Alternating Current

AC Circuits
LECTURE 3
y

I0
I0sinωt
ωt
x
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AC Circuit with R Only (Resistive Circuit)

Type 1
ε = ε0 sin ωt

E, I

t
AC Circuit with R Only (Resistive Circuit)

ε = ε0 sin ωt

ε
i=
R
E, I

i = i0sin ωt

t
ε0 Current
Where i0 =
R Amplitude
Phasor Diagrams Current or voltages are represented as
phasors, anti-clockwise rotating vectors

Length of Arrow ∝ Peak Value

y
Eg : I = I0sin ωt

Projection of Arrow on x/y ∝ Instantaneous Value

Phasor Diagrams Current or voltages are represented as
phasors, anti-clockwise rotating vectors
Eg : I = I0sin ωt
y
I

I0sinωt I0

ωt
x
t
Phasor Diagrams Current or Voltages represented as
phasors, anti-clockwise rotating vectors
Eg : I = I0sin ωt

I0
I0sinωt

ωt
x
Phasor Diagrams Current or Voltages represented as
phasors, anti-clockwise rotating vectors
Eg : A = Amsin ωt
Phasor Diagrams
AC Circuit with R Only (Resistive Circuit)
Phase of current I and emf ε is same
Both vary in same manner:
i = i0sin ωt
peak at same time, become zero at same time

E, I E, I εo
ε = ε0 sin ωt Io

ωt
t x

Current & Voltage phasor rotate together,

they are parallel at every instant
AC Circuit with C Only (Capacitive Circuit)
at ‘t’ , q = Cε
Type 2

E = E0sin ωt
AC Circuit with C Only (Capacitive Circuit)

at ‘t’ , q = Cε

q = Cε0 sinωt

i = dq/dt = Cω ε0cosωt

E = E0sin ωt
i = i0 sin(ωt + π/2)

where io = ε0/(1/ωC) = ε0/XC

Capacitive Reactance XC

XC = 1/ωC

known as Capacitive Reactance.

is resistance offered by capacitor

E = E0sin ωt

Unit is Ω

ω: angular freq. of AC
Example

For high frequency, a capacitor offers

A. More reactance

B. Less reactance

C. Zero reactance

D. Infinite reactance
Capacitive Reactance XC

XC = 1/ωC known as Capacitive Reactance.

ω: angular freq. of AC

XC depends on frequency of source

1. for D.C. ω = 0 ⇒ XC ⟶ ∞ Capacitor offers
infinite resistance for D.C.
1. For a high freq AC source; charge built on the capacitor
will be negligible, hence equivalent resistance XC is zero
 Capacitor stops D.C. but allows A.C.

For ω ➝ ∞ (High freq A.C.) XC = 0 , (no charge buildup, q=0, p.d.=0)

XC = 1/ωC

For ω = 0 (D.C)

XC ⟶ ∞ (blocks current)
Example In an A.C. circuit, a capacitor of 1μF value is
connected to a source of frequency 1000 rad/sec.
The value of capacitive reactance will be

A. 10 Ω B. 100 Ω C. 1000 Ω D. 10,000 Ω

Example The frequency for which a 5 μF capacitor has a reactance
of 1/1000 ohm is given by -

A. 100/π MHz

B. 1000/π Hz

C. 1/1000 Hz

D. 1000 Hz
AC Circuit with C Only (Capacitive Circuit)

E = E0sin ωt i = i0 sin(ωt + π/2)

Φemf = ωt ; ΦI = ωt + π/2

E = E0sin ωt I E

Current leads the Voltage by 900.

AC Circuit with C Only (Capacitive Circuit)
Current leads the Voltage by 900.

I peaks occurs first

Current & Voltage are out of phase by a

E = E0sin ωt
quarter cycle.

I E
E,I
Eo
Io
ω
t x t
AC Circuit with L Only (Inductive Circuit)

Type 3 No resistance

E = E0sin ωt
AC Circuit with L Only (Inductive Circuit)

No resistance

E = E0sin ωt
AC Circuit with L Only (Inductive Circuit)
No resistance
Assuming di/dt > 0

E = E0sin ωt
AC Circuit with L Only (Inductive Circuit)

No resistance

E = E0sin ωt
Inductive Reactance XL

No resistance
XL = ωL

known as Inductive Reactance.

E = E0sin ωt

is resistance offered by inductor

Unit is Ω

ω: angular freq. of AC
Example The inductance of a resistance less coil is 0.5 Henry.
In the coil the value of A.C. is 0.2 amp whose
frequency is 50 Hz. The reactance of circuit is

A. 1.57 Ω B. 15.7 Ω C. 157 Ω D. 757 Ω

Effect of freq on XL
XL depends on frequency of source
For D.C. ω = 0 ⇒ XL = 0 inductor offers zero resistance for D.C.

XL = ωL XL = 0 (inductor becomes conductor)

For ω ➝ ∞ (High freq A.C.)

XL ⟶ ∞ ( high p.d. VL, di/dt ⟶ ∞ )

Reactance & Susceptance
XL = ωL
R, X
XL

XC

0 ω
XC = 1/ωC

Reciprocal of Reactance is Susceptance

Reciprocal of Impedance is Admittance
AC Circuit with L Only (Inductive Circuit)
No resistance
E = E0sin ωt

Φemf = ωt ; ΦI = ωt - (π/2)
x

I Voltage leads the current by 900.

AC Circuit with L Only (Inductive Circuit)

Voltage leads the current by 900.

V peaks occurs first

E = E0sin ωt Voltage & current are out of phase by a

quarter cycle.
E

Eo
ωt
x

I Io
AC Circuit with L Only (Inductive Circuit)
Voltage leads the current by 900.

V peaks occurs first

E = E0sin ωt Voltage & current are out of phase by a

quarter cycle.
E

E, I
Eo
ωt
x
t
I Io
AC Circuits In general,

If ε = ε0 Sinωt ; I = I0 Sin(ωt + Φ)

Where I =

Z: impedance of circuit, Unit is Ω

Type of Circuit Phase Impedance

Purely Resistive Φ = 00 Z=R

Purely Capacitive Φ = π/2 Z = XC = 1/(ωC)

Purely Inductive Φ = - π/2 Z = XL= ωL

Example A coil of inductance 0.1 H is connected to an alternating
voltage generator of voltage E = 100 sin (100t) volt. The
current flowing through the coil will be

A. I = - 10 cos(100t) A B. I = 10 √2 cos(100t) A

C. I = - 10 sin(100t) A D. I = 10 √2 sin(100t) A

Ans : A
11th
12th

Ashwani Sir
12th
11th

Ashwani Sir
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