EXPERIMENT NO: 01

EXPERIMENT NAME: STUDY AND OBSERVATION OF COMPRESSION

TEST OF A GIVEN WOODEN BLOCK.

OBJECTIVES:

1.To observe the failure of wooden block under compressive load.

2.To determine the stress and strain developed by the wooden block
and draw the diagram.

3. To determine the modulus of density.

4. To study the failure pattern from graph and Visualization.

Theory:

In mechanics, compression is the application of balanced inward

("pushing") forces to different points on a material or structure, that is,
forces with no net sum or torque directed so as to reduce its size in one
or more directions.

Stress: Stress is the internal resistance offered by body to the external

load applied to it per unit cross sectional area. Stresses are normal to
the plane to which they act. The unit strength of a material is usually
defined as the stress. Symbol σ represent the stress.
P
σ= A
 P = External force or load

A = Cross sectional area

Strain: Strain is the deformation of a material from Stress. It is the ratio

of the change in length to original length. Deformations that are applied
perpendicular to the cross-sectional area are normal strain. The unit
elongation is called as strain. It is denoted by ε.
δ
ε= L

Where, δ= Elongation

L= Initial length

Modulus of Elasticity: Modulus of elasticity is the measure of the

stress-strain relationship on the object. It is the prime feature in the
calculation of the deformation when stress is applied. It is ability of a
material to withstand changes in length when under length wise
tension or compression. It is represented by E.

According to the Hook’s Law,

Stress α strain
=> σ α ω
=> σ = Eω

σ
E=
ω

Where,
σ = Stress
 ω = Strain

E is a constant called Young’s Modulus or Modulus of elasticity.

Stress-Strain diagram: A stress – strain curve for a material gives the

relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually
applying load to a test curve and measuring the deformation from
which the stress and strain can be determined.

From the diagram there are different points on the curve. These points
are:
 1. Proportional limit
2. Elastic limit
3. Yield point
4. Ultimate stress or strength point
5. Breaking point or Rupture strength

Proportional limit: Proportional limit is the point on the curve up to

which the value of stress and strain remains proportional. From the
diagram P is called the proportional limit. Hook’s Law of proportionality
can be defined between point OP, because OP is a straight line and it
shows that Hook’s Law stress & strain is followed up to point P.

Elastic limit: Elastic limit is the limiting value of stress up to which the
material is perfectly elastic. From the curve point E is the elastic limit
point. Material will return back to the original position if it is unloaded
before the crossing of point E. This is so, because material is perfectly
elastic up to point E.

Yield point: Yield point is defined as the stress after which material
extension takes place more quickly with no or little increase in the load.
Point Y is the yield point on the graph and stress associated with this
point & known as yield stress.
Ultimate Strength Point: Ultimate strength point is the maximum
strength that material can bear before breaking. It can also be defined
as the ultimate strength corresponding to the peak point on the
strength strain graph. On the graph the point U is the ultimate strength
point. After U the material have zero strength to face further stress.
Breaking Stress: Breaking point is the point is the strength of material
breaks. The stress associates with the point is known as breaking point.
On the curve point B, is the breaking point.

Universal Testing Machine(UTM): A universal testing machine (UTM),

also known as universal tester. It is used to test the tensile or
compressive strength of materials. It can perform in many standard
tensile and compression test on materials, components and structures.
In other words it is versatile.
It has two main parts:

1. Loading Unit

2.Control Unit

The arrangement of the test specimen and the exertion of the load is
held in the loading unit. The vibrations in the application of the load
and corresponding test result are obtained from the control unit.

Loading Unit:

Loading unit consists of the following components:

1.Load Frame

2.Upper and Lower Crosshead

3.Elongation Scale

Control Unit:

It has three components:

2.Hydraulic Power Unit

3.Load Measuring Unit

3.Control Units

Required Apparatus & Machine:

1.Slide Calipers

2.Universal Testing Machine

3.Extensometer

4.Wooden Block

Working Procedure:

1.Firstly the length of the wooden block was measured and the cross-
sectional area of the block was measured by slide calipers.

2.After that the specimen was placed on the loading unit properly and
the UTM was set properly.

3.And then the dial gauge was fixed by a magnetic holder and set the
dial to read to zero.

4.After that by opening the bad valve load was applied parallelly to the
grain of the wooden block.

5.Simultaneously record was taken from dial gauge reading and the
corresponding load at a regular interval of 0.25mm.

6.when breaking starts the dial gauge was took off.

7.The maximum and breaking load was noted.

8.Finally the plane of failure was observed.

Data Table:

Cross sectional area of the block, A=6.12*10-4m2

Length of the wooden block, L=153.25mm

No of Load Deflectio Stress Average Strain Averag Modulu

obs. P KN n σ=P/A Stress σ' ϵ=ό/L e s
ό mm KN/m2 KN/m2 Strain ϵ' of
Elasticit
y
E= σ/ϵ

1 14.70 0.1 2.40E+04 0.000653 3.68E+07

2 16.2 0.2 2.65E+04 0.001305 2.03E+07

3 18 0.3 2.94E+04 0.001958 1.50E+07

4 19.5 0.4 3.19E+04 0.00261 1.22E+07

5 21 0.5 3.43E+04 0.003263 1.05E+07

6 22.2 0.6 3.63E+04 0.003915 9.27E+06

7 23.2 0.7 3.79E+04 0.004568 8.30E+06

8 23.9 0.8 3.91E+04 0.00522 7.48E+06

9 24.5 0.9 4.00E+04 3.67E+04 0.005873 0.00522 6.82E+06

10 25 1 4.08E+04 0.006525 6.26E+06

11 25.4 1.1 4.15E+04 0.007178 5.78E+06

12 25.6 1.2 4.18E+04 0.00783 5.34E+06

13 25.8 1.3 4.22E+04 0.008483 4.97E+06

14 26 1.4 4.25E+04 0.009135 4.65E+06

 15 26.1 1.5 4.26E+04 0.009788 4.36E+06

Calculation:

From Data Table,

For observation 1:

Cross sectional area of the block, A=6.12*10-4m2

Length of the wooden block, L=153.25mm

Load P1=14.7 KN

Deflection, ό1 =0.1mm

Now,
P1 14.7
Stress, σ = A = 6.12∗10−4
= 2.4*104 KN/m2

ό 0.1
Strain, ϵ= L = 153.25 = .000653
2.4∗104
Modulus of Elasticity, E = .000653
= 3.68*1007 KN/m2
Average Modulus of Elasticity,
Average Stress
EAVG = Average Strain

3.68∗10 07
= .00522

= 7.04*1009 KN/m2
 Chart Title

4.50E+04

4.00E+04

3.50E+04

3.00E+04

2.50E+04

2.00E+04

1.50E+04

1.00E+04

5.00E+03

0.00E+00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Stress Strain
σ=P/A ϵ=ό/L
KN/m2

Calculation From Graph:

Proportional limit stress = 24.02×103 KN/m2

Yield stress = 26.47×103 KN/m2

Ultimate stress =92.65×103 KN/m2

Modulus of Elasticity = 6×106 KN/m2

Error:
 Eavg−E graph
E graph
×100% = 17.24%

Result:

Modulus of elasticity, E =7.0345×106 KN/m2

Error = 17.24%