CVE 202: Strength of Materials

Loading Test of Ductile and

Brittle Materials
Elastic Constants and
Relationships Among Them
Dr. G. O. Adunoye
Department of Civil Engineering
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife
2 Ductile and Brittle Materials
 Materials can be classified as either being ductile
or brittle, depending on the stress-strain
characteristics.
 Any material that can be subjected to large strain
before it ruptures is called a ductile material. E.g.
mild steel
 Percentage elongation of a ductile material is
expressed as
𝐿𝑓−𝐿𝑜
 𝑥 100 %
𝐿
𝐴𝑜−𝐴𝑓
 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑥 100 %
𝐴𝑜

 Materials that exhibit little or no yielding before

fracture are referred to as brittle materials.
3 Elastic Constants

Figure 1: Sress-strain diagram

4 Relationships
𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐵
 = = Constant
𝜖𝐴 𝜖𝐵
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎
𝐸 = = (Hooke’s law)
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖

 Modulus of elasticity, E is a measure of the stiffness

of a material in its response to an applied load.
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎𝑠
 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝐺 = =
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝑠

 Combining the equations, we now have

𝜎 𝑃/𝐴 𝑃𝐿
𝐸 = = =
𝜖 𝛿/𝐿 𝐴𝛿
5 Example 1
 A 13 mm diameter Aluminium specimen is
subjected to a tension test. After rupture, the two
pieces are fitted back together. The distance
between gauge points originally 50 mm is
measured 71 mm and the final diameter of the
specimen is measured to be 10 mm. calculate
the percentage elongation and the percentage
reduction in area.

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife

6 Solution to Example 1
𝐿𝑓−𝐿𝑜
(i) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100 %
𝐿𝑜
71−50
= 𝑥 100 % = 42
50
%
(ii) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
𝐴𝑜−𝐴𝑓
𝑥 100 %
𝐴𝑜
Original area = πD2/4 = 0.7854 x 132
=132.73 mm2
Final area = πD2/4 = 0.7854 x 102 =
78.54mm2Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =

7 Example 2
A steel bar of cross section 500 mm2 is acted upon
by the forces shown in Figure E2a. Determine the
total elongation of the bar. For steel, consider E =
200 GPa.

Figure E2
8 Solution to Example 2
 The elongation of this portion is given as:
𝑃1𝐿1 50000 𝑥 0.6
 𝛿1 = = = 0.0003 m
𝐴𝐸 500 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 200 𝑥 109
𝑃2𝐿2
 Between B and C, 𝛿2 = =
𝐴𝐸
35000 𝑥 1
= 0.00035 m
500 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 200 𝑥 109
𝑃3𝐿3
 Between C and D, 𝛿3 = =
𝐴𝐸
45000 𝑥 1.25
= 0.00056 m
500 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 200 𝑥 109

 Total elongation, δ = δ1 + δ2 + δ3 = 0.0003 +

0.00035 + 0.00056 = 0.00121 m = 1.21 mm
9 Example 3
A hollow steel cylinder surrounds a solid copper
cylinder and the assembly is subjected to an axial
loading of 200 kN as shown in Figure E3a. The cross-
sectional area of the steel is 20 cm2, while that of
the copper is 60 cm2. Both cylinders are the same
length (500 mm) before the load is applied.
Determine the temperature rise of the entire system
required to place all of the load on the copper
cylinder. The cover plate at the top of the assembly
is rigid. For copper, E = 100 GPa, α = 17 × 10–6/°C;
while for steel, E = 200 GPa, α = 12 × 10–6/°C.
10 Example 3 (Contd)

Figure E3
11 Solution to Example 3
 The upward expansion of the steel cylinder is:
δs = αsLs∆T = 12 x 10-6 x (0.5∆T)
 The upward expansion of the copper cylinder is:
δc = αcLc∆T = 17 x 10-6 x (0.5∆T)
 But the compression of the copper is given as:
𝑃𝐿 200000 𝑥 0.50
𝛿𝑐 = = 60 𝑥 10−4 𝑥 100 𝑥 109
= 1.667 x 10-4 m
𝐴𝐸

 The change of length of the steel is due only to

the temperature rise. Consequently, we have
(17 x 10−6)(0.50)∆T −1.667 x 10−4 = (12 x 10−6)(0.50)∆T
 Therefore, ∆T = 66.68oC
12

Thank You

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife