CHAPTER 1

SOLUTION (1.1)

We have
A = 50 × 75 = 3.75(10−3 ) m 2 , θ = 50o , and σ x = P A .
Equations (1.11), with θ = 50o :
σ x ' = 700(10 3 ) = σ x cos 2 50o = 0.413σ x = 110.18P
or P = 6.35 kN
and
τ x ' y ' 560(10
= = 3
) σ x sin 50o =
cos 50o 0.492
= σ x 131.2 P
Solving
P = 4.27 kN = Pall
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.2)

Normal stress is
125(103 )
σ x= P
A= = 50 MPa
0.05×0.05

( a ) Equations (1.11), with θ = 20o :

=σ x ' 50
= cos 2 20o 44.15 MPa
τ x' y' =
−50sin 20o cos 20o =
−16.08 MPa
σ y ' 50 cos 2 (20o +=
= 90o ) 5.849 MPa

5.849 MPa
y’
44.15 MPa
16.08 MPa x’
20 o
x

θ = 45o :
( b ) Equations (1.11), with
=σ x ' 50
= cos 2 45o 25 MPa
τ x' y' =
−50sin 45o cos 45o =
−25 MPa
σ y ' 50 cos 2 (45o +=
= 90o ) 25 MPa

25 MPa
25 MPa
x’
y’
25 MPa
45 o
x
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.3)

From Eq. (1.11a),

σx'
σx = cos 2 θ
= −75
cos 2 30o
= −100 MPa
For θ = 50 , Eqs. (1.11) give then
o

σ x' =−100 cos 2 50o = −41.32 MPa

41.32 MPa
τ x ' y ' = −( −100) sin 50o cos 50o 58.68 MPa
= 49.24 MPa 50 o
Similarly, for θ = 140 :
o

σ x' = −100 cos 2 140o =

−58.68 MPa
τ x ' y ' = −49.24 MPa 49.24 MPa

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.4)

Refer to Fig. 1.6c. Equations (1.11) by substituting the double angle-trigonometric relations,
or Eqs. (1.18) with σ y = 0 and τ xy = 0 , become

σ x ' = 12 σ x + 12 σ x cos 2θ and τ x ' y ' = 12 σ x sin 2θ

or
20 = P
2A (1 + cos 2θ ) and 10 = P
2A sin 2θ

The foregoing lead to

2 sin 2θ − cos 2θ = 1 (a)

By introducing trigonometric identities, Eq. (a) becomes

4 sin θ cos θ − 2 cos 2 θ = 0 or tan θ = 1 2 . Hence
θ = 26.56o
Thus,
=20 P
2(1300) (1 + 0.6)
gives
P = 32.5 kN
It can be shown that use of Mohr’s circle yields readily the same result.
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.5)

Equations (1.12):
P −150(103 )
σ1 = = = −76.4 MPa
A π 2
(50)
4
P
τ max
= = 38.2 MPa
2A

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.6)

Shaded transverse area:

A 2=
= = 1.5(103 ) mm 2
at 2(10)(75)

Metal is capable of supporting the load

P =σ A =90(106 )(1.5 ×10−3 ) =135 kN
Apply Eqs. (1.11):
P
σ x ' 25(10
= = 6
) −3
(cos 2 55o ) , P = 114 kN
1.5(10 )
P
τ x' y' = 12(106 ) = − −3
sin 55o cos 55o , P = 38.3 kN
1.5(10 )
Thus,
Pall = 38.3 kN

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.7)

Use Eqs. (1.11):

P
σ x ' 20(10
= = 6
) −3
(cos 2 40o ) , P = 51.1 kN
1.5(10 )
P
τ x' y' = 8(106 ) = − sin 40o cos 40o , P = 24.4 kN
1.5(10−3 )
Thus,
Pall = 24.4 kN
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.8)

A =15 × 30 = 450 mm 2

Apply Eqs. (1.11):

120(103 )
=σ x' = (cos 2 40o ) 156 MPa
450 ×10−6
120(103 )
τ x' y' =− sin 40o cos 40o =
−131 MPa
450 ×10−6
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.9)

−6
We have A = 450(10 ) m2 . Use Eqs. (1.11):
3
−100(10 )
σ x' = −6
(cos 2 60o ) = −55.6 MPa
450 ×10
−100(103 )
τ x' y' =
− −6
sin 60o cos 60o = 96.2 MPa
450 ×10
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.10)

θ = 40o + 90o = 130o

3
150(10 )
σx = A =
P
− π (0.08 2
− 0.07 )
−31.83 MPa
=2

Equations (1.11):
σ x' =
−31.83cos 2 130o =
−13.15 MPa
τ x ' y ' = 31.83sin130o cos130o = −15.67 MPa

x’
13.15 MPa

130 o
15.67 MPa
x

Plane of weld

y’
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.11)

Use Eqs. (1.14),

( 2 x ) + ( −2 xy ) + ( x ) + Fx = 0
( − y 2 ) + ( −2 yz + x ) + (0) + Fy = 0
( z − 4 xy ) + (0) + ( −2 z ) + Fz = 0

Solving, we have (in MN m3 ):

Fx = −3x + 2 xy Fy =− x + y 2 + 2 yz Fz = 4 xy + z (a)

Substituting x=-0.01 m, y=0.03 m, and z=0.06 m, Eqs. (a) yield the following values
=Fx 29.4
= kN m3 Fy 14.5
= kN m3 Fz 58.8 kN m3

Resultant body force is thus

F= Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2 = 67.32 kN m3

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.12)

Equations (1.14):
− 2c1 y − 2c1 y + 0 + 0 = 0, 4c1 y ≠ 0
0 + c3 z + 0 + 0 = 0, c3 z ≠ 0
0+0+0+0=0
No. Eqs. (1.14) are not satisfied.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.13)

( a ) No. Eqs. (1.14) are not satisfied.

( b ) Yes. Eqs. (1.14) are satisfied.
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.14)

Eqs. (1.14) for the given stress field yield:

Fx = Fy = Fz = 0
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.15)
y

y’ τ x ' y ' ∆A
σ x ' ∆A
40 ∆A cos20o
20o x’
50 ∆A cos20o
20o
x
50 ∆A sin20o
60 ∆A sin20o

∑ Fx ' 0 :
= σ x ' ∆A + 40 cos 2 20o − 60∆A sin 2 20o
−2(50∆A sin 20o cos 20o ) =
0
σ x' =
−35.32 + 7.02 + 32.14 =
3.8 MPa

∑=
F y' 0 : τ x ' y ' ∆A − 40∆A sin 20o cos 20o
−60∆A sin 20o cos 20o − 50∆A cos 2 20o
+50∆A sin 2 20o = 0
τ x' y' = 12.86 + 19.28 + 44.15 − 5.85 = 70.4 MPa

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.16)

50 ∆A cos25o
15 ∆A cos25o y’

15 ∆A sin25o 25o τ x ' y ' ∆A

90 ∆A sin25o σ x ' ∆A
x’
∑=
F x' 0 : σ x ' ∆A + 50∆A cos 25 2 o

−90∆A sin 2 25o − 2(15∆A sin 25o cos 25o ) =

0
σ x' =
−41.07 + 16.07 + 11.49 = −13.5 MPa

(CONT.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
1.16 (CONT.)

∑=
F y' 0 : τ x ' y ' ∆A − 50∆A sin 25o cos 25o
−90∆A sin 25o cos 25o − 15∆A cos 2 25o +15∆A sin 2 25o =
0
τ x ' y ' = 19.15 + 34.47 + 12.32 − 2.68 = 63.3 MPa

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.17)

y’ τ x' y'
σ x'
50 MPa 20 o
x’ θ =20o
60 MPa θ x

80 MPa

1 1
σ x' = (−40 + 60) + (−40 − 60) cos 40o + 50sin 40o
2 2
= 10 − 38.3 + 32.1 =3.8 MPa
1
τ x' y' = − (−40 − 60) sin 40o + 50 cos 40o
2
= 32.14 + 38.3 = 70.4 MPa

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.18)

σ x'
x’ τ x' y'
θ 90 MPa
25 o
x θ =115o
y’ 15 MPa
50 MPa

1 1
σ x '= (90 − 50) + (90 + 50) cos 230o − 15sin 230o
2 2
= 20 − 45 + 11.5 =−13.5 MPa
1
τ x' y' = − (90 + 50) sin 230o − 15cos 230o
2
= 53.62 + 9.64 = 63.3 MPa

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.19)

Transform from θ = 40oθ = 0 . For convenience in computations, Let

to
σx =
−160 MPa, σy = −80 MPa, 40 MPa and θ = −40o
τ xy =
Then
1 1
σ x'= (σ x + σ y ) + (σ x − σ y ) cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
1 1
= (−160 − 80) + (−160 + 80) cos(−80o ) + 40sin(−80o )
2 2
= −166.3 MPa

1
τ x' y' =
− (σ x − σ y ) sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
1
= − (−160 + 80) sin(−80o ) + 40 cos(−80o )
2
= −32.4 MPa

So σ y' =
σ x + σ y − σ x' =
−160 − 80 + 166.3 =
−73.7 MPa

For θ = 0o : y 73.7 MPa

32.4 MPa

166.3 MPa
x

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.20)

−1 4
=θ tan = 53.1o
3
45 + 90 45 − 90
=σ x' + cos106.2o
2 2
= 67.5 + 6.28 = 73.8 MPa
45 − 90
τ x' y' =− sin106.2o =21.6 MPa
2
21.6 MPa 73.8 MPa
x’
y’

53.1o
x
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.21)

τ xy 0=
= θ 70o
σ − 60
(a) τ x' y' =−30 =− sin140o σ = 153.3 MPa
2

σ + 60 σ − 60
(b) σ=
x' 80
= + cos140o σ = 231 MPa
2 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.22)

Equations(1.18) with θ = 60o , σ x = 110 MPa , σ y = 0 , τ xy = 50 MPa give

σ x' = o o
2 (110) + 2 (110) cos120 + 50sin120 =
1 1
70.8 MPa
τ x' y' =
− 12 (110) sin120o + 50 cos120o =
−72.6 MPa
σ y' = o o
2 (110) − 2 (110) cos120 − 50sin120 =
1 1
39.2 MPa

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.23)

Equations(1.18) with θ = 30o , σ x = 110 MPa , σ y = 0 , τ xy = 50 MPa result in

σ x' = o o
2 (110) + 55cos 60 + 50sin 60 =
1
125.8 MPa
τ x' y' =
− 12 (110) sin 60o + 50 cos 60o =
−22.6 MPa
σ y' = o o
2 (110) − 55cos 60 − 50sin 60 =
1
−15.8 MPa

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.24)

We have
σ x'
x’
τ x' y'
θ = 25 + 90 = 115o θ 10 MPa
σ x = −10 MPa
25 o
x
σ y = 30 MPa y’
τ xy = 0
30 MPa
1 1
(a) σ x ' = (σ x + σ y ) + (σ x − σ y ) cos 2θ
2 2
1 1
= (−10 + 30) + (−10 − 30) cos 230o = 22.86 MPa
2 2
Thus,
σ=
w σ=
x' 22.86 MPa

(CONT.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
1.24 (CONT.)
1
(b) τ x' y' =
− (σ x − σ y ) sin 2θ
2
1
=− (−10 − 30) sin 230o =−15.32 MPa
2
So τw
τ w = τ x ' y ' = −15.32 MPa
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.25)

0 + 50 0 − 50 2
(a) σ1 =
80 =+ ( ) +τ 2
2 2
τ = 49 MPa

−50 2
(b) τ=
max ( ) + 49
= 2
55 MPa
2
50
σ=' = 25 MPa
2
0 − 50
2θ s =tan −1[− ] =27 o
2(49)
50
τ x ' y ' = sin 27o + 49 cos 27o = 55 MPa
2
Thus,
θ s ' = 13.5o

25 MPa
y’
25 MPa
x’

13.5o
x
55 MPa

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.26)

80 MPa
40 MPa

θ =-30o
x
(CONT.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________________________________________
1.26 (CONT.)

40 + 80 40 − 80
σx = + cos(−60o ) = 60 − 10 = 50 MPa
2 2
σ y = 60 + 10 = 70 MPa
40 − 80
τ xy =
− sin(−60o ) =
−17.32 MPa
2

70 MPa 70 MPa

50 MPa 50 MPa
+ =

17.32 MPa 20 MPa 2.68 MPa

50 + 70 50 − 70 2
σ 1,2 =
± ( ) + 2.68=2
60 ± 10.35
2 2
=σ 1 70.35
= MPa σ 2 49.65 MPa
2(2.68)
2θ p = tan −1[ ] = −15o
50 − 70

50 − 70
σ x ' =60 + cos(−15o ) + 2.68sin(−15o )
2
=60 − 9.66 − 0.694 =49.65 MPa
Thus,
θ p " = −7.5o
x
7.5o

49.65 MPa

70.35 MPa
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.27)

60 MPa τ
(MPa)
10 (60, 50)
50 MPa
O R
20 o
40 MPa α C σ (MPa)
(-40, -50) 40o
(CONT.)
x’
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
1.27 (CONT.)

−1 50
=α tan
= 45o
50
1
R =(50 + 502 ) 2 =70.7
2

=τ x ' y ' sin

= 85o (70.7) 70.4 MPa
σ x' =
10 − cos85o (70.7) =
3.84 MPa

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.28)

τ (MPa)
50 MPa σ’=20
y’
15 MPa R (90, 15)
25 o
O α
90 MPa (-50, -15) C σ (MPa)
62.1o
x
(σx’, τ x’y’)
x’

−1 15
=α tan
= 12.1o
70 y’ 13.5 MPa
1 63.3 MPa
R =(152 + 702 ) 2 =71.6
90 MPa
=τ x ' y ' 71.6sin
= 62.1o 63.3 MPa 25o
x
σ x' =
−71.6 cos 62.1o + 20 x’ 15 MPa
= −13.5 MPa 50 MPa

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.29)
τ (MPa)

σ ' =67.5 R =22.5

x’
R
45 MPa 45 90
53.1 o
O C σ (MPa)
x
90 MPa 106.2o 73.8o
x’
(σx’, −τ x’ y’ )

(CONT.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
1.29 (CONT.)

=τ x ' y ' 22.5sin

= 73.8o 21.6 MPa
σ x' =
67.5 + 22.5cos 73.8o =
73.8 MPa
Sketch of results is as shown in solution of Prob. 1.20.
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.30)
τ (MPa)
(a) x’
60 MPa 1
R
= (σ − 60)
140o 2
x’ σ
σ 70 o O 60 C R σ (MPa)
x

σ − 60
τ x' y' =−30 = sin(−40o ); σ=
153.3 MPa
2
σ − 60
(b) σ x ' =80 =60 + [1 − cos(−40o )]
2
σ = 231 MPa
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.31)

( a ) From Mohr’s circle, Fig. (a):

σ1 = 121 MPa σ2 = −71 MPa τ max =
96 MPa
θ p ' = −19.3o θ s ' = 25.7 o
τ
(MPa) τmax
A(100,60)
2θ p '
σ2 O σ1 σ (MPa)
C

Figure (a)

By applying Eq. (1.20):

1

σ 1,2 =  22,500 + 3600  =±

2 ± 4
50
25 96
2

or σ 1 = 121 MPa σ 2 = −71 MPa

Using Eq. (1.19):
tan 2θ p = − 12
15 = −0.8

θ p ' = −19.3o θ s ' = 25.7 o

(CONT.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
1.31 (CONT.)

( b ) From Mohr’s circle, Fig. (b):

σ1 =
200 MPa σ2 =
−50 MPa τ max =
125 MPa
θ p ' = 26.55o θ s ' = 71.55o
τ
(MPa) τmax

σ2 σ1 σ (MPa)
O C 2θp’

A(150,-100)

Figure (b)

Through the use of Eq. (1.20),

σ 1, 2 = 75 ± [22,4500 + 10,000] = 75 ± 125
1
2

or
σ 1 = 200 MPa σ 2 = −50 MPa
Using Eq. (1.19), tan 2θ p = 4 3 :

=θ p ' 26.57
= o
θ s ' 71.57o

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.32)

Referring to Mohr’s circle, Fig. 1.15:

σ x ' = σ +2σ + σ −2σ cos 2θ
1 2 1 2
(a)
σ y ' = σ +2σ − σ −2σ cos 2θ
1 2 1 2

τ x ' y ' = σ −2σ sin 2θ

1 2
(b)

From Eqs. (a),

σ x' + σ y' = σ 1 + σ 2
By using cos 2 2θ + sin 2 2θ = 1 , and Eqs. (a) and (b), we have
σ x ' ⋅ σ y ' − τ x2' y ' = σ 1 ⋅ σ 2 = const .

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.33)

We have
2τ xy 2( −70)
tan 2θ p = σ x −σ y = 50 − ( −190) = −0.583
2θ p = −30.24o and θ p = −15.12o
(CONT.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
1.33 (CONT.)

Equations (1.18):
σ x ' = 50−2190 + 50+2190 cos( −30.26o ) − 70 sin( −30.26o )
= −70 + 103.65 + 35.275 = 68.93 MPa = σ1
σ y' = σ x + σ y − σ x' = −208.9 MPa = σ2

208.9 MPa

15.13o

68.92 MPa

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.34)

σ x −σ y 2
τ max = ( 2 ) + τ xy2
Substituting the given values
140 2 = ( 60+2100 ) + τ xy2
2

or
τ xy ,max = 114.89 MPa

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.35)

Transform from θ = 60o to θ = 0o with σ x' =

−20 MPa, σ y ' =
60 MPa ,
τ x ' y ' = −22 MPa , and θ = −60o . Use Eqs. (1.18):

σ x = −202+ 60 + −202−60 cos 2(−60o ) − 22sin 2(−60o ) = 59 MPa

σy = σ x' + σ y' − σ x = −19 MPa
τ xy = −23.6 MPa

y 19 MPa
23.6 MPa
59 MPa
x

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.36)

14 MPa σycos60o
σy τxy τxycos60o
σxsin60o
30 MPa
60 o 30 MPa Area =1
τxysin60o

Figure (a) Figure (b)

( a ) Figure (a):
=σ y 14sin
= 60o 12.12 MPa
=τ xy 14
= cos 60o 7 MPa

Figure (b):
∑F y = 12.12 cos 60o − τ xy sin 60o = 0
or
τ xy = 7 MPa (as before)

∑F x = −σ x sin 60o + 30 + 7 cos 60o = 0

or
σ x = 38.68 MPa

( b ) Equation (1.20) is therefore:

[ ]
1

σ 1, 2 = 38.68+12.12
2 ± ( 38.682−12.12 ) 2 + 7 2 2

=
or σ 1 40.41
= MPa, σ 2 10.39 MPa

Also,
θ p = 12 tan −1 38.682 (−712) .12 = 13.9 o
Note: Eq. (1.18a) gives, σ x ' = 40.41 MPa .
Thus,
θ p ' = 13.9 o

10.39 MPa

40.41 MPa

x’
x
θp’

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.37)
σy
τxy
σx Figure (a)

Figure (a):
=σ x 100
= cos 45o 70.7 MPa
=σ y 100sin
= 45o 70.7 MPa
=τ xy 100
= cos 45o 70.7 MPa

Now, Eqs. (1.18) give (Fig. b):

σ=
x'
o
70.7 + 0 + 70.7 sin 240= 9.47 MPa
τ x ' y ' =−0 + 70.7 cos 240o =−35.35 MPa
σ=
y'
o
70.7 − 0 − 70.7 sin 240= 131.9 MPa

y σy σx’ τx’y’
σy’
x’ τxy
Figure (b)
σx n
30o
x
y’ m

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.38)

σy =
−70sin 30o =
−35 MPa
=τ xy 70
= cos 30o 60.6 MPa

( a ) Figure (a):
∑F x = −150 + 0.5σ x + 60.6(0.866) = 0
or σ x = 195 MPa

35cos30o
60.6cos30o
30o 60.6sin30o Figure (a)
150 MPa
σxsin30 o

Area=1

(CONT.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
1.38 (CONT.)

( b ) Equation (1.20):
1

σ 1,2 =
195 −35
2 ± ( 1952+35 ) 2 + 60.62 
2

or σ 1 = 210 MPa σ 2 = −50 MPa

Also,
θ p = 12 tan −1 195
2 ( 60.6 )
+ 35 = 13.89
o

Equation (1.18a):
σ x' =
80 + 115cos 2(13.89o ) + 60.6sin 2(13.89o ) =
210 MPa
Thus,
θ p ' = 13.89 o 50 MPa

210 MPa
x’
x
θp’

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.39)

For pure shear, σ 1 = −σ 2 :

pr σ 1 = pr t
t = − 2prt + P
2πrt
from which
P = 3πpr 2 σ2 = pr
2t − P
2πrt

______________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION (1.40)
y σθ
Table D.4:

A = 2πrt σ +σa Figure (a)

J = 2πr 3t x
τ xy
Stresses are (Fig. a):
−30(103 )π
σ= =
−P
A 2π (0.12)(0.005) − 25 MPa
6
pr 4(10 )120
σ=
a =
2t 2(5) = 48 MPa

σ θ 2=
= σ a 96 MPa
−10π (103 )
τ xy = −Tr
J = 2π (0.122 )(0.005)
= −69.4 MPa
(CONT.)
______________________________________________________________________________________