INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad -500 043

ELECTRONICS ANDCOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

COURSE DESCRIPTOR

Course Title MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Course Code AEC015

Programme B.Tech

Semester VII ECE

Course Type Core

Regulation IARE - R16

Theory Practical

Course Structure Lectures Tutorials Credits Laboratory Credits

3 1 4 3 2

Chief Coordinator Ms. P Annapurna, Assistant Professor

Ms. P Annapurna, Assistant Professor

Course Faculty
Dr. V Siva Nagaraju, Professor

I. COURSE OVERVIEW:
This course is intended to provide fundamental concepts of Transmission lines, Waveguides,
Microwave junctions, wave guide parameters and Design of different passive and some active
microwave circuits/subsystems, Microwave tubes. This course will also provide an overview of
application of microwaves in communication and other areas.

II. COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:

Level Course Code Semester Prerequisites Credits
Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission
UG AEC007 IV 4
Lines
UG AEC011 V Antennas and Propagation 4
III. MARKSDISTRIBUTION:
CIA
Subject SEE Examination Total Marks
Examination
Microwave Engineering 70 Marks 30 Marks 100

IV. DELIVERY / INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES:

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 ✔ Chalk & Talk ✔ Quiz ✔ Assignments ✘ MOOCs

✔ LCD / PPT ✔ Seminars ✘ Mini Project ✘ Videos

✘ Open Ended Experiments

V. EVALUATION METHODOLOGY:
The course will be evaluated for a total of 100 marks, with 30 marks for Continuous Internal
Assessment (CIA) and 70 marks for Semester End Examination (SEE). Out of 30 marks allotted
for CIA during the semester, marks are awarded by taking average of two CIA examinations or
the marks scored in the make-up examination.

Semester End Examination (SEE): The SEE is conducted for 70 marks of 3 hours duration.
The syllabus for the theory courses is divided into FIVE unit and each unit carries equal
weightage in terms of marks distribution. The question paper pattern is as follows. Two full
questions with “either” or ‟choice” will be drawn from each unit. Each question carries 14
marks. There could be a maximum of two sub divisions in a question.

The expected percentage of cognitive level of the questions is broadly based on the criteria
given in Table: 1.
Table 1: The expected percentage of cognitive level of questions in SEE.
Percentage of Cognitive Level Blooms Taxonomy Level

10 % Remember

50 % Understand

25 % Apply

15 % Analyze

0% Evaluate

0% Create

Continuous Internal Assessment (CIA):

CIA is conducted for a total of 30 marks (Table 1), with 20 marks for Continuous Internal
Examination (CIE), 05 marks for Quiz and 05 marks for Alternative Assessment Tool (AAT).

Table 1: Assessment pattern for CIA

Component Theory
Total Marks
Type of Assessment CIE Exam Quiz /AAT

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 CIA Marks 25 05 30

Continuous Internal Examination (CIE):

Two CIE exams shall be conducted at the end of the 8 th and 16th week of the semester
respectively. The CIE exam is conducted for 25 marks of 2 hours duration consisting of two
parts. Part–A shall have five compulsory questions of one mark each. In part–B, five
descriptive type questions out of which four questions have to be answered where, each question
carries 5 marks. Marks are awarded by taking average of marks scored in two CIE exams.

Quiz / Alternative Assessment Tool (AAT)

Two Quiz exams shall be online examination consisting of 25 multiple choice questions and are
to be answered by choosing the correct answer from a given set of choices (commonly four).
Marks shall be awarded considering the average of two quiz examinations for every course. The
AAT may include tutorial hours/classes, seminars, assignments, term paper, open ended
experiments, five minutes video, and MOOCs etc.

VI. COURSE OBJECTIVES :

Students will try to learn:
The operating principles of waveguides which supports the EM mode of propagation with
I
lower losses and high power handling capability.
The Fundamental concepts of microwave components such as power dividers, hybrid
II
junctions, Directional Couplers Ferrite Devices to make a microwave circuit
The function, design, and integration of the major microwave components like oscillator,
III modulator, amplifier, filter and mixer in building a Microwave test bench setup for
measurements.
The real time applications of microwave engineering in Radars, Defense, Navigation,
IV
Remote sensing, Satellite communications etc

VII. COURSE OUTCOMES(COs):

After successful completion of the course, students will be able to:

CO No Course Outcomes Knowledge

Level
(Bloom’s
Taxonomy)
CO1 Recall the concepts of transmission lines and waveguides to derive the field Remember
components of wave equations i.e TE,TM and TEM and understand their field
patterns.
CO2 Explain the concepts of Dominant mode and degenerate modes in a Understand
rectangular waveguide using cutoff frequency/cutoff wavelength.
CO3 Illustrate the principle of waveguide components which are used to couple Understand
power from the waveguide system to measure power in different ports.

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 CO No Course Outcomes Knowledge
Level
(Bloom’s
Taxonomy)
CO4 Apply the concept of S-Matrix to measure output power in microwave Apply
components such as E-plane Tee, H-plane Tee, Magic –Tee and Directional
couplers
CO5 Analyze the Performance of passive microwave components such as Isolator, Analyze
Circulator, and Gyrator using Faraday rotation principle.
CO6 Determine the performance characteristics of Reflex klystron and two-cavity Apply
Klystron ,TWT and Magnetron for obtaining the mathematical expressions
related to power gain and efficiency.
CO7 Extend the concept of limitations of conventional tubes to microwave tubes Understand
for analyzing the microwave solid state devices.
CO8 Describe the Avalanche Transit time devices of different modes for Understand
determining the Noise figure, Operating frequency range, output power and
efficiency.
Apply the principle of M-Type tube to design magnetron for working of a Apply
CO9
Pulsed Radar
CO10 Interpret the operating principle of GUNN diode using RWH Understand
theory for obtaining the differential negative resistance.
CO11 Analyze and measure various microwave parameters using Microwave Analyze
test bench setup

COURSE KNOWLEDGE COMPETENCY LEVELS

6
5
4
Count

3
2
1
0
Remember Understand Apply Analyze Evaluate Create
Blooms Taxonomy Level

VIII. HOW PROGRAM OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED:

Program Outcomes (POs) Strength Proficiency
assessed by

PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of 3 SEE, CIE,

mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and
an engineering specialization to the solution of AAT, QUIZ
complex engineering problems.

PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review 3 SEE, CIE,

research literature, and analyze complex engineering AAT, QUIZ
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using
first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences

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 Program Outcomes (POs) Strength Proficiency
assessed by

PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use 2 SEE, CIE,

research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and AAT, QUIZ
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information
to provide valid conclusions.

3 = High; 2 = Medium; 1 = Low

IX. HOW PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED:

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) Strength Proficiency

assessed by

PSO 1 Formulate and Evaluate the applications in the field of 1 SEE, CIE,
Intelligent Embedded and Semiconductor technologies
AAT, QUIZ
PSO 2 Focus on the practical experience of ASIC prototype -- ---
designs, Virtual Instrumentation and SOC designs
PSO 3 Build the Embedded hardware design and software -- ---
programming skills for entry level job positions to
meet the requirements of employers
3 = High; 2 = Medium; 1 = Low

X. MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES LEADING TO THE ACHIVEMENT OF

PROGRAMOUCOMES
Course Program Specific
Program Outcomes (POs)
Outcomes Outcomes (PSOs)
(COs) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CO 1 √
CO 2 √
CO 3 √ √
CO 4 √ √ √
CO 5 √
CO 6 √ √ √
CO 7 √ √
CO 8 √ √ √
CO 9 √ √
CO 10 √ √
CO 11 √ √

XI. JUSTIFICATIONS FOR CO-PO MAPPING:

Course POs / Justification for mapping (Students will be able to) No. of key
Outcomes PSOs competen
(COs) cies
CO1 PO 1 Recall the concepts of transmission lines and waveguides (knowledge) 1

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 Course POs / Justification for mapping (Students will be able to) No. of key
Outcomes PSOs competen
(COs) cies
to derive the field components of wave equations i.e TE,TM and TEM
by applying the principles of science to complex engineering
problems
CO2 PO 1 Explain the concepts of Dominant mode and degenerate modes 2
(knowledge) in a rectangular waveguide using cutoff frequency/cutoff
wavelength. by applying the principles of mathematics and science
for solving complex engineering problems.
CO3 PO 1 Illustrate the principle of waveguide components which are used 3
(Knowledge) by analyzing complex engineering problems to
measure different parameters by using the principles of mathematics
and engineering science.
PO 2 Formulate and analyze (Problem analysis) complex Engineering 3
problems for the for measuring different parameters including design
of experiments, analysis of complex problems
CO4 PO 1 Determine the performance of power dividers and couplers 2
(knowledge) by applying the principles of mathematics, engineering
science for complex engineering problems.
PO 2 Formulate and analyze (Problem analysis) complex Engineering 3
problems for Determining the s-parameters on power dividers using
first principles of mathematics and Engineering sciences
PO 4 Understand the microwave components to evaluate the s-parameters 2
on power dividers and couplers (knowledge) methods including
design of experiments, analysis of complex problems
CO5 PO 1 Analyze the passive components such as isolator, gyrator and 2
circulator (knowledge) using Faraday’s rotation by applying the
principles of mathematics, engineering science for engineering
problems.
CO6 PO 1 Determine the performance characteristics of an Reflex klystron and 2
two-cavity (knowledge) for calculating the input and output power and
efficiency by applying the principles of mathematics, science to the
solutions of complex engineering problems.
PO 2 Formulate and analyze (Problem analysis) complex Engineering 3
problems to evaluate the performance of microwave sources using
first principles of mathematics and Engineering sciences
PO 4 Understand the microwave power sources (knowledge) including 2
design of experiments, analysis of complex problems
CO7 PO 1 Extend the concept of limitations of conventional tubes to microwave 2
tubes for analyzing the microwave solid state devices ( Knowledge) by
applying the principles of mathematics, engineering science for
complex engineering problems.
PSO 1 Apply the concept of microwave tubes to develop klystron amplifier 1
and oscillator which are used in microwave engineering lab for
amplifying microwave signals by applying the principles of of science
to complex engineering problems.
CO8 PO 1 Describe the Avalanche Transit time devices of solid sate devices 2
(Knowledge) for determining the Noise figure, Operating frequency
range , output power and efficiency by analyzing complex
engineering problems using the principles of mathematics,
engineering science.
PO 2 Formulate and analyze (Problem analysis) complex Engineering 3
problems for detection, generation and amplification of semiconductor
devices using first principles of mathematics and Engineering
sciences.

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 Course POs / Justification for mapping (Students will be able to) No. of key
Outcomes PSOs competen
(COs) cies
PSO 1 Apply the Avalanche Transit time devices of solid sate devices for 1
analyzing complex engineering problems

CO9 PO 1 Apply the principle of magnetron (Knowledge) for working of a 1

microwave oven by applying science engineering for engineering
problems.
CO10 PO 1 Interpret the operating principle of GUNN diode using RWH theory 2
(Knowledge) for obtaining the differential negative resistance by
applying mathematics, engineering fundamentals for complex
engineering problems.
PSO 1 Understand the modes of GUNN diode resistance by applying 2
mathematics, engineering fundamentals for complex engineering
problems.
CO11 PO 1 Calculate the measurements of microwave power, attenuation, 2
frequency, VSWR and impedance using microwave Test bench setup
by applying mathematics and engineering science for engineering
problems.

XII. MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES LEADING TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF

PROGRAM OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:
Program
Program Outcomes (POs) / Number of Vital Specific
Course Featuresz Outcomes
Outcomes (PSOs)
(COs) / Number of
Vital Features
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
3 10 10 11 1 5 3 3 12 5 12 8 1 2 2
CO 1 1
CO 2 2
CO 3 3 3
CO 4 2 3 2
CO 5 2
CO 6 2 3 2
CO 7 2 1
CO 8 2 3 1
CO 9 1 2
CO 10 2 1
CO 11 2 2

XIII. PERCENTAGE FOR KEY COMPETENCIES FOR CO-PO MAPPING:

Program
Program Outcomes (POs) / Number of Vital Features Specific
Outcomes

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 Course (PSOs) /
Outcomes Number of
(COs) Vital Features
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3

3 10 10 11 1 5 3 3 12 5 12 12 1 3 2
CO 1 33.3
CO 2 66.7
CO 3 100 30.0
CO 4 66.7 30.0 18.18
CO 5 66.7
CO 6 66.7 30.0 18.18
CO 7 66.7 100
CO 8 66.7 30.0 100
CO 9 33.3 16.5
CO 10 66.7 100
CO 11 66.7 16.5

XIV. COURSE ARTICULATION MATRIX ( CO-PO/PSO MAPPING)

COs and POs and COs and PSOs on the scale of 0 to 3, 0 being no correlation, 1 being the low
correlation, 2 being medium correlation and 3 being high correlation.
0 – 𝟎 ≤ 𝑪 ≤ 5% – No correlation; 2 − 40 % < 𝑪 < 60% – Moderate.
1 – 5 < 𝑪 ≤ 40% – Low / Slight; 3 – 60% ≤ 𝑪 < 100% – Substantial / High

Course Program
Program Outcomes (POs)
Outco Specific
mes Outcomes
(COs) (PSOs)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CO 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CO 2 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CO 3 3 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CO 4 3 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
CO 5 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CO 6 3 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
CO 7 3 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - -
CO 8 3 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - -
CO 9 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CO 10 3 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - -
CO 11 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
TOTAL 29 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0
AVERAGE 2.41 1.00 0 1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.00 0 0
XV. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES–DIRECT
PO 1, PO 1, PO 1, PO 1,
CIE Exams PO 2, SEE Exams PO 2, Assignments PO 2, Seminars PO 2,
PO 4 PO 4 PO 4 PO 4
Laboratory
- Student Viva - Mini Project - Certification -
Practices

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 Term Paper -

XVI. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-INDIRECT:

✔ Early Semester Feedback ✔ End Semester OBE Feedback

✘ Assessment of Mini Projects by Experts

XVII. SYLLABUS:

UNIT - I WAVEGUIDES Classes: 08

Introduction, microwave spectrum and bands, applications of microwaves, types of waveguides,
rectangular waveguides, field equations in rectangular waveguide, field components of TM and TE waves
for rectangular waveguide, modes of TM and TE waves in rectangular waveguide, impossibility of TEM
waves, cut off frequency of rectangular waveguide; Wave impedance in rectangular waveguide: Wave
impedance for a TM and TE wave in rectangular waveguide, Dominant mode and degenerate modes, mode
characteristics of phase velocity, group velocity, wavelength and impedance relations; Illustrative
problems; Cavity resonators: Types of cavity resonators; Rectangular cavity resonator: Dominant modes
and resonant frequencies, illustrative problems.
UNIT - II WAVEGUIDECOMPONENTS AND APPLICATIONS Classes: 10
Coupling mechanisms: Probe, loop, coupling to a cavity resonator, waveguide discontinuities, waveguide
irises, tuning screws and posts, matched loads; Waveguide attenuators; Waveguide phase shifters;
waveguide multiport junctions: E plane Tee, H plane Tee, Magic Tee, applications of Magic Tee, hybrid
ring; Ferrites: Faraday rotation principle, gyrator, isolator, circulator
UNIT - III MICROWAVE LINEAR BEAM AND CROSS FIELD TUBES Classes: 10
(OTYPE AND MTYPE)
Microwave linear beam tubes (O type): Limitations of conventional tubes at microwave frequencies;
Klystron: Velocity modulation process, bunching process, output power and beam loading; Multicavity
Klystron amplifiers: Beam current density, output current and output power of two cavity Klystron; Reflex
Klystron: Velocity modulation, power output and efficiency.

Helix Traveling Wave tube: Slow wave structures, amplification process, conventional current; Microwave
cross field tubes (M type): Introduction, cross-field effects; Magnetrons: Different types, 8- cavity
cylindrical travelling wave Magnetron, Hull cut-off and Hartree conditions, modes of resonance and PI-
mode operation.
UNIT - IV MICROWAVE SOLID-STATE DEVICES Classes: 08
Microwave solid-state devices: Microwave tunnel diode; Transferred electron devices: Gunn-effect diodes,
RWH theory, modes of operations; Avalanche transit time devices: IMPATT diode, TRAPATT diode,
BARITT diode, Pin diodes, varactor diodes, crystal detectors.

UNIT - V MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS Classes: 09

Description of microwave bench: Different blocks and their features, precautions; Microwave power
measurement: Bolometer; Measurement of attenuation; Frequency standing wave measurements:
measurement of low and high VSWR; Cavity Q; Impedance measurements.
Text Books:
1. Samuel Y. Liao, ―Microwave Devices and Circuits‖, Pearson, 3rd Edition, 2003.
2. Herbert J. Reich, J.G. Skolnik, P.F. Ordung and H.L. Krauss, -Microwave Principles‖, CBS Publishers
and Distributors, New Delhi, 1st Edition, 2004.
3. F.E. Terman, ―Electronic and Radio Engineering‖, Tata McGraw-Hill Publications, 4th Edition,1955.
Reference Books:
1. R.E. Collin, “Foundations for Microwave Engineering” IEEE Press, John Wiley, 2ndEdition, 2002.

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 2. Peter A. Rizzi, “Microwave Engineering Passive Circuits” PHI, 3rdEdition, 1999.
3. M.L. Sisodia, G.S.Raghuvanshi, “Microwave Circuits and Passive Devices” Wiley Eastern Ltd., New
Age International Publishers Ltd, 1stEdition, 1995.
4. Microwave and Radar Engineering – M. Kulkarni, Umesh Publications, 1998.

XVIII. COURSE PLAN:

The course plan is meant as a guideline. Probably there may be changes.
Lecture Course
Topics to be covered Reference
No. Outcome
Introduction to microwave spectrum and bands and applications
1-2 CO 1 T1-0.1-0.4
of microwaves
Analyze the rectangular waveguides-TE/TM modes, expressions
3-7 CO 1 T1-4.1.1-4.1.3
for fields, characteristic equation and cutoff frequencies
Analyze the filter characteristics, dominant and degenerate
8-10 CO 1 T1-4.1.6-4.1.7
modes, sketches of TE and TM mode fields in the cross-section
Understand the mode characteristics, phase and group velocities
11 CO 1 T1-4.1.6-4.1.7
& wavelengths and impedance relations
Understand the power transmission and power losses in
12-13 CO 3 T1-4.1.4
rectangular guide, related problems
Understand and analyze the resonant cavities, mode
14-16 CO 3 T1-4.3.1-4.3.1
characteristics, and coupling coefficients
Understand the coupling mechanisms, waveguide discontinuities, R4- 6.8-6.9 R4-
17-20 CO 3
various attenuators, and phase shifters 6.14- 6.15
Understand the waveguide multiport junctions such as E-Plane,
21-23 CO 4 T1-4.4- 4.5
H-plane tees, magic tee, hybrid ring;
Understand the composition and Faraday rotation of ferrite
24-25 CO 5 T1 -4.6
components such as gyrator, isolator, and circulators
Understand the Limitations and Losses of conventional tubes at
26-27 Microwave frequencies over microwave tubes and categorize the CO 7 T1 - 9.1
different types of microwave tubes.
Study and understand the two cavity klystrons structure,
28-31 CO 6 T1 - 9.2- 9.3
Reentrant cavities, velocity modulation process and Applegate.
Understand the reflex klystron operation-structure, Applegate
32-35 diagram and principle of working, mathematical theory of CO 6 T1 - 9.4.1
bunching, power output, efficiency
Understand the oscillating modes and o/p characteristics, effect
36-37 CO 7 T1 - 9.4.2-9.4.3
of repeller voltage on power o/p
Understand the significance, types and characteristics of slow
38-40 wave structures, structure of TWT and Amplification process CO 9 T1-9.5
(qualitative treatment),gain considerations.
41-43 Understand the classification of magnetrons and cross field
CO 9 T1-10.1
Effects
Analyze eight-cavity cylindrical travelling wave magnetron Hull T1-10.1.1-
44-47 CO 9
cut-off and Hartree conditions 10.1.2
Understand RWH Theory, characteristics, and operation of CO 10
48-49 T1-7.1-7.3
GUNN diode
Understand operation of avalanche transit time devices, basic CO 8
50-53 T1-8.1-8.3
modes of operation
Understand the microwave bench setup different blocks and
54 CO 3 R4-7.2
their features precautions
Understand the various types of microwave parameter
55-58 CO 3 R4 -7.5-7.9
measurement techniques
Understand and analyze for the measurements in real time
59-60 CO 11 R4- 7.13
Applications

XIX. GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY / PROFESSION REQUIREMENTS:

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 Relevance With Relevance With
S No Description Proposed Actions PSOs
POs
1 Matching networks Seminars / NPTEL PO 1, PO 2 PSO1

2 Microwave Amplifier Seminars / Guest PO 2, PO 4 PSO1

design Lectures / NPTEL
3 Microchip transmission Laboratory Practices PO 1 PSO1
lines

Prepared by:
Ms. P Annapurna, Assistant Professor

HOD, ECE

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