UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF.

CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

F I C H A Nº 2
SHAPES AND PROPERTIES

SHAPES

The heart is shaped like a cone.

-
A.- Observa los diagramas y completa las oraciones.
(Look at the diagrams and complete the sentences)
1.- The eye is shaped like a sphere.
2.- The diaphragm is shaped like a dome.
3.- The kidneys are shaped like beans.
4.- The lungs are shaped like triangles.
5.- The gallbladder is shaped like a pear.
6.- The oesophagus is shaped like a tube.
7.- The liver is shaped like a triangle.
8.- The nose is shaped like a pyramid.

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ.

B.- Completa las oraciones con una de estas palabras:

(Complete the sentences with one of these words.)

KIDNEYS OESOPHAGUS DUODENUM DOME-SHAPED S-SHAPED

1.- The diaphragm is a dome-shaped organ.

2.- The sigmoid colon is an s-shaped organ.
3.- The duodenum is a C-shaped tube.
4.- The kidneys are bean-shaped organs.

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

C.- Confecciona seis oraciones de la tabla. (Make six sentences from this table.)

1. The liver is a. conical in shape.

2. The eye is b. a long, tubular organ.
3. The nose is c. triangular in shape.
4. The kidneys are d. a small, spherical organ.
5. The heart is e. pyramidal in shape.
6. The small intestine is f. bean-shaped organs.

1. The liver is triangular in shape.

2. The eye is a small, spherical organ.
3. The nose is pyramidal in shape.
4. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs.
5. The heart is conical in shape.
6. The small intestine is a long, tubular organ.

D.- De los ejercicios A, B y C encuentra dos formas de describir lo siguiente:

(From exercises A-C find two ways of describing)
1.- the heart is shaped like a cone.
the heart is a cone-shaped organ.

2.- the eye is shaped like a sphere.

the eye is a sphere-shaped organ.

3.- the kidneys are shaped like beans.

the kidneys are bean-shaped organs.

PROPERTIES

Elastoplast sticks to the skin.

It is adhesive.

The skin can bend into many shapes.

It is flexible.

Bones cannot bend.

They are rigid.

Some tissues can be stretched and then will

return to their original shape.
They are elastic.

Some organs can stretch or contract by the use of muscles.

They are muscular.

Some cells can eat bacteria and destroy them.

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

They are phagocytic.

Some cells move around the tissues.

They are motile.
They move like the amoeba: they have the
property of amoeboid movement.

Food can pass through the walls of the stomach but

not through the walls of the oesophagus.
The walls of the stomach are permeable, but the walls
of the oesophagus are impermeable
.A.- Observa el dibujo de los vasos sanguíneos. (Look at this diagram of blood vessels.)

Completa las oraciones con las propiedades y asígnales la letra correspondiente del dibujo.
(Complete these sentences with the properties and match them with A to F in the diagram.)
A/F 1.- Arteries are long, tubular blood vessels which can bend and stretch, i.e. they are
flexible and elastic.
B 2.- Some cells and molecules can pass through capillary walls. In other words capillaries
are permeable.
C 3.- Some white blood cells (leucocytes) can destroy bacteria, i.e. leucocytes are
phagocytic.
E 4.- Platelets are very small particles which stick together to stop bleeding, i.e. they are
adhesive.
D 5.- Red blood cells (erythrocytes) can bend to get through narrow blood vessels and then
spring back into shape. In other words erythrocytes are elastic.
A/F 6.- Blood cells cannot pass through artery walls. This means that arteries are
impermeable.
C/D 7.- Leucocytes can pass through capillary walls. This means that capillary walls are
permeable to leucocytes.
D 8.- The leucocytes can move around in the tissues, or, in other words, they are motile.
A 9.- Veins are wide blood vessels with some muscle tissue in their walls, i.e. veins are
muscular.
A/F 10.- Erythrocites cannot usually pass through capillary walls. In other words, capillary walls
are usually impermeable.

Reading comprehension

Bacteria

Bacteria are very small, unicellular organisms. Although there are thousands of different
species of bacteria, the individual organisms have one of three general forms: ellipsoidal, or
spherical; cylindrical or rod-like; and spiral or helicoidal.
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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

The first type are called cocci (singular, coccus). They are nearly all spherical or
ellipsoidal, but there are some exceptions. The gonococcus and meningococcus, for example, are
coffee-bean shaped (e.g. Neisseria meningitidis), while the pneumococcus is slightly elongated,
so that one end tapers a little (e.g. Diplococcus pneumoniae, in which the ends of each pair of
cells are bluntly pointed).
The cylindrical bacteria are known as bacilli (singular, bacillus). Some of these are long
and slender (e.g. Clostridium sporogenes) while others are short and thick (e.g. Bacillus
megaterium). The sides may be more or less parallel to each other or the cell may be thicker in
the centre and taper toward the end.
Spiral forms include rods with just enough curvature to give the organism a curved or
comma shape (Vibrio), longer rigid rods with several curves or spirals (Spirillum) and long flexible
organisms with several or many spirals (spirochaetes).

A.- Label the diagrams.

a) sphere ii
b) ellipsoid iv
c) rod i
d) spiral or helix iii

GRAMMAR SUMMARY

PALABRAS CONCEPTUALES1
Existen cuatro clases principales de palabras conceptuales: sustantivos, verbos, adjetivos y
adverbios. Para decidir a qué clase pertenece una palabra, podemos evaluarla desde tres
aspectos diferentes:
● Morfológico: qué forma tiene la palabra, en términos de la raíz y los afijos.
● Sintáctico: qué rol sintáctico tiene una palabra en una frase u otra unidad superior.
● Semántico: qué tipo de significado transmite.

El sustantivo
El sustantivo puede ser común: book, girl, gold, information, etc. y propio: Sarah, Oslo, Microsoft,
etc.
Presentan las siguientes características:
1. Morfológicas:
✔ El sustantivo tiene terminación de sufijo para número plural, y caso posesivo:
one book, two books; Sarah´s book.
✔ Pueden ser contables: books, cars, details, etc; o incontables, y no pueden
tener forma plural: gold, information, etc.
✔ A menudo contienen más de un morfema, los sustantivos compuestos: clothes
line; sustantivos con sufijos derivacionales: singer, friendship, etc.

1 Traducción de: Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. 2006. Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad and Geoffrey
Leech. Longman. England. Páginas 20 a 23.
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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

2. Sintácticas: los sustantivos pueden ser el elemento principal de una frase nominal: a
new book about the cold war.
3. Semánticas: comúnmente se refieren a entidades concretas, físicas: personas, objetos,
sustancias, como por ejemplo: book, friend, iron; también pueden denotar entidades
abstractas, tales como cualidades y estados: freedom, wish, friendship y colectivos,
tales como: police, class, army, people, party.

El verbo
Los verbos son identificados por las siguientes características:
1. Morfológicas: los verbos tienen distintas formas, tiempo (presente, pasado), aspecto
(perfecto, progresivo), y voz (activa y pasiva).
2. Sintácticas: generalmente ocurren solos, como palabra de una frase verbal o en
posición final de una frase verbal.
3. Semánticas: denotan acciones, procesos y estados de cosas que suceden o existen en
el tiempo.

El adjetivo
Los adjetivos ingleses no tienen ni número (a excepción de los demostrativos) ni género, lo
determinan el sustantivo al cual modifican. Tienen las siguientes características:
1. Morfológicas:
✔ muchos adjetivos pueden adoptar los sufijos –er (comparativo) y –est
(superlativo): dark – darker – darkest
✔ los adjetivos pueden tener sufijos derivados: aceptable, forgetful, influential
✔ adjetivos compuestos: color-blind, home-made, ice-cold.
2. Sintácticas:
✔ Pueden ser la palabra principal de una frase adjetiva: very dark, eager to help.
✔ Los adjetivos y las frases adjetivas son usados comúnmente como
modificadores que preceden la palabra principal de una frase nominal o como
predicativos, es decir complemento de verbos:
Modificador: Tomorrow could be [a sunny day].
Predicative: It´s nice and warm in here.
3. Semánticas:
✔ Los adjetivos describen las cualidades de la gente, cosas y abstracciones: a
heavy box, he is guilty, the situation is serious.
✔ Muchos adjetivos son graduables, es decir que pueden compararse y
modificarse según el grado o nivel de la cualidad: heavier, very heavy,
extremely serious.

El adverbio
Los adverbios presentan algunas de las siguientes características:
1. Morfológicas:
✔ Muchos adverbios se forman de adjetivos agregando el sufijo –ly: clearly,
eagerly.
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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

✔ Otros no adoptan tal terminación: however, just.

✔ Algunos adverbios permiten la forma comparativa y superlativa: son – sooner –
soonest; fast – faster – fastest.
2. Sintácticas:
✔ Pueden ser la palabra principal de una frase adverbial: very nosily, more
slowly than I had expected.
✔ A menudo son usados como modificadores de un adjetivo o de otro adverbio:
really old, very soon.
3. Semánticas:
✔ Como modificadores a menudo expresan el grado de un adjetivo o adverbio:
totally wrong, right now.
✔ Como elementos de las clausulas, los adverbios y frases adverbiales tienen una
gran variedad de significados:
● Pueden modificar una acción, proceso o estado, expresando nociones tales
como tiempo, lugar y manera:
She was here earlier today.
● Pueden transmitir la actitud del hablante o escritor con respecto a la
información en el resto de la cláusula:
Surely that child´s not mine?
● Pueden expresar una conexión con respecto a lo que se dijo anteriormente:
It must be beautiful, though.

Working with texts

A.- Nutrition

People need to eat, drink and breathe to live. This nourishment needs to reach all parts of the body
so they function properly. Urine and faeces eliminate waste products.
All these things that happen in the body are part of nutrition.

The Different Nutrition Processes

Nutrition includes digestion, respiration, circulation and excretion.
● Digestion is the way the body gets the substances it needs from the food we eat.
● Respiration is the way we get oxygen. Oxygen is a substance in the air. We need oxygen
to live.
● The substances that we get from the air and food reach all the different parts of the body.
This is called circulation.
● Excretion is the way in which we eliminate the waste products in the blood. The body
eliminates these substances in the urine.

Organs and Systems

There are many organs inside your body.
The heart, the stomach and the lungs are some of these organs.
Each of these organs has a specific job. For example, the heart pumps blood throughout the body.
In many cases, several organs perform a common function. Together, these organs are called a
system.
For example, you need your mouth, oesophagus, intestine and other organs for digestion. These
organs form the digestive system.
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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

The Nutrition Systems

Four of the body’s systems take part in the nutrition process. These are the digestive system, the
respiratory system, the circulatory system and the excretory system.

The Inside of the Body

Look at the drawing of the inside of the body.

A.1.- Answer:
a.- Where is the heart? And the stomach?
The heart is in the chest.
The stomach is in front of the kidneys.
b.- Which organ does food pass through to
reach the stomach?
The oesophagus.
A.2.- Complete the sentences:
- Each of the organs in the body has a specific job.
A system is made up of a number of organs.

A.3.- Complete the chart:

excretory system
NUTRITION

digestive system

respiratory system circulatory system

A.4.- Answer in Spanish

Why do we say that blood circulation is part of the nutrition process?

La circulación de sangre es parte del proceso de nutrición ya que es ella la que se
encarga de transportar el oxígeno y los nutrientes obtenidos de los alimentos a todo
nuestro organismo a través del sistema circulatorio.

A.5.- Complete the chart with examples from the text.

Nouns (sustantivos) Verbs (verbos) Adjectives Adverbials
(adjetivos) (adverbios)
nourishment drink digestive properly

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

urine needs respiratory together

oxygen includes circulatory throughout
heart eliminates excretory
system pumps specific

B.- The Digestive System

The Organs of the Digestive System

The alimentary canal, liver and pancreas make up the digestive System. The alimentary canal is a
long tube. It runs down the inside of the body. It begins at the mouth. It ends at the anus. The liver
and pancreas are near the alimentary canal. They also take part in digestion. The body has to
chew and crush food to use it. It also has to separate the nutritional substances.

The Alimentary Canal

The mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestine and anus make up the alimentary canal.
● The digestive system begins in the mouth.
The teeth and the tongue are in the mouth.
● The oesophagus is a tube that goes down the neck and chest. It connects the mouth to
the stomach.
● The stomach is an organ shaped like a bag. It is in the upper part of the abdomen.
● The intestine is a long tube. It is about eight and half metres in length. It fills most of
the abdominal cavity. The intestine has two parts: The small intestine and the large
intestine. The small intestine is about one and a half metres long. The anus is at the end of
the large intestine.

The Liver and the Pancreas

The liver and the pancreas are two organs. They help in digestion.
● The liver is a very large organ. It is on the
right-hand side of the body. It is a next to
the stomach and above the intestine.
● The pancreas is an elongated organ. It is below
the stomach and liver.
The liver and the pancreas produce juices.
These juices help digest the food.

B.1.- Complete the picture of the digestive system

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

Colour in each organ using a different colour.

- stomach - large intestine
- anus - mouth
- small intestine - oesophagus
- liver - pancreas

B.2.- Explain the differences between:

● The small and large intestine.
The small intestine is one part of the intestine, and is about one and a half metres
long.
The large intestine is the other part of the intestine, it is c-shaped and the anus is
at the end of it.

● The oesophagus and stomach.

The oesophagus is a tube-shaped organ that connects the mouth to the stomach.
The stomach is an organ shaped like a bag in the upper part of the abdomen.

● The stomach and intestine.

The stomach stores and process the food.
The intestine is connected to the stomach and excretes faeces through the anus.

B.3.- Answer the following questions.

a.– Which organs take part in the digestive process?
The mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, intestine and anus take part in the digestive
process.

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

b.– What does the stomach look like?

The stomach looks like a bag and it’s hollow inside.

c.– What does the intestine look like?

The intestine looks like a long network of very compressed tubes.

B.4..- Complete the chart with examples from the text.

Nouns (sustantivos) Verbs (verbos) Adjectives Adverbials

(adjetivos) (adverbios)
canal begin long properly
tube chew small first
digestion produce large then
juices digest elongated

C.- Digestion

How does Digestion take Place?

Digestion is what makes it possible for the body to use food. During digestion, the nutritional
substances are separated from the rest of the food. The body needs these substances to grow
and function properly.
Digestion takes place in five stages: chewing, digestion in the stomach, digestion in the small
intestine, absorption and excretion.
1 - Chewing
First, the mouth chews and crushes the food. Saliva mixes it. When we swallow our food, it
travels into the oesophagus. Then it travels to the stomach.
2 – Digestion in the stomach
The stomach produces gastric juices. Then food mixes with these juices, in the stomach. They
break up the food. Then it is turned into a pulp.
3 – Digestion in the small intestine
This pulp passes from the stomach into the intestine. The liver, the pancreas and the intestine
produce juices. These juices mix with the pulp.
4 - Absorption
The small intestine is responsible for absorption. It carries the nutritional substances into the
bloodstream. The blood then carries these substances to all parts of the body.
5 - Excretion
After absorption, what remains of the food passes into the large intestine.
The parts of the food that cannot be used by the body are turned into faeces.
These faeces are expelled from the body through the anus.

C.1.- Write a key word next to the sentences.

● Parts of the food that the body cannot use. WASTE
● Useful food substances pass into the bloodstream. NUTRIENTS
● Breaking down of food into simpler, useful substances. BREAK UP

C.2.- Answer the following questions

✔ How is food transformed in the mouth and in the stomach? Explain.
Food is chewed, crushed and mixed in the mouth.
In the stomach the food is mixed with gastric juices and broken up. Then it’s turned into a
pulp.
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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

✔ How does food change in the mouth, the stomach and the intestine?
After being chewed, crushed and mixed in the mouth and mixed with gastric juices in the
stomach. This pulp is mixed with juices from the liver, the pancreas and the intestine.

✔ How do the nutritional substances get into the bloodstream?

The nutritional substances are carried by the small intestine into the bloodstream.

✔ What is the purpose of digestion?

The purpose of digestion is to incorporate the essential nutritional substances for the
properly function of our organism.

GRAMMAR SUMMARY

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Usamos el presente simple para hablar sobre acciones o estados que ocurren repetidamente, o
todo el tiempo. E.g.: Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade.
The stomach produces gastric juices.
No usamos el presente simple para hablar de situaciones temporarias o acciones que ocurren en
el momento.

Forma afirmativa
La forma del presente simple es la misma que el infinitivo, excepto la tercera persona singular.

Sujeto Verbo Objeto

We work with computers.
A computer stores information.
La tercera persona singular agrega “s” al verbo, algunos verbos agregan “es” y algunos sufren
cambios:
1.- Los verbos que terminan en consonante más “y” pierden esta letra y agregan “ies”.
cry cries
carry carries
Excepto: play plays
2.- Los verbos terminados en s, ch, sh, x agregan “es”.
watch watches
mix mixes
pass passes
3.- Los verbos terminados en “o” agregan “es”.
do does
go goes
Forma interrogativa
Para preguntar usamos el auxiliar “do”, más el verbo en infinitivo. La tercera persona singular usa
la forma “does” como auxiliar.
Auxiliar Sujeto Verbo Objeto
Do you live in Ramirez?
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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

Does he live in Ramirez?

Where do you buy software?
What does it do?

Forma negativa
La forma negativa se forma con la partícula “not” agregada a los auxiliares “do” y “does”.
Las contracciones “don’t” y “doesn’t” se usan especialmente en la lengua oral y en escrito
informal.

Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo Objeto

I don’t live in Ramirez.
This computer doesn’t work. .

Adverbs of frequency:
Always, Usually, Normally, Sometimes, Often, Never (se colocan entre la persona y el verbo
principal o después del verbo “to be”..
I always go to school at 7.00.
I’m always late.
Time expressions: Every day on Mondays once a week
week on Tuesdays twice a week
month two or three times a week
year three or four times a week

Se colocan al final de la oración: I play tennis every week. // I play tennis on Mondays. // I play
tennis once a week.

ACTIVITIES

1.- Tick the sentences below where the verb is in the present tense.
a.- Computers were invented a long time ago.
b.- I haven’t got a problem in my stomach. 
c.- When did you visit the doctor?
d.- Have you seen the new laser printers?
e.- The new secretary doesn’t work in the morning. 
f.- Nowadays we can watch TV programmes from all over the world. 
g.- What kind of books do you like reading? 

2.- Choose the correct verb form.

a.- The digestive system (begin / begins) in the mouth.
b.- The heart (pump / pumps) blood throughout the body.
c.- Which organ (do / does) food pass through to reach the stomach?
d.- They also (take / takes) part in the digestion.
e.- Several organs (perform / performs) a common function.

3.- Put the verbs in the Present Simple

1.- The arteries (carry) carry blood from the heart through the body.
2.- The skeleton (support) supports the body and (protect) protects the internal organs.
3.- The kidneys (filter) filter waste products from the blood.
4.- The heart (pump) pumps blood through the body.
5.- The secretary (work) works every day.
6.- Parana river (extend) extends from Brazil to Argentina.
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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ENTRE RÍOS INGLÉS I PROF. CLAUDIA SCHIRA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Y LA SALUD – RAMÍREZ JTP SILVIA SCHNEIDER

7.- Arteries (carry) carry blood to all parts of the body.

8.- Personnel always (arrive) arrives on time.

4.- Put the verbs in the negative form. Example: Food doesn’t pass to the lungs.
1.- Paul (not collect) doesn’t collect the mail every day.
3.- The kidneys (not carry) don’t carry blood to all parts of the body.
4.- Laura (not work) doesn’t work every week.
5.- Sue and Carol (not study) don’t study Medicine.

5.- Match the questions with their answers.

1.- How many days does a hen hatch the egg? 2 Yes, he does.
2.- Does your brother have a drugstore? 3 At 9.00 o’clock.
3.- What time do you go to hospital? 5 I live in Santa Fe.
4.- Do you take your pills every day? 1 21 days.
5.- Where do you live? 4 Yes, I do.

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