UNIT 3: TEEN STRESS AND PRESSURE

A. LÝ THUYẾT:
I. REPORTED SPEECH (CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT)
I. Định nghĩa:
Câu tường thuật là câu dùng để thuật lại nội dung của lời nói trực tiếp.
- Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật ở thì hiện tại khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta chỉ đổi ngôi; không đổi
thì của động từ và trạng từ.
Ví dụ: Câu trực tiếp: She says: “I am a teacher.”
Câu gián tiếp: She says that she is a teacher.
Câu trực tiếp: “I am writing a letter now” Tom says.
Câu gián tiếp: Tom says that he is writing a letter now.
- Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật ở thì quá khứ khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp ta đổi ngôi, thì của
động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn.

II. Cách thay đổi trong câu gián tiếp.

1. Thay đổi ngôi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu và Tính từ sở hữu)
a. Ngôi thứ nhất: Dựa vào chủ ngữ của mệnh đề tường thuật chúng ta thường đổi sang ngôi thứ ba.

Pronoun (Đại từ) Objects (Tân ngữ) Possessive (Tính từ sở hữu.)

I → He/ She me → him/ her my → his/ her
We → They us → them our → their
Ví dụ:
* Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I learn English.” (Anh ấy nói: “Tôi học tiếng Anh”)
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he learned English. (Anh ấy nói rằng, anh ấy học tiếng Anh.”)
* Câu trực tiếp: She said to me, “My mother gives me a present.” (Cô ấy nói với tôi, “Mẹ tôi tặng tôi món quà”.)
Câu gián tiếp: She told me that her mother gave her a present. (Cô ấy nói với tôi rằng mẹ cô tawngjcho cô một
món quà.)
b. Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your)
- Xét ý nghĩa của câu để thay đổi cho phù hợp. Thông thường chúng ta thay đổi đại từ nhân xưng dựa vào tân ngữ
của mệnh đề tường thuật.
Ví dụ:
* Câu trực tiếp: Mary said, “You are late again.” (Mary nói, “cậu lại đến muộn.)
Câu gián tiếp: Mary said that you were late again. (Mary nói rằng cậu lại đến muộn.)
* Câu trực tiếp: “I will meet you at the airport”, he said to me.(Anh ấy nói với tôi rằng, Tớ sẽ đợi cậu ở sân bay.”)
Câu gián tiếp: He told me that he would meet me at the airport. (Anh ấy nói với tôi rằng, Anh ấy sẽ đợi tôi ở sân
bay.”)
c. Ngôi thứ ba(He/ She/ They - Tân ngữ: him/ her/ them – Sở hữu tính từ: his/ her/ Their) giữ nguyên, không thay
đổi.
2. Thay đổi về thì trong câu:
Tense (Thì) Direct (Câu trực tiếp) Indirect (Câu gián tiếp)
Present simple (Hiện tại đơn) S + V/ V(s, es)+…….. S+ V(ed)/ V (bất quy tắc)
Present progressive
S+ am/ is/ are + V-ing S+ was/ were + V-ing
(Hiện tại tiếp diễn)
Present perfect
S + have/ has + P.P S + had + P.P
(Hiện tại hoàn thành)
Present perfect progressive
S + have/ has been +V-ing S + had been +V-ing
(Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
Simple past
S + V2/-ed + ….. S + had + P.P
(Quá khứ đơn)
Past progressive
S+ was/ were + V-ing S+ had been + Ving
(Quá khứ tiếp diễn)
 Simple future (Tương lai đơn) S+ will + V S+ would+ V
Future progressive
S+ will be + V-ing S+ would be+ V
(Tương lai tiếp diễn)
3. Thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn
DIRECT INDIRECT
Now Then
Here There
This That
These Those
Today That day
Yesterday The day before/ the previous day
Last year The year before/ the previous year
Tonight That night
Tomorrow The following day/ the next day
Next month The following month/ the next month
Ago Before

CÁC THAY ĐỔI CỤ THỂ CHO TỪNG LOẠI CÂU TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
1. COMMANDS/ REQUESTS (Câu mệnh lệnh, câu đề nghị)
- Mệnh lệnh khẳng định:
Direct: S + V + O: “V1 + O …”
Indirect: S + asked/ told + O + to + V1+ ….
Ví dụ:
He said to her: “Keep silent, please.”
→ He told her to keep silent.
“Wash your hands before having dinner, Lan.” The mother said.
→ The mother told Lan to wash your hands before having dinner
Mệnh lệnh phủ định:
Direct: S + V + O: “Don’t + V1 + …”
Indirect: S + asked/ told + O + not + to+ V1….
Ví dụ:
“Don’t forget to phone me this afternoon,” he said.
→ He reminded me not to forget to phone him that afternoon.
2. STATEMENT (Câu trần thuật)
Direct: S + V + (O) : “clause”
Indirect: S + told/ said + (O) + (that) + clause
Ví dụ :
‘We will visit you this week,’ my parents told me
→ My parents told me they would visit me that week
Ví dụ :
‘I’m so delighted. I’ve just received a surprise birthday present from my sister’ Phuong told me.
→ Phuong told me she was so delighted because she had just received a surprise birthday present from her
sister
3. QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi)
a. Yes – No question.
Direct: S + V + (O) : “Aux. V + S + V1 + O….?”
Indirect: S + asked + O + if/ whether + S + V + O ….
Ví dụ :
Do you sleep at least eight hours a day?’ the doctor asked him.
→ The doctor asked him if he slept at least eight hours a day
b. Wh – question.
Direct: S + V + (O): “Wh- + Aux. V + S + V1 + O ?”
 Indirect: S + asked + O + Wh- + S + V + O.
Ví dụ :
Our teacher asked us, ‘What are you most worried about?’
-> Our teacher asked us what we were most worried about
II. QUESTION WORDS BEFORE TO-INFINITIVES (TỪ ĐỂ HỎI TRƯỚC ĐỘNG TỪ " TO-
INFINITIVE")

Các từ để hỏi “who, what, where, when và how” có thể được sử dụng trước một động từ “to-infinitive” để diễn
tả tình huống khó hoặc không chắc chắn.
Một số động từ được dùng trước các từ để hỏi + to infinitive:
ask, wonder, (not) be sure, have no idea, (not) know, (not) decide, (not) tell.
Ví dụ:
I don’t know what I should wear!
→ I don’t know what to wear.
Ví dụ:
Could you tell me where I should sign my name?
→ Could you tell me where to sign my name?
Ví dụ:
How should we use this support service?’ they wondered.
→ They wondered/ couldn’t tell how to use that support service.
Ví dụ:
‘Who should I turn to for help?’ he asked.
→ He had no idea who to turn to for help.

B. BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG:

Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech.
1. Susan said. “Every day I am teased and bullied and I don't know what to do!”
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. "I'm having a really hard time getting along with my parents,” Quan told me.
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. ’Do I need a tutor when I get so much trouble in maths?” Mai asked her mother.
__________________________________________________________________________________

4. “I’m scared to talk to other students at school, and I’ve never told my parents about being depressed.” Mi told
Nick.
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. David asked the doctor. “Why do I often sleep in class although I try hard to break my bad habit?”
__________________________________________________________________________________

6. “Whenever I read a book, my mind starts to wander after a while, and I can't read anymore." said Phong.
__________________________________________________________________________________

7. “My mom sometimes complains about how untidy and lazy I am,” Linda told Susan.
__________________________________________________________________________________

8. “My stepmother hates me and she often blames me for stealing things her friends gave her.” Tim said.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2. Turn the following sentences into direct speech.
1. He told me to rest for a while.
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2. The teacher told me that I hadn’t done my work well.

__________________________________________________________________________________

3. My classmate told me he couldn’t explain that rule to you.

__________________________________________________________________________________

4. The teacher told the class they would discuss that subject the next day.
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. His mother asked him not to make a mess in his room.

__________________________________________________________________________________

6. He suggested that they should go to the cinema that night.

__________________________________________________________________________________

7. My friend told me to explain to him how to solve that problem.

__________________________________________________________________________________

8. The teacher gave us the permission to leave the room.

__________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Rewrite the following in reported speech.

1. Mai said, “The stress of the entrance examinations made me physically ill.”
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. “It breaks my heart to see her upset when she failed the exam,” Nora’s mother said.
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. “I feel stressed and tense to see that I can’t get the perfect results, Phong,” said Mi.
__________________________________________________________________________________

4. Quan said. “Study stress has been a part of my life.”

__________________________________________________________________________________

5. “ I started experiencing symptoms of stress in grade 8,” Phong said

__________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4. Rewrite the following in reported speech.

1. Tom said, “Homework is a leading cause of stress.”
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. A little stress can make students work harder, but too much stress can make the opposite result,” Miss Hoa said.
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. “My parents can help me decide what's important and what's optional,” said Phuc.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Mr. Thanh said, “Parents are right to be worried about stress and their children's health,
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. Nick’s father said, “It doesn’t matter where my son goes to college, Nick."
__________________________________________________________________________________

C. BÀI TẬP NÂNG CAO:

Exercise 1.

ANSWER KEY
B. BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG:
Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech.
1. Susan said every day she was teased and bullied and she didn’t know what to do.
2. Quan told me (that) he was having a really hard time getting along with his parents.
3. Mai asked her mother if/whether she needed a tutor when she got so much trouble in maths.
4. Mi told Nick (that) she was scared to talk to other students at school, and she had never told her parents about
being depressed.
5. David asked the doctor why he often slept in class although he tried hard to break his bad habit.
6. Phong said whenever he read a book, his mind started to wander after a while, and he couldn’t read anymore.
7. Linda told Susan (that) her mom sometimes complained about how untidy and lazy she was.
8. Tim said (that) his stepmother hated him and she often blamed him for stealing things her.

Exercise 2. Turn the following sentences into direct speech.

1. “Rest for a while,” he said.
2. “You have not done your work well,” said the teacher to me.
3.“I can’t explain this rule to you,” said my classmate to me.
4. The teacher said to the class, “We shall discuss this subject tomorrow.”
5. “Don’t make such a mess in your room,” his mother said.
6. “Let’s go to the cinema tonight,” he suggested.
7. “Explain to me how to solve this problem,” said my friend to me.
8. “You may leave the room,” the teacher told us.

Exercise 3. Rewrite the following in reported speech.

1. Mai said that the stress of the entrance examinations had made her physically ill.
2. Nora’s mother said it broke her heart to see Nora upset when she had failed the exam.
3. Mi told Phong that she felt stressed and tense to see that she couldn’t get the perfect results.
4. Quan said that study stress had been a part of his life.
5. Phong said he (had) started experiencing symptoms of stress in grade 8.

Exercise 4. Rewrite the following in reported speech.

1. Tom said that homework was a leading cause of stress.
2. Miss Hoa said that a little stress could make students work harder, but too much stress could make the opposite result.
3. Phuc said that his parents could help him decide what was important and what was optional.
4. Mr. Thanh said that parents were right to be worried about stress and their children's health.
5. Nick’s father told him that it didn’t matter where Nick went to college.