Disain Stabilisasi Tanah.

ISI HANYA PADA HURUF WARNA MERAH SAJA

STABILIZATION METHOD
CBR after stabilization, CBR1= 10.00
CBR2= 5.48
CBR original soil, CBR3= 0.95
Thickness of stabilization, Z= 58.28
Design CBR, DCBR = 4.00
Design C B R o f R O A D
REPLACEMENT METHOD (RED SOIL)
% CBR after stabilization, CBR1= 6.00 %
% CBR2= 0.91 %
% CBR original soil, CBR3= 0.91 %
CM Thickness of stabilization, Z= 92.91 CM
% Design CBR, DCBR = 4.00 %

MIXING RATE 100 KG/M3 MIXING RATE KG/M3

SOIL STABILIZATION AGENT 840 RP/KG MATERIAL RP/KG
MATERIAL COST 84,000 RP/M3 MATERIAL COST 30,000 RP/M3
CONSTRUCTION COST 30,000 RP/M3 CONSTRUCTION COST 25,000 RP/M3
TOTAL COST 114,000 RP/M3 TOTAL COST 55,000 RP/M3
66,445 RP/M2 51,102 RP/M2

Design T E M P O R A R Y R O A D

W(ton) = 5.37 p (ton) = 1.07 qa or.soil (t/m2) = 1.56

n wheel(pcs) = 10.00 r (m) = 0.13 qbelow gravel (t/m2) = 19.93
Zgravel (m) = 0.02 q(t/m2) = 20.00 qafter stab (t/m2) = 17.36
qor soil (t/m2) = 1.36 Est.CBRafter stab (%)= 12.15
1.Permanen, 2 Temporer : 1 Zstab (m) = 0.53

MIXING RATE 100 KG/M3 CONSTRUCTION COST 30,000 RP/M3

SOIL STABILIZATION AGENT 840 RP/KG TOTAL COST 114,000 RP/M3
MATERIAL COST 84,000 RP/M3 60,954 RP/M2
 Example Road Design

E xa m p l e o f
SOIL STABILIZATION PROPOSAL
for ROAD DESIGN

1. INTRODUCTION
At Karawang West Java, a factory will be constructed soon. We propose the soil stabilization to improve
and increase strength of soil in this area.
Soil stabilization can be is used for :
a. Increasing Bearing Capacity of subgrade. e. Making Separator Layer.
b. Decreasing expansion of expansive soil. f. Making Beam Effect, etc.
c. Reduce the damage caused by settlement.
d. Making Impermeable Layer

2. SOIL CONDITION

2.1. SOIL CONDITION

There are two kinds of soil at site. We carried out the trial mix of soil stabilization test.

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 Example Road Design

Moisture
Soil Color Content Wet Soaked
Swelling
Density CBR
Soil (1) < Surface> Yellowish 45.00 % 1.737 t/m3 5.10% 1.91%
Brown
Soil (2) <Bottom> Reddish 45.45% 1.722 t/m3 2.53% 1.77%
Brown

According to the "General Guidelines for Road Asphalt Pavement" issued by Japan Road Association, weak
soil (CBR<3%) should be replaced with borrowing material or should be stabilized so that the CBR
exceeds 3%.

2.2. DESIGN PROPOSAL

For design, 15% is taken as CBR after stabilization and design CBR assuming equals 5 %.

3. DESIGN CBR OF SUBGRADE

One meter depth of soil under the pavement is called as subgrade. The bearing capacity of the subgrade is the
basis to determine thickness of pavement; the bearing capacity is determined based on its CBR.
According to "General Guidelines for Road Asphalt Paving", in cases where stabilizing method is applied
for the subgrade, CBR of the part subtracted 20 cm from the depth of stabilization and underlying the effective
depth mentioned above should be mean value of those of stabilized soil and original soil.

Design CBR of subgrade is calculated by the following equation:

Design CBR :

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 Example Road Design

3
(Z-20) x CBR11/3+ 20 x CBR21/3+ (100-Z) x CBR31/3
=
100

where ,
CBR1 : CBR after stabilization (%)
maximum CBR for stabilized soil should be less or equal 20 %.
CBR2 : CBR for decreasing layer (%)
CBR2 = (CBR1+CBR3)/2
CBR3 : CBR for original soil (%)
Z : Stabilized Thickness (cm)

(CONSTRUCTION) ( DESIGN )

CBR1
Z-20
Stabilized Layer
Z
CBR1
100 100
Decreasing Layer
20
CBR2

Original Layer Original Layer

100-Z 100-Z
CBR3 CBR3

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 Example Road Design

In this case, we design required thickness of stabilization as follow :

Disain CBR DCBR = 5%
Target CBR after stabilizat CBR1 = 15%
CBR of original soil CBR3 = 1.77% { Soil from "Location (2)" }

Design CBR :

3
(Z-20) x CBR11/3+ 20 x CBR21/3+ (100-Z) x CBR31/3
= > 5%
100

3
(Z-20) x 151/3+ 20 x ((15+1.77)/2)1/3+ (100-Z) x 1.771/3
= > 5%
100

From the above equation, required thickness (Z) of stabilization becomes as follows :
Z= 46.74 cm ~ 50 cm

4. DETERMINATION OF MIXING RATE AT CONSTRUCTION SITE

Required strength at site : CBR > 15%

Required strength at laboratory :

Required strength at site
CBR at laboratory =
Ratio of strength at site to that at laboratory

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 Example Road Design

Considering of the differences between mixing method at site and at laboratory, ratio of strength at
site to that at laboratory is taken = 0.5, so :

CBR at laboratory = CBR at site / 0.5

= 15% / 0.5 = 30%

Based on the result of CBR test at laboratory and from "Chart Relationship Mixing Rate vs CBR" , required
Agent & Mixing Rate is :

S t a b i l i z i n g A g e n t = Soil Stabilization Agent

M i x i n g R a t e = 80 kg/m3

5. CONCLUSION
SOIL (1) <Surface>
Design CBR 5%
CBR of original soil soil 1.91%
Swelling 5.10%
Target CBR after stabilization 15%
Swelling 0.65%
Required strength at CBR= 30 %
laboratory
Stabilizing Agent Soil Stabilization Agent
Slab 20 cm
Thickness of improved 45.29 ~ 50 cm
layer Lean Concrete 10cm
Mixing rate 80 kg/m3
Crushed Stone 15 cm
SOIL (2) <Bottom>
Design CBR 5%
CBR of original soil soil 1.77% Subgrade

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 Example Road Design

Swelling 2.53% Stabilization 50 cm

Target CBR after stabilization 15% (CBR>10%)
Swelling 0.13%
Required strength at CBR= 30 %
laboratory Original soil
Stabilizing Agent Soil Stabilization Agent
Thickness of improved 46.74 ~ 50 cm
layer
Mixing rate 80 kg/m3

By the stabilization of 50cm which aims at the CBR of stabilized layer 15%, it is possible to raise design CBR
to 5% and reduce expansion of expansive soil.

6. CONSTRUCTION WORK

6.1. PROCEEDING OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

- Remove large-sized foreign ma-

terials.
- Break coarse-grained clods of soil
PREPARATORY WORK
- Add water to soil on condition
that moisture content is lower
than optimum one.

Execute a field test , if necce-

FIELD TEST sary, for the purpose of selec-

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 Example Road Design

FIELD TEST
ting the types of heavy equipment
used and determining the standard
for job control.

- Packaging of stabilizing agent in 40 kg bag

TRANSPORTATION or 1 ton bag.
- Stocking of stabilizing agent in the
storage.

SPREADING Spread the prescribed quantity

of stabilizing agent uniformly

Mix the agent with soil

(The effectiveness of stabiliza-
MIXING tion mainly depends on proper
of mixing work.) homogenously.

GRADING Reform undulated surface of

stabilized layer.

- Compact by roller
- Use crawler of heavy equipment
C O M PACT I N G such as back hoe, bulldozer,
,etc,. for compaction, in case
that the stabilized layer is
still too weak for roller to run.

Make a curing on wet condition.

CURING In particular, rapid drying
should be avoided.

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 Example Road Design

Confirm that strength reaches the

CONTROL TEST target after the due curing age.

6.2. EXPLANATORY NOTES FOR CONSTRUCTION WORK

1) PREPARATORY WORK
(a) Drainage
On condition that construction site has pools or a high groundwater level. it is necessary to trench tempo-
rary drains so as to prevent water from running into the site.
(b) Removal of foreign materials
Before construction. stumps and roots of plants. concrete fragments, boulders, rubbish and so on should be re-
moved.
(c) Control of moisture content
This method, in general. does not require moisture content control. However on condition that soil is too dry
to be hydrated, it is required to add water until the moisture content of soil reaches around optimum.

2) FIELD TEST
In case of a special or large scale project. it is recommended that a field test should be executed for
checking the following items.
(a) Mixing efficiency

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 Example Road Design

Confirm availability and efficiency of the heaviy equipment used for mixing work at site.
Also confirm propriety of the mixing way ( dry mixing or slurry mixing). the mixing rate prescribed by results of
laboratory test and so on.
(b) Applicability
Determine construction method ( especially mixing method), type and number of heavy equipment used and so
on.
(c) Strength of Stabilized Layer
Observe the achievement of target strength.
(d) Influence of construction on environmental factors
Sound the noise, vibration and dust caused by the construction work.

3) TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OF STABILIZING AGENT

(a) Transportation
Transportation by truck; loading and unloading 40 kg bag by manual and by back hoe for 1 ton jumbo bag.
(b) Storage
Stabilizing agent can be stored in the same way as ordinary portland cement. It must not be placed
directly on the ground, but on pallets or square timbers. If it looks like rain, packed of stabilizing agent should
be covered with canvas or so on.

4) SPREADING
Stabilizing agent can be spread by man power (for 40 kg bag) or by back hoe (for 1 ton jumbo bag).

5) MIXING
As the accuracy of mixing is the most important factor of effectiveness of the stabilization. Site supervisor
must control the activities of operators for mixing work as carefully as possible. Conceptionally the powder

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 Example Road Design

of stabilizing agent should become unable to be distinguished from original soil after mixing.

6) GRADING
On finishing mixing. grading should be conducted in advance of compaction. because it is difficult to reform
the undulated of strengthened surface after compaction.

7) COMPACTION
It is possible that delay of compaction work causes less strength than required, so it should be done within
3 hours after mixing. In other word. site work should be scheduled to be completed by compaction every day.

8) CURING
During the construction work the surface should be kept from drying. In case of constructing pavement such
as surface course or upper base course overlying the stabilized layer, it should be made as earliest as possible.

9) CONTROL TEST
Control test is used to confirm that strength reaches the target after the due curing age.

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 Example Road Design

homogenously.

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 Example Temporary Road Design

E xa m p l e o f
SOIL STABILIZATION PROPOSAL
for TEMPORARY ROAD DESIGN
1. INTRODUCTION
Regarding the damage of slope at Cikampek-Cipularang Toll Road project, we proposed the soil stabilization
for solving problem in this project.
Soil Stabilization is used for :
a. Making Separator Layer
b. Making Impermeable Layer
c. Making Beam Effect
d. Increasing Bearing Capacity , etc.

2. GROUND CONDITION
Assumption the ground condition is as follow :
U.C.S. : qu = 0.27 kg/cm2
= 2.7 t/m2
Cohesion c = qu/2 = 1.35 t/m2 (=13.5 kN/m2)
Internal friction angle f = 00
Wet density gt = 1.8 t/m3 (= 18 kN/m3)
Moisture Content w = 53.0 %

3. DESIGN

3.1. DESIGN OF SOIL STABILIZATION FOR SLOPE STABILITY

Calculation by software "Slope Stability STABIL 2.3, A. Verruijt, 1986" from PT. SOLEFOUND SAKTI
DATA :
A. EXISTING CONDITION

16m
3 (+16,8) 4
(+50,8)
C E
c =(+16,7)
qu/2 = 1.35 t/m2 (+50,7)
1 (-50,0) 1:2
8m f = 00
gt = 1.8 t/m3
A (-50,1) B (0,1)
a=26.565o
1 (-50,0)
2(0,0) 6 (+50,-
5 (-50,0) Bearing c = qu/2 = 1000 t/m2 20)
Strata f = 400

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 Example Temporary Road Design

gt = 1.9 t/m3
B. PROPOSE OF SOIL STABILIZATION

6m 16m 9m
4 (+16,8) 5 6
10 (+25,+8) (+50,+8)
11 (+25,+7.25)
Soil Stabilization by Humexset (+15.62,+7.25) D (+50,+7)
1:2 C (+16,+7)
8m Target CBR = 20% c = qu/2 = 1.35 t/m2
f = 00
a=26.565o
A (- B (0,+1) gt = 1.8 t/m3
9 (+5,+2)
50,+1) 2 (-6,0)
1 (-50,0) 3 (0,0)
12 (-50,0) Bearing 13 (+50,-20)
7 (-6,-0.5) T 8 (+5,-0.5) Stratac = qu/2 = 1000 t/m2
f = 400
gt = 1.9 t/m3

3.2. DESIGN OF SOIL STABILIZATION FOR TEMPORARY ROAD

3.2.1. LOAD CONDITION

Gross weight of Dump Truck (20ft) :

W = 30 ton
Rear wheel load : p = 0.2 x W = 6 ton
Contact radius : r = 12 + p = 18 cm
Contact pressure : q = p/(p x 0.182) = 58.9 ton/m2

0.1W
0.2W 0.2W

Rear W=30ton Front

0.2W 0.2W
0.1W

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 Example Temporary Road Design

3.2.2. CALCULATION OF ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY (SHORT TERM) OF ORIGINAL GROUND

qa = 2/3 . (a.c.Nc + b.g1.B.Nr + g2.Df.Nq/2)

Where :
qa : allowable bearing capacity (t/m2)
g1 : unit weight of soil below foundation (t/m3), or submerged unit weight in case of soil being ground
water.
g2 : unit weight of soil above foundation (t/m3), or submerged unit weight in case of soil being ground
water.
c : cohesion (t/m2), assuming internal frictio angle of ground. f= 0o,c =qu/2
qu : UCS = 2.7 t/m2
a, b : shape factor, for round a = 1.3, b = 0.3
Nc,Nr,Nq : Bearing capacity coefficient
f = 0o,therefore Nc= 5.3,Nr=0,Nq=3.0
Df : penetration depth(m), Df = 0
B : minimum width of foundation, or diameter incase of round foundation.

Shape Factor

SHAPE CONTI-
FOUNDATION NOUS SQUARE RECTANGULER ROUND

a 1 1.3 1.0+0.3 B/L 1.3

b 0.5 0.4 0.5-0.1 B/L 0.3

Bearing Capacity Coefficient

f(0) Nc Nr Nq

0 5.3 0 3
5 5.3 0 3.4
10 5.3 0 3.9
15 6.5 1.2 4.7
20 7.9 2 5.9
25 9.9 3.3 7.6
28 11.4 4.4 9.1
32 20.9 10.6 16.1
36 42.2 30.5 33.6
>40 95.7 114 83.2

therefore :

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 Example Temporary Road Design

qa = 2/3.{1.3x(qu/2)x5.3}
= 2/3.{1.3x(2.7/2)x5.3}
= 6.20 t/m2 < q = 58.9 t/m2
so the original ground must be improved.

3.2.3. S T A B I L I T Y A T S U R F A C E O F I M P R O V E D L A Y E R
(C a l c u l a t i o n o f R e q u i r e d S t r e n g t h)

2r
q

q' Z' = Crushed

q'<qa' Stone 30cm

Z" qa
'
SOIL STABILIZATION Z = Depth of
q" Improved
Layer
q"<qa

qa

Thickness of pavement is 30 cm, dispersed tyre load q' is calculated by Boussinesq's equation as follows :
q'= q[1-1/{1+(r/Z')2}3/2] where :
q : contact pressure
r : contact radius
Z': depth dispersed
therefore :
q'= 58.9 [1-1/{1+(0.18/0.3)2}3/2]
= 21.8 t/m2

Allowable bearing capacity at surface of improved layer qa' is as follows :

qa' = 2/3 . (a.c.Nc + b.g1.B.Nr + g2.Df.Nq/2)

Where :
qa' : allowable bearing capacity (t/m2) at surface of improved layer .
g1 : unit weight of soil below foundation (t/m3), or submerged unit weight in case of soil being ground
water.
g2 : unit weight of soil above foundation (t/m3), or submerged unit weight in case of soil being ground
water.
c : cohesion (t/m2), assuming internal frictio angle of ground. f= 0o,c =qu/2
a, b : shape factor, for round a = 1.3, b = 0.3
Nc,Nr,Nq : Bearing capacity coefficient
f = 0o,therefore Nc= 5.3,Nr=0,Nq=3.0
Df : penetration depth(m)
B : minimum width of foundation, or diameter incase of round foundation.

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 Example Temporary Road Design

therefore
qa' = 2/3.(1.3x(qu/2)x5.3)
= 2.296 qu
= 2.296 qu < q = 21.8 t/m2
(contact pressure below pavement)

From the above stability condition, required UCS after improvement is as follows :
qu > 9.49 t/m2 = 0.95 kg/cm2 ==> CBR= 20%

3.2.4. DETERMINATION OF MIXING RATE AT CONSTRUCTION SITE

Required strength at site : CBR > 20%

Required strength at laboratory :

Required strength at site
CBR at laboratory =
Ratio of strength at site to that at laboratory

Considering of the differences between mixing method at site and at laboratory, ratio of strength at
site to that at laboratory is taken = 0.5, so :

CBR at labo. = CBR at site / 0.5

= 15% / 0.5 = 30%

Based on the result of CBR test at laboratory and from "Chart Relationship Mixing Rate vs CBR" , required
Agent & Mixing Rate is :

- Agent = Soil Stabilization Agent

- Mixing Rate = 80 kg/m3

3.2.5. STABILITY AT THE SURFACE OF ORIGINAL GROUND

(Calculation of Improved Thickness)

2r
q

q' Z' = Crushed

q'<qa' Stone 30cm

Z" qa
'
SOIL STABILIZATION Z = Depth of
q" Improved
Layer
q"<qa

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 Example Temporary Road Design

qa
The required thickness is calculated by Boussinesq's equation on assumtion that the tyre load is dispersed up
to below allowable bearing capacity of original ground in the improved layer.

q" = q[1-1/{1+(r/Z")2}3/2]
= 58.9 [1-1/{1+(0.18/Z")2}3/2]
< qa = 6.20 t/m2 (Allowable bearing capacity of original ground)

therefore, required thickness Z" is as follows :

Z" > 0.65 m = 65 cm

Since the thickness of pavement is 30 cm, required thickness of soil stabilization is :
Z = 65 cm - 30 cm = 35 cm ->50 cm.

3.1.6. CONCLUSION

Gross weight of vehicle W= 30 ton

Contact pressure q= 58.9 t/m2

Crushed Stone 30 cm
Allowable bearing
capacity of original ground qa= 6.20 t/m2
Subgrade
Stabilization 50 cm
Thickness of pavement 30cm (CBR>20%)
(Crushed Stone)

Original soil
Required strength at
site CBR= 20 %

Required strength at CBR= 40 %

laboratory

Thickness of improved 50 cm
layer

Mixing rate 80 kg/m3

Page 18
 Example Temporary Road Design

Type of Agent Soil Stabilization Agent

By 30cm crushed stone for pavement and the stabilization of 50 cm of subgrade which aims at the CBR of
stabilized layer to 20%, it is possible to raise bearing capacity of original ground for support dump truck
with 30ton gross weight and 10 tyre.

4. CONSTRUCTION WORK

4.1. PROCEEDING OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

- Remove large-sized foreign ma-

terials.
- Break coarse-grained clods of soil
PREPARATORY WORK
- Add water to soil on condition
that moisture content is lower
than optimum one.

Execute a field test , if necce-

FIELD TEST sary, for the purpose of selec-
ting the types of heavy equipment
used and determining the standard

Page 19
 Example Temporary Road Design

for job control.

- Packaging in 40 kg bag or 1 ton bag

TRANSPORTATION - Stocking Stabilization Agent in the
storage.

SPREADING Spread the prescribed quantity

of stabilizing agent uniformly

Mix the agent with soil

(The effectiveness of stabiliza-
MIXING tion mainly depends on proper
of mixing work.)

Reform undulated surface of

GRADING
stabilized layer.

- Compact by roller
- Use crawler of heavy equipment
CO MPACTIN G such as back hoe, bulldozer,
,etc,. for compaction, in case
that the stabilized layer is
still too weak for roller to run.

Make a curing on wet condition.

CURING In particular, rapid drying
should be avoided.

Confirm that strength reaches the

CONTROL TEST target after the due curing age.

4.2. EXPLANATORY NOTES FOR CONSTRUCTION WORK

Page 20
 Example Temporary Road Design

1) PREPARATORY WORK
(a) Drainage
On condition that construction site has pools or a high groundwater level. it is necessary to trench tempo-
rary drains so as to prevent water from running into the site.
(b) Removal of foreign materials
Before construction. stumps and roots of plants. concrete fragments, boulders, rubbish and so on should be re-
moved.
(c) Control of moisture content
Stabilization method, in general. does not require moisture content control. However on condition that soil is
too dry to be hydrated, it is required to add water until the moisture content of soil reaches around optimum .

2) FIELD TEST
In case of a special or large scale project. it is recommended that a field test should be executed for
checking the following items.
(a) Mixing efficiency
Confirm availability and efficiency of the heaviy equipment used for mixing work at site.
Also confirm propriety of the mixing way ( dry mixing or slurry mixing). the mixing rate prescribed by results of
laboratory test and so on.
(b) Applicability
Determine construction method ( especially mixing method), type and number of heavy equipment used and so
on.
(c) Strength of Stabilized Layer
Observe the achievement of target strength.
(d) Influence of construction on environmental factors
Sound the noise, vibration and dust caused by the construction work.

3) TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OF STABILIZING AGENT

(a) Transportation
Transportation by truck; loading and unloading 40 kg bag by manual and by back hoe for 1 ton jumbo bag.
(b) Storage
Stabilizing Agent can be stored in the same way as ordinary portland cement. It must not be placed directly
on the ground, but on pallets or square timbers. If it looks like rain, packed Stabilizing Agent should be covered
with canvas or so on.

4) SPREADING
Stabilizing Agent can be spread by man power (for 40 kg bag) or by back hoe (for 1 ton jumbo bag).

5) MIXING

Page 21
 Example Temporary Road Design

As the accuracy of mixing is the most important factor of effectiveness of the stabilization. Site supervisor
must control the activities of operators for mixing work as carefully as possible. Conceptionally the powder
of Stabilizing Agent should become unable to be distinguished from original soil after mixing.

6) GRADING
On finishing mixing. grading should be conducted in advance of compaction. because it is difficult to reform
the undulated of strengthened surface after compaction.

7) COMPACTION
It is possible that delay of compaction work causes less strength than required, so it should be done within
3 hours after mixing. In other word. site work should be scheduled to be completed by compaction every day.

8) CURING
During the construction work the surface should be kept from drying. In case of constructing pavement such
as surface course or upper base course overlying the stabilized layer, it should be made as earliest as possible.

9) CONTROL TEST
Control test is used to confirm that strength reaches the target after the due curing age.

Page 22
 Example Temporary Road Design

soil stabilization

Page 23
Example Temporary Road Design

q"

Page 24
Example Temporary Road Design

q"

Page 25
Example Temporary Road Design

Page 26
 Example Temporary Road Design

homogenously.

Page 27
Example Temporary Road Design

Page 28
 Construction Work

CONSTRUCTION WORK
OF SOIL STABILIZATION

1. PREPARATION WORK (LEVELING, PRECOMPACTING,ETC.)

2. SPREADING OF SOIL STABILIZATION AGENT

1 ton
bag

3. MIXING SOIL WITH AGENT

4. GRADING OF STABILIZING SOIL

Page 29
 Construction Work

5. COMPACTING

6. CURING (COVERING BY GRAVEL OR TERPAL)

Page 30
 Construction Work

ON

Page 31
Construction Work

Page 32