Kalsium karbonat
Udara panas Limestone/Calcium carbonate
Udara panas
Hot air Hot air
Bahan N (ii) Nyatakan fungsi L.
Besi tulen lebur
Substance N Pure molten iron
State the function of L.
Relau bagas
Bertindak balas dengan bendasing seperti pasir
Blast furnace untuk membentuk sanga.
Reacts with impurities such as sand to form slag.

74
 (d) Apakah gas M dan bahan N?/What are gas M and substance N?
Gas M : Karbon dioksida/Carbon dioxide
Bahan N/Substance N : Sanga/Slag 
Video
(e) Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan untuk tindak balas antara ferum(III) oksida dengan
karbon dalam relau bagas. TP2
Complete the word equation for the reaction between iron(III) oxide and carbon in the
blast furnace.
Praktis
Ferum(III) oksida + karbon ferum karbon dioksida Kendiri
+
Iron(III) oxide carbon iron carbon dioxide

(f) Terangkan mengapa besi dapat diekstrak daripada bijihnya dengan menggunakan karbon. TP2
Explain why iron can be extracted from its ore by using carbon.
Karbon adalah lebih reaktif daripada ferum./Carbon is more reactive than iron.
(g) Apakah yang boleh dibuat daripada leburan sanga? Pilih jawapan yang betul.
What can be made from the molten slag? Choose the correct answer.

Tapak rumah Jambatan Tapak jalan raya Konkrit

BAB
House foundation Bridge Road foundation Concrete

(h) Nyatakan satu bijih lain yang juga dapat diekstrak dengan cara yang sama.
State one other ore that can also be extracted by the same method.
TP1
4
Bijih timah/Tin ore.

3 Anda diberi beberapa isu alam sekitar. Kenal pasti dan tandakan ( ✓ ) isu perlombongan dan
impaknya kepada hidupan dalam konteks tempatan atau global. TP2
You are given a few environmental issues. Identify and tick ( ✓ ) the mining issues and their impacts
on living things in the local or global context.

Video

Pencemaran udara akibat pembakaran bahan api.

✓
Air pollution due to fuel combustion.
Pembebasan gas yang menipiskan lapisan ozon.
The gas released depletes the ozone layer.
Penggunaan elektrik yang banyak.
✓
The use of large amounts of electricity.
Pencemaran udara disebabkan oleh gas daripada relau bagas.
✓
Air pollution caused by gas from a blast furnace.
Penghasilan bahan yang menyebabkan kanser.
The production of substances that cause cancer.
Pemusnahan habitat akibat perlombongan.
✓
The destruction of habitats due to mining.
Pencemaran bunyi disebabkan oleh jentera perlombongan.
✓
Sound pollution caused by mining machinery.
Penggalian bijih mengakibatkan hakisan tanah.
✓
Ore excavation leading to soil erosion.

75
 PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 4 KOMPONEN
PP

Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.

Instructions: Answer all questions.

Bahagian A/Section A
1 Antara unsur berikut, yang Apakah sebatian P?
4 Maklumat di bawah menun­
manakah membentuk bauksit? What is compound P? jukkan beberapa logam dalam
Which of the following elements A Zink karbonat siri kereaktifan logam.
form bauxite? Zinc carbonate The information below shows
I Timah B Zink sulfida several metals in the reactivity
Tin Zinc sulphide series of metal.
II Aluminium C Zink klorida
Aluminium Zinc chloride Magnesium → X → Y → kuprum
III Oksigen D Zink oksida Magnesium copper
Oxygen Zinc oxide
BAB

IV Besi Reactivity decreases

Iron 3 Di manakah kedudukan Kereaktifan berkurang

4 A I dan II
I and II
B III dan IV
III and IV
hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan
logam?
Antara yang berikut, yang

manakah tidak boleh mewakili
C II dan III D I dan IV Where is the hydrogen position
X dan Y?
II and III I and IV in the reactivity series of metals?
Which of the following cannot
A Antara zink dengan ferum
represent X and Y?
Between zinc and iron
2 Persamaan di bawah ini B Antara aluminium dengan X Y
mewakili tindak balas antara magnesium A Plumbum Aluminium
zink dengan oksigen. Between aluminium and Lead Aluminium
The equation shown below magnesium
B Zink Besi
represents the reaction between C Antara ferum dengan
Zinc Iron
zinc and oxygen. plumbum
Between iron and lead C Besi Plumbum
D Antara plumbum dengan Iron Lead
Zink + oksigen → P
Zinc + oxygen → P kuprum D Aluminium Zink
Between lead and copper Aluminium Zinc

Bahagian B/Section B
Susunkan magnesium dan zink mengikut tertib kereaktifan yang semakin menurun dalam ruang
1 (a) 
di bawah./Arrange magnesium and zinc in descending order of reactivity in the space below.
Natrium Kalsium Magnesium Aluminium Zink Besi
Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron

Kereaktifan semakin menurun/Reactivity decreases

[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Bulatkan dua bijih logam yang dapat diekstrak dengan memanaskannya bersama karbon.
Circle two metal ores that can be extracted by heating them together with carbon.

Ferum Aluminium Magnesium Timah

Iron Aluminium Magnesium Tin

[2 markah/2 marks]

76
Bahagian C/Section C
2 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi tindak balas logam dengan oksigen.
The table below shows the observation for the reaction between metals and oxygen.
Serbuk zink
Zinc powder
Serbuk kuprum
Serbuk aluminium Copper powder
Wul kaca Aluminium powder
Glass wool Wul kaca
Glass wool
Hablur kalium
manganat(VII) Kertas asbestos
Potassium Asbestos paper
manganate(VII)
Kaki retort
crystals Panaskan Panaskan
Retort stand
Heat Heat

Rajah 2/Diagram 2

Logam/Metal Pemerhatian/Observation
Zink Terbakar dengan nyalaan terang yang merebak dengan perlahan

BAB
Zinc Burns with a bright flame that spreads slowly

4
Kuprum Membara dengan malap
Copper Glows dimly

(a) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah dalam eksperimen ini./State the variables in this experiment. TP2

(i) Pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan/Variable that is kept constant:

Kuantiti logam/Quantity of metal
(ii) Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan/Variable that is manipulated:
Jenis logam/Type of metal
(iii) Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas/Variable that responds: 
Kereaktifan logam terhadap oksigen/Reactivity of metal towards oxygen
 [3 markah/3 marks]
(b) Jelaskan pemerhatian bagi kuprum./Explain the observations of copper. TP2
Kuprum bertindak balas kurang cergas dengan oksigen/Copper reacts less vigorously with oxygen
 [1 markah/1 mark]
(c) Tulis persamaan perkataan bagi setiap tindak balas./Write word equations for each reaction.
(i) Zink + oksigen  zink oksida/Zinc + oxygen   zinc oxide
Kuprum + oksigen  kuprum oksida/Copper + oxygen  
(ii) copper oxide
 [2 markah/2 marks]
(d) Apakah fungsi hablur kalium manganat(VII)?/What is the function of potassium manganate(VII) crystals? TP1
Membekalkan oksigen/Supplies oxygen
 [1 markah/1 mark]
(e) (i) Jika plumbum membara dengan terang dalam oksigen, deduksikan kedudukan plumbum.
If lead glows brightly in oxygen, deduce the position of lead.
Plumbum kurang reaktif daripada zink tetapi lebih reaktif daripada kuprum. Oleh itu, plumbum
terletak di antara zink dan kuprum.
Lead is less reactive than zinc but more reactive than copper. Thus, lead is located between zinc and copper.
 [2 markah/2 marks]
(ii) Susun tiga logam di 2(e)(i) mengikut tertib kereaktifan yang semakin meningkat.
Arrange the three metals in 2(e)(i) in ascending order of reactivity.
Kuprum, plumbum, zink/Copper, lead, zinc
 [1 markah/1 mark] Praktis
Formatif

77