REPORTED SPEECH(Câu tường thuật)

a.       Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì hiện tại thì khi đổi sang câu gián
tiếp ta chỉ đổi ngôi; không đổi thì của động từ và trạng từ.
Ex: She says: “I am a teacher.”
      She says that she is a teacher.
Ex: “I am writing a letter now” Tom says.
      Tom says that he is writing a letter now.
 
b.       Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì quá khứ thì khi chuyển sang câu
gián tiếp ta đổi ngôi, thì của động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn.
 
I. Thay đổi ngôi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu và Tính từ sở hữu)
1. Ngôi thứ nhất: dựa vào chủ từ của mệnh đề tường thuật; thường đổi sang ngôi thứ
ba
I → He / She                    me →   him / her                my → his / her
We → They                        us → them                        our → their
Ex: He said: “I learned English.”
               → He said that he had learnt English.
Ex: She said to me, “My mother gives me a present.”
   →  She told me that her mother gave her a present.
 
     2. Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your)
- Xét ý nghĩa của câu và đổi cho phù hợp, thường đổi dựa vào túc từ của mệnh đề
tường thuật
Ex: Mary said: “You are late again.”
 → Mary said that you were late again.
Ex: “I will meet you at the airport”, he said to me.
 →  He told me that he would meet me at the airport.
 
     3. Ngôi thứ ba (He / She / Him / Her / His / They / Them / Their): giữ nguyên, không
đổi
 
II. Thay đổi về thì trong câu:
 
DIRECT INDIRECT
Simple present Simple past
V1 /Vs(es) V2 / V-ed
Present progressive Past progressive
am / is / are + V-ing was / were + V-ing
Present perfect Past perfect
have / has + P.P   had + P.P
Present perfect progressive Past perfect progressive
 have / has been +V- had been + V-ing
ing Past perfect
Simple past had + P.P
V2 / -ed Past perfect progressive
Past progressive had been + V-ing
was / were + V-ing Future in the past
Simple future would + V1
will + V1 Future progressive in the
Future progressive past
will be + V-ing would be + V-ing
 
III. Thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:
 
DIRECT INDIRECT
Now Then
Here There
This That
These Those
Today That day
Yesterday The day before / the previous day
Last year The year before / the previous year
Tonight That night
Tomorrow The following day / the next day
Next month The following month / the next month
Ago Before

CÁC THAY ĐỔI CỤ THỂ CHO TỪNG LOẠI CÂU TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN
TIẾP
1. COMMANDS / REQUESTS (Câu mệnh lệnh, câu đề nghị)
 - Mệnh lệnh khẳng định:
   Direct:             S + V + O: “V1 + O …”
   Indirect:          S + asked / told + O + to-inf + ….
Ex: He said to her: “Keep silent, please.”    
     → He told her to keep silent.
       “Wash your hands before having dinner, Lan.” the mother said.
     → The mother told Lan to wash her hands before having dinner.
 
- Mệnh lệnh phủ định:
Direct:                 S + V + O: “Don’t + V1 + …”
Indirect:              S + asked / told + O + not + to-inf ….
Ex: “Don’t forget to phone me this afternoon,” he said.
        → He reminded me to phone him that afternoon.
       The teacher said to the students: “Don’t talk in the class.”
      → The teacher told the students not to talk in the class.
 
Tùy theo ngữ cảnh trong lời nói động từ tường thuật said hoặc said to có thể đổi
thành told, asked, advised, persuaded, directed, begged, encouraged, remind …
Ex: The doctor said to his patient: “Do exercise regularly.”
     → The doctor advised his patient to do exercise regularly.
 
2. STATEMENT (Câu trần thuật)
Direct:            S + V + (O) : “clause”
Indirect:         S + told / said + (O) + (that) + clause
    Note: said to → told
Ex: Tom said, “I want to visit my friend this weekend.”  
      → Tom said (that) he wanted to visit his friend that weekend.
      She said to me, “I am going to Dalat next summer.”
      → She told me (that) she was goingto Dalat the following summer.
 
3. QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi)
a.      Yes – No question
Direct:           S + V + (O) : “Aux. V + S + V1 + ….?”
Indirect:        S + asked + O + if / whether + S + V + ….
Ex: He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?”  
 → He asked Mary if / whether she had ever been to Japan.
      “Did you go out last night, Tan?” I asked  
 → I asked Tan if / whether he had gone out the night before.
 
b.      Wh – question
        Direct:           S + V + (O): “Wh- + Aux. V + S + V1 +  …?”
        Indirect:        S + asked + O + Wh- + S + V + ….
Ex: “How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked me.
     → He asked me how long I was waiting for the bus.
     
4. DANH ĐỘNG TỪ (V-ING) TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
 Khi lời nói trực tiếp là lời đề nghị , chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi, …động từ tường
thuật cùng với danh động từ (V-ing) theo sau nó thường được dùng để chuyển tải nội
dung lời nói trên.
 
a.      Reporting Verb + V-ing + ….
Deny (phủ nhận), admit (thừa nhận), suggest (đề nghị), regret (nuối tiếc),
appreciate (đánh giá cao, cảm kích)
Ex: Peter said: “I didn’t steal the painting.”     
→ Peter denied stealing the painting.
      “Why don’t we go out for a walk?” said the boy.       
→    The boy suggested going out for a walk.
 
b.      Reporting Verb + (Someone) + Preposition + V-ing + ….
-          thank someone for                 (cám ơn ai về ….)
-          accuse someone of                (buộc tội ai về …)
-          congratulate someone on      (chúc mừng ai về ….)
-          warn someone against          (cảnh báo ai về ….)
-          dream of                                (mơ về …)
-          object to                                (chống đối về ….)
-          apologize someone for         (xin lỗi ai về …)
-          insist on                                (khăng khăng dòi …)
-          complain about                     (phàn nàn về ….)
Ex: “I’m happy to know that you win the game. Congratulations!”, Jim said to Mary.
      →    Jim congratulated Mary on winning the game.
       Daisy said: “Thank you for helping me”  
 →     Daisy thanked me for helping her.
Note:
1. Why don’t you / Why not / How about   →  suggested + (someone) + V-ing …
Ex: “Why don’t you send her some flowers?” he said.
      → He suggested me sending her some flowers.
 
2. Let’s  →  suggested + V-ing …
    Let’s not →  suggested + not + V-ing …
Ex: “Let’s meet outside the cinema,” he said.    
 → He suggested meeting outside the cinema.
      She said: “Let’s not talk about that problem again.”
 → She suggested not talking about that problem again.
 
3. Shall we / It’s a good idea    →  suggested + V-ing …
Ex: “It’s a good idea to go for a picnic this weekend,” she said.
 → She suggested going for a picnic that weekend.
 
5. ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU (TO-INFINITIVE) TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
 Khi lời nói gián tiếp là một lời đề nghị, mệnh lệnh, ý định, lời hứa, lời yêu cầu, …
động từ tường thuật cùng với động từ nguyên mẫu theo sau nó thường được dùng để
chuyển tải nội dung lời nói này.
a. Reporting Verb + To-inf …
- agree                                      demand (đòi hỏi)                     guarantee (bảo đảm)
- hope                                       promise                                  swear (thề)
- threaten (đe dọa)                      volunteer                                offer (đưa ra đề nghị)
- refuse                                     consent (bằng lòng)                 decide
 Ex: “I will give you my book if you need it,” said my friend.
         → My friend offered to give me her book if I needed it.
 
b. Reporting Verb + Object + To-inf …
- ask (bảo, yêu cầu)                   advise (khuyên)                       command (ra lệnh)
- expect (mong đợi)                    instruct (hướng dẫn)               invite (mời)
- order (ra lệnh)                          persuade (thuyết phục)            recommend (khuyên)
- remind (nhắc nhở)                    encourage (cổ vũ)                    tell (bảo)
- urge (thúc giục)                        warn (cảnh báo)                      want (muốn, mong muốn)
Ex: “Don’t forget to lock the door,” I said to my sister.
       →  I reminded my sister to lock the door.
       Ann said: “Come to my place whenever you are free.”
       → Ann invited me to come to her place whenever I was free.
Note:
1. Lời đề nghị: 
    Would you / Could you / Will you / Can you     →   asked + someone + to-inf
     Would you mind / Do you mind + V-ing     →    asked + someone + to-inf
Ex: “Can you read the instructions again?” she said.
      → She asked me to read the instructions again.
       He said: “Would you mind opening the door, please?”
       → He asked me to open the door.
 
NOTE: Khi chuyển động từ các bạn chỉ cần nhớ lấy động từ gần chủ ngữ nhất giảm
xuống 1 cột tức là:
 Động từ ở cột 1 thì giảm xuống cột 2, ( nhớ  thêm ed khi không phải là đông từ bất
quy tắc)
 Động từ cột 2 thì giảm thành cột 3
 Động từ cột 3 thêm had phía trước
III. CÁC LOẠI CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
1. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu kể
 S + say(s)/said + (that) + S + V

 says/say to + O -> tells/tell + O
 said to + O ->told+O
Eg: He said to me”I haven’t finished my work” -> He told me he hadn’t finished his
work.
2. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu hỏi
a.Yes/No questions:

S+asked/wanted to know/wondered+if/wether+S+V

Ex: ”Are you angry?”he asked -> He asked if/whether I was angry.
b.Wh-questions:

S + asked(+O)/wanted to know/wondered + Wh-words + S + V.

* says/say to + O  -> asks/ask + O
* said to + O  -> asked + O.
Ex: ”What are you talking about?”said the teacher. -> The teacher asked us what we were
talking about.
3. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu mệnh lệnh
*Khẳng định: S + told + O + to-infinitive.
Ex: ”Please wait for me here, Mary.
”Tom said -> Tom told Mary to wait for him there.
*Phủ định: : S + told + O + not to-infinitive.
Ex: ”Don’t talk in class”,the teacher said to us. –>The teacher told us not to talk in class.
III. Một số dạng câu tường thuật đặc biệt
-> SHALL/ WOULD dùng để diễn tả đề nghị, lời mời:
Tom asked: 'Shall I bring you some tea?'
 -> Tom offered to bring me some tea.
Tom asked: 'Shall we meet at the theatre?'
 -> Tom suggested meeting at the theatre.
-> WILL/ WOULD/ CAN/ COULD dùng để diễn tả sự yêu cầu:
Tom asked: 'Will you help me, please?'
 -> Tom asked me to help him.
Jane asked Tom: 'Can you open the door for me, Tom?'
 -> Jane asked Tom to open the door for her.
Khi câu mệnh lệnh thức trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa yêu cầu, đề nghị ai đó làm
gì ta có thể sử dụng các cấu trúc sau:
- tell/ ask/ require/ request/ demand + sb + to do st: Yêu cầu, đề nghị hay đòi hỏi ai
làm gì.
Ví dụ:
- She said to me “close the door!”
-> She asked me to close the door.
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa ra lệnh ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau:
- order sb to do st: ra lệnh cho ai làm gì.
- He said to me angrily “go out!”.
-> He ordered me to go out.
4. Các trường hợp khác:
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa đề nghị làm gì cho ai ta sử dụng cấu trúc:
- offer to do st:
 
- He said “Shall I make you a cup of coffee?”
 
-> He offered to make me a cup of coffee.
*Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa khuyên bảo ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau:
- advise sb to do st: khuyên ai đó nên làm gì.
Ví dụ:
- He said  to me “You should go to bed early”.
-> He advised me to go to bed early.
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa mời mọc ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau:
-  invite sb to do st
Ví dụ:
- My friend said “Will you go the zoo with me?”
-> My friend friend invited me to go to the zoo with her.
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu cảm thán ta sử dụng động từ “exclaim”
Ví dụ:
- She said “What an intelligent boy!”
-> She exclaimed that the boy was intelligent.
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa xin lỗi ta sử dụng cấu trúc:
- apologize (to sb) for st/ for doing st: xin lỗi (ai) về điều gì/ vì đã làm gì
Ví dụ:
- She said "I'm sorry. I'm late."
-> She apologized for being late.
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa nhắc nhở ta sử dụng cấu trúc:
- remind sb to do st: Nhắc nhở ai làm gì
Ví dụ:
- My mother said "Don't forget to bring your umbrella."
-> My mother reminded me to bring my umbrella.
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa buộc tội ai đó ta sử dụng cấu trúc:
- accuse sb of st/ doing st: Buộc tội ai về điều gì/ vì đã làm gì
Ví dụ:
- She said "No one else but you did it."
-> She accused me of doing it.
Bài 1: Hoàn thành các câu sau.

1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.

She asked............................................. ......................

2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.

Martin asked us................................................ ...................

3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"

He asked............................................. ......................
4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.
The mother asked her daughter.......................................... .........................

5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.

She asked her boyfriend......................................... ..........................

6. "What are they doing?" she asked.

She wanted to know.............................................. .....................

7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.

He wanted to know.............................................. .....................

8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"

The teacher wanted to know.............................................. .....................

9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.

She asked me................................................ ...................

10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.

My friend asked me................................................ ...................

11. "What's the time?" he asked.

→ He wanted to know .................................................. .

12. "When will we meet again?" she asked me.

→ She asked me .................................................. .

13. "Are you crazy?" she asked him.

→ She asked him .................................................. .
14. "Where did they live?" he asked.
→ He wanted to know .................................................. .

15. "Will you be at the party?" he asked her.

→ He asked her .................................................. .

16. "Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me.

→ She asked me .................................................. .

17. "Who knows the answer?" the teacher asked.

→ The teacher wanted to know .................................................. .

18. "Why don't you help me?" she asked him.

→ She wanted to know .................................................. .

19. "Did you see that car?" he asked me.

→ He asked me .................................................. .

20. "Have you tidied up your room?" the mother asked the twins.
→ The mother asked the twins ..................................................

21. "Stop talking, Joe," the teacher said.

→ The teacher told Joe .................................................. .

22. "Be patient," she said to him.

→ She told him .................................................. .

23. "Go to your room," her father said to her.

→ Her father told her .................................................. .
24. "Hurry up," she said to us.
→ She told us .................................................. .

25. "Give me the key," he told her.

→ He asked her .................................................. .

26. "Play it again, Sam," she said.

→ She asked Sam .................................................. .

27. "Sit down, Caron" he said.

→ He asked Caron .................................................. .

28. "Fill in the form, Sir," the receptionist said.

→ The receptionist asked the guest .................................................. .

29. "Take off your shoes," she told us.

→ She told us .................................................. .

30. "Mind your own business," she told him.

→ She told him .................................................. .

31. "Don't touch it," she said to him.

→ She told him .................................................. .

32. "Don't do that again," he said to me.

→ He told me .................................................. .

33. "Don't talk to me like that," he said.

→ He told her .................................................. .

34. "Don't repair the computer yourself," she warned him.

→ She warned him .................................................. .

35. "Don't let him in," she said.

→ She told me .................................................. .

36. "Don't go out without me," he begged her.

→ He begged her .................................................. .

37. "Don't forget your bag," she told me.

→ She told me .................................................. .

38. "Don't eat in the lab," the chemistry teacher said.

→ The chemistry teacher told his students .................................................. .

39. "Don't give yourself up," he advised her.

→ He advised her .................................................. .

40. "Don't hurt yourselves, boys," she said.

→ She told the boys .................................................. .

Bài 2: Bài tập câu tường thuật pha trộn negative và positive

1. She said, "Go upstairs."

→ She told me .................................................. .

2. "Close the door behind you," he told me.

→ He told me .................................................. .
3. "Don't be late," he advised us.
→ He advised us .................................................. .

4. "Stop staring at me," she said.

→ She told him .................................................. .

5. "Don't be angry with me," he said.

→ He asked her .................................................. .

6. "Leave me alone," she said.

→ She told me .................................................. .

7. "Don't drink and drive," she warned us.

→ She warned us .................................................. .

8. "John, stop smoking," she said.

→ She told John .................................................. .

9. "Don't worry about us," they said.

→ They told her .................................................. .

10. "Meet me at the cinema." he said.

→ He asked me .................................................. .

11. He said, "I like this song."

→ He said .................................................. .

12. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.

→ She asked me .................................................. .
13. "I don't speak Italian," she said.
→ She said .................................................. .

14. "Say hello to Jim," they said.

→ They asked me .................................................. .

15. "The film began at seven o'clock," he said.

→ He said that .................................................. .

16. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.

→ She told .................................................. .

17. "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him.
→ She asked him .................................................. .

18. "I never make mistakes," he said.

→ He said .................................................. .

19. "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know.

→ He wanted .................................................. .

20. "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience.
→ The stuntman advised .................................................. .

21. "I was very tired," she said.

→ She said .................................................. .

22. "Be careful, Ben," she said.

→ She told .................................................. .
23. "I will get myself a drink," she says.
→ She said .................................................. .

24. "Why haven't you phoned me?" he asked me.

→ He wondered .................................................. .

25. "I cannot drive them home," he said.

→ He said .................................................. .

26. "Peter, do you prefer tea or coffee?" she says.

→ She asked .................................................. .

27. "Where did you spend your holidays last year?" she asked me.
→ She asked .................................................. .

28. He said, "Don't go too far."

→ He advised her .................................................. .

29. "Have you been shopping?" he asked us.

→ He wanted .................................................. .

30. "Don't make so much noise," he says.

→ He asked .................................................. .

ĐÁP ÁN

Bài 1:

She asked me where her umbrella was.

Martin asked us how we were.
He asked if he had to do it.
The mother asked her daughter where she had been.
She asked her boyfriend which dress he liked best.
She wanted to know what they were doing.
He wanted to know if I was going to the cinema.
The teacher wanted to know who spoke English.
She asked me how I knew that.
My friend asked me if Caron had talked to Kevin.
He wanted to know what time it was.
She asked me when we would meet again.
She asked him if he was crazy.
He wanted to know where they had lived.
He asked her if she would be at the party.
She asked me if I could meet her at the station.
The teacher wanted to know who knew the answer.
She wanted to know why he didn’t help her.
He asked me if I had seen that car.
The mother asked the twins if they had tidied up their room.
The teacher told Joe to stop talking.
She told him to be patient.
Her father told her to go to her room.
She told us to hurry up.
He asked her to give him the key.
She asked Sam to play it again.
He asked Caron to sit down.
The receptionist asked the guest to fill in the form.
She told us to take off our shoes.
She told him to mind his own business.
She told him not to touch it.
He told me not to do that again.
He told her not to talk to him like that.
She warned him not to repair the computer himself.
She told me not to let him in.
He begged her not to go out without him.
She told me not to forget my bag.
The chemistry teacher told his students not to eat in the class.
He advised her not to give herself up.
She told the boys not to hurt themselves.
Bài 2:

She told me to go upstairs.

He told me to close the door behind me.
He advised us not to be late.
She told him to stop staring at her.
He asked her not to be angry with him.
She told me to leave her alone.
She warned us not to drink and drive.
She told John to stop smoking.
They told her not to worry about them.
He asked me to meet him at the cinema.
He said that he liked that song.
She asked me where my sister was.
She said that she didn’t speak Italian.
They asked me to say hello to Jim.
He said that the film began at seven o’clock.
She told the boys not to play on the grass.
She asked him where he had spent his money.
He said that he never made mistakes.
He wanted to know if she knew Robert.
The stuntman advised the audience not to try that at home.
She said that she had been very tired.
She told Ben to be careful.
She said she would give herself a drink.
He wondered why she hadn’t phoned him.
He said that he could not drive them home.
She asked Peter if he preferred tea or coffee.
She asked me where I had spent my holidays the previous year.
He advised her not to go too far.
He wanted to know if we had been shopping.
He asked us not to make so much noise.