Secondary spermatocytes – product of first meiotic

REPRODUCTIVE division

SYSTEM Spermatids – product of secondary meiotic division

FUNCTIONS
1. Production of gametes. Sperm cell / Spermatozoon – developed spermatid with
2. Fertilization. a head, midpiece, and flagellum
3. Development and nourishment of a new
individual. DUCTS
4. Production of sex hormones. Epididymis
§ A tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules that
FORMATION OF GAMETES form a comma-shaped structure
Gametes – sex cells
Rete testis – each seminiferous tubule empty into in
Meiosis – a type of cell division in which formation of tubular networks
gametes occur
Efferent ductules – carry sperm cells from the testis to
Synapsis – chromosomes align as pairs the epididymis

Crossing over – allows exchange of genetic material bet.
chromosomes
Reduction division – 1st meiotic division; from 16 to 23
chromosomes
2nd Meiotic division – similar to mitosis
Capacitation – final changes in sperm cells that occur
after ejaculation of semen into the vagina and prior to
fertilization
Ductus Deferens / Vas deferens
§ Emerges from the epididymis and ascends along
the posterior side of the testis

Spermatic cord – consists of the ductus deferens,

MALE testicular artery and veins, lymphatic vessels, and
testicular nerve
REPRODUCTIVE Ampulla of the ductus deferens – ductus deferens
SYSTEM increases in diameter
SCROTUM Seminal Vesicle and Ejaculatory Duct
§ Saclike structure containing the testes Seminal vesicle – sac-shaped gland

Dartos muscle – layer of SM beneath the skin of the Ejaculatory duct – formed by the ducts from the seminal
scrotum vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens

Cremaster muscles – extensions of abdominal muscles Urethra

into the scrotum Prostatic urethra – passes through the prostate gland

TESTES Membranous urethra – passes through the floor of the

§ Also called male gonads; oval organs within the pelvis; surrounded by the external urinary sphincter
scrotum
Spongy urethra – extends the length of the penis and
Seminiferous tubules – where sperm cells develop opens at its end

Interstitial cells / Leydig cells – endocrine cells that PENIS

secrete testosterone § Male organs of copulation
§ Functions in transfer of sperm cells from the
Sustentacular cells / Sertoli – are large and nourish the male to the female
germ cells; produce a number of hormones
Erection – process of the engorgement of the erectile
SPERMATOGENESIS tissue with blood that causes the penis to enlarge and
§ Formation of sperm cells become firm

Spermatogonia – most peripheral germ cells that divide Corpora cavernosa – two columns of erectile tissue that
through mitosis form the dorsal portion

Primary spermatocytes – other daughter cells that Corpus spongiosum – third, small erectile column that
divide by meiosis and become sperm cells occupies the ventral portion of the penis

Glans penis – a formed cap

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External urethra orifice – spongy urethra that opens to
the exterior
Prepuce / foreskin – lose fold of skin that covers the
glans penis
GLANDS
Prostate gland – consists of glandular _ muscular tissue
& empties into the urethra
Bulbourethral glands / Cowper glands – a pair of small,
mucus-secreting glands that empty into the urethra
SECRETIONS
Semen – mixture of sperm cells + gland secretions
Prostate fluid – contains nutrients and proteolytic
enzymes; neutralizes the pH of the vagina
Bulbourethral + urethral mucuous glands – produce
mucus that neutralizes the acidic pH of the urethra
PHYSIOLOGY OF MALE REPRODUCTION
Regulation of Sex Hormone Secretion
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) – produced
in hypothalamus; stimulates release of LH and FSH from
the anterior pituitary
Luteinizing hormone (LH) – stimulates interstitial cells
to produce testosterone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – binds to
sustentacular cells and stimulates spermatogenesis and
secretion of inhibin
Testosterone – has a negative-feedback effect on GnRH,
LH, and FSH
Inhibin – has a negative-feedback effect on FSH
secretion
Puberty in Males
§ Before puberty; small amounts of testosterone
inhibit GnRH release.
§ During puberty; testosterone does not
completely suppress GnRH release, resulting in
increased prod. of FSH, LH, and testosterone.
Puberty – sequence of events by which a child is
transformed into a young adult
Effects of Testosterone
§ Enlargement of the genitals; necessary for
spermatogenesis
§ Responsible for the development of secondary
sexual characteristics (hair distribution and
growth, skin texture, fat distribution, skeletal
muscle growth, changes in the larynx)
Male Sexual Behavior and the Male Sex Act
Testosterone – required for normal sex drive
Emission – movement of sperm cells, mucus, prostatic
secretions, and seminal vesicle secretions into the
prostatic, membranous, spongy urethra
Orgasm / climax – result of pleasurable, intense
sensation
Resolution – penis becomes flaccid; an overall feeling of
satisfaction exists
Erection – first major component of the male sex act
Erectile dysfunction (ED) – impotence; failure to
achieve erections
Infertility in Males
§ Common cause is a low sperm cell count
Artificial insemination – concentrating the sperm cells
and inserting them into the female’s reproductive tract
FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Broad ligament – spreads out on both sides of the uterus
and attaches to the ovaries and uterine tubes
OVARIES
Suspensory ligament – extends from each ovary to the
lateral body wall
Ovarian ligament – attaches the ovary to the superior
margin of the uterus
Mesovarium – folds of peritoneum
OOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION
Oogonia – the cells form which oocytes develop
Primary oocyte – oogonia that has stopped I prophase I
Ovulation – release of an oocyte from an ovary
Secondary oocyte – released when the first meiotic
division is complete
Fertilization – when a sperm cell penetrates the
cytoplasm of a secondary oocyte
Zygote – 23 chromosomes from the sperm + 23
chromosomes from the female gamete
Follicle Development
Primordial follicle – primary oocyte surrounded by
granulosa cells (single layer of flat cells)
Primary follicles – oocyte enlarges and the single layer
of granulosa cells become enlarged and cuboidal
Zona pellucida – a layer of clear material that is
deposited around the primary oocyte
Secondary follicle – flui-filled vesicles appear and a
theca forms around the follicle
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Fluid filled spaces - vesicles
Theca – a capsule that forms around the follicle
Antrum – a single, fluid-filled chamber
Graafian follicle – mature follicle
Cumulus cells – mass of granulosa cells
Corpus luteum – remaining cells of the ruptured follicle
are transformed into a glandular structure
Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) – the
corpus luteum enlarges in response to this hormone
UTERINE TUBES
§ Fallopian tube or oviduct
§ Receive the secondary oocyte
Fimbriae – long, thin processes that surrounds each the
opening of each uterine tube
Ø Cilia on fimbriae – sweep the oocyte into the
uterine tube
Ampulla – where fertilization usually occurs
Implantation – process wherein the fertilized oocyte
embeds itself in the uterine wall
UTERUS
Fundus – superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes
Body – main part of the uterus
Cervix – inferiorly, narrower part
Uterine cavity & cervical canal – spaces formed by the
uterus
Perimetrium – outer layer; serous layer of the uterus
formed from visceral peritoneum
Myometrium – middle layer; muscular layer hat
accounts for the bulk of the uterine wall
Endometrium – innermost layer; consists of simple
columnar epithelial cells with an underlying CT layer
Spiral glands – simple tubular glands formed by folds
of endometrium
Prolapsed uterus – occurs when the uterus extends
inferiorly into the vagina
VAGINA
§ Female organs of copulation
§ Allows menstrual flow and childbirth
Muscular layer – smooth muscle + elastic fibers
Mucous membrane – moist stratified squamous
epithelium that forms a protective surface
Hymen – thin mucous membrane
EXTERNAL GENITALIA
Vulva – pudendum; external female genitalia
Vestibule – the space into which the vagina and urethra
open
Labia minora – thing, longitudinal skin folds
Clitoris – small, erectile structure; well supplied with
sensory receptors, made up of erectile tissue
Greater vestibular glands – produce a lubricating fluid
that helps maintain the moistness of the vestibule
Labia majora – prominent, rounded folds of skin
Mons pubis – an elevation of tissue over the pubic
symphisis
Pudendal cleft – space bet. the labia majora
Clinical perineum – region bet. the vagina and the anus
Episiotomy – an incision made I the clinical perineum to
avoid tearing during childbirth
MAMMARY GLANDS
§ Organs of milk production
§ Located in the breasts
§ Modified sweat glands
Areola – a circular, pigmented area that surrounds the
nipple
Gynecomastia – occurs when the breasts of a male
become permanently enlarged; results from hormonal
imbalance and the abuse of anabolic steroids
Glandular lobes – covered by adipose tissue; gives the
breast its form
Lactiferous duct – opens independently to the surface of
the nipple
Myoepithelial cells – surround the alveoli and contract
to expel milk from the alveoli
PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTION
Puberty in Females
Menarche – first episode of the menstrual bleeding
Menstrual cycle – series of changes that occur in
sexually mature, non-pregnant females, and that
culminate in menses
Menses – a period of mild hemorrhage; part of the
endometrium is sloughed and expelled from the uterus;
day 1 – 4: menstrual fluid is produced by degeneration
of the endometrium
Proliferative phase – day 5 – ovulation: epithelial cells
multiply and form glands
Secretory phase – day of ovulation – 28: endometrium
becomes thicker, endometrial glands secete
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Blastocyst – a collection of cells produced by the zygote

Ectopic pregnancy – implantation occurs anywhere

other than in the uterine cavity

MENOPAUSE
§ Cessation of menstrual cycles

(Female) Climacteric – the whole time period from the

onset of irregular cycles to their complete cessation

FEMALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND THE FEMALE

SEX ACT
Orgasm / climax – triggered by tactile stimulation of the
female’s genitalia during intercourse or psychological
stimuation

Resolution – the overall sense of satisfaction and

relaxation after the sex act

INFERTILITY IN FEMALES
§ Caused by malfunction of uterine tubes,
reduced hormone secretion, interruption of
implantation

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 Hormone Source Target Tissue Response
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Gonadotropin- Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

releasing hormone
(GnRH)

Luteinizing hormone Anterior pituitary Interstitial cells of the testes Stimulates synthesis and secretion of
(LH) testosterone

Follicle-stimulating Anterior pituitary Seminiferous tubules Supports spermatogenesis and inhibin

hormone (FSH) (sustentacular cells) secretion

Testosterone Interstitial cells of testes Testes; body tissues
Anterior pituitary and
hypothalamus
§ Development and maintenance of
reproductive organs
§ Supports spermatogenesis
§ Causes the development and maintenance
of secondary sexual characteristics
Inhibits GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion
through negative feedback

Inhibin Sustentacular cells Anterior pituitary Inhibits FSH secretion through negative
feedback

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Gonadotropin- Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

releasing hormone
(GnRH)

Luteinizing hormone Anterior pituitary Ovaries § Causes follicles to complete maturation and
(LH) undergo ovulation
§ Causes ovulation
§ Causes the ovulated follicle to become the
corpus luteum

Follicle-stimulating Anterior pituitary Ovaries Causes follicles to begin development

hormone (FSH)

Estrogen Follucles of ovaries and Uterus Proliferation of endometrial cells

corpus luteum
Breasts Development of mammary glands (duct
systems)
Anterior pituitary and § Positive feedback before ovulation;
hypothalamus increased LH and FH secretion
§ Negative feedback with progesterone on the
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary after
ovulation; decreased LH and FSH
Other tissues Development & maintenance of secondary
sexual characteristics

Progesterone Corpus luteum of Uterus § Enlargement of endometrial cells and

ovaries secretion of fluid from uterine glands
§ Maintenance of pregnant state
Breasts Development of mammary glands (alveoli)
Anterior pituitary Negative feedback with estrogen on the
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary after
ovulation; decreased LH and FSH secretion
Other tissues Secondary sexual characteristics

Oxytocin Posterior pituitary Uterus and mammary § Contraction of uterine smooth muscle
glands § Contraction of cells in the breast; results in
milk letdown in lactating women

Human chorionic Placenta Corpus luteum of ovaries § Maintains corpus luteum and increases its
gonadotropin rate of progesterone secretion during first
trimester of pregnancy
§ Increases testosterone production in testes
of male fetuses

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