For the column section shown in Fig below, determine the interaction curve.

Assume M 25 concrete and Fe 415

steel. Consider loading eccentricity with respect to the major axis alone. Assume 8 φ ties and 40 mm clear cover.

D ≔ 500 mm
b ≔ 300 mm
fck ≔ 25 MPa
fy ≔ 415 MPa
⎛ 2 ⎞
3.14 ⋅ ( 25 mm )
As1 ≔ 2 ⋅ ⎜――――― ⎟ = 981.25 mm 2
⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
As2 ≔ As1
As3 ≔ As1

Effective Cover

25 mm
ceff ≔ 40 mm + 8 mm + ――― = 0.061 m
2
Effective depth d ≔ D - ceff = 439.5 mm
⎛D ⎞
y1 ≔ -⎜―- ceff⎟ = -189.5 mm
⎝2 ⎠
y2 ≔ 0 mm

y3 ≔ 189.5 mm

Es ≔ 2 ⋅ 10 5 MPa

Balance Failure Condition

The strain at steel at balance condition

0.87 ⋅ fy
εst ≔ ――― + 0.002 = 0.0038
Es
The strain at concrete at balance condition εc ≔ 0.0035

Considering similar triangle strain at the extreme compression fibre of concrete

xub d - xub solve , xub

―＝ ―― ――― → 210.56774237705759556 ⋅ mm
εc εst

⎛D⎞
xub ≔ 210.567 mm ⎜―⎟ = 0.25 m
⎝2⎠
Strain Calculations at different steel location

εst_1 ≔ -εst = -0.00381 (Tension)

⎛ D ⎞
⎜ xub - ―+ y2 ⎟
2
εst_2 ≔ 0.0035 ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ = -0.000655 (Tension)
⎜⎝ xub ⎟⎠
⎛ D ⎞
⎜ xub - ―+ y3 ⎟
2
εst_3 ≔ 0.0035 ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ = 0.002494 (Compression) and Greater than 0.002
⎜⎝ xub ⎟⎠

Design stresses in each steel

fs1 ≔ -0.87 ⋅ fy = -361.05 MPa

fs2 ≔ Es ⋅ εst_2 = -131.089 MPa

⎛ 351.8 - 342.8 ⎞
fs3 ≔ 342.8 MPa + ⎜―――――― ⎟ ⋅ (0.002494 - 0.00241) MPa = 344.96 MPa
⎝ 0.00276 - 0.00241 ⎠

Design Strength component in axial compression

Compressive strength from concrete
cc ≔ 0.362 ⋅ fck ⋅ b ⋅ xub = 571.689 kN

Axial strength from steel

cs ＝ ∑ ⎛⎝fsi - fci⎞⎠ Asi

cs ≔ fs1 ⋅ As1 + fs2 ⋅ As2 + ⎛⎝fs3 - 0.447 ⋅ fck⎞⎠ ⋅ As3 = -155.385 kN

 Total axial strength
Pub ≔ cc + cs = 416.304 kN

Design Strength component in flexure:

Mub ＝ Mc + Ms
Considering moments of stress resultants about the centroidal axis

⎛D ⎞
Mc ≔ cc ⋅ ⎜―- 0.42 ⋅ xub⎟ = 92.363 kN ⋅ m
⎝2 ⎠

Ms ≔ fs1 ⋅ As1 ⋅ y1 + fs2 ⋅ As2 ⋅ y2 + ⎛⎝fs3 - 0.447 ⋅ fck⎞⎠ ⋅ As3 ⋅ y3 = 129.202 kN ⋅ m

Total moment

Mub ≔ Mc + Ms = 221.566 kN ⋅ m

The eccentricity at balanced condition

Mub
eb ≔ ―― = 0.532 m
Pub

eb xub
―= 1.064 ― = 0.421
D D

Tension Failure Condition xu xub

At tension failure condition will occur when e > eb and ―< ―
D D
xu
Let us consider ― value is 0.28 i.e xu ≔ 0.28 ⋅ D = 140 mm
D
Strain at concrete εcu ≔ 0.0035

Strain Calculations at different steel location

⎛ D ⎞
⎜ xu - ―+ y1 ⎟
2
εst_1 ≔ εcu ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ = -0.007488
⎜⎝ xu ⎟⎠
⎛ D ⎞
⎜ xu - ―+ y2 ⎟
2
εst_2 ≔ εcu ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ = -0.00275
⎜⎝ xu ⎟⎠
⎛ D ⎞
⎜ xu - ―+ y3 ⎟
2
εst_3 ≔ εcu ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ = 0.001988
⎜⎝ xu ⎟⎠
 ⎝ ⎠
Design stresses in each steel

fs1 ≔ -360.9 MPa

fs2 ≔ -351.8 MPa

⎛ 342.8 - 324.8 ⎞
fs3 ≔ 324.8 MPa + ⎜―――――― ⎟ ⋅ (0.00241 - 0.001988) MPa = 340.302 MPa
⎝ 0.00241 - 0.00192 ⎠

Design Strength component in axial compression

Compressive strength from concrete
cc ≔ 0.362 ⋅ fck ⋅ b ⋅ xu = 380.1 kN

Axial strength from steel

cs ＝ ∑ ⎛⎝fsi - fci⎞⎠ Asi

cs ≔ fs1 ⋅ As1 + fs2 ⋅ As2 + ⎛⎝fs3 - 0.447 ⋅ fck⎞⎠ ⋅ As3 = -376.381 kN

Total axial strength

Put ≔ cc + cs = 3.719 kN

Design Strength component in flexure:

Mut ＝ Mc + Ms
Considering moments of stress resultants about the centroidal axis

⎛D ⎞
Mc ≔ cc ⋅ ⎜―- 0.42 ⋅ xu⎟ = 72.675 kN ⋅ m
⎝2 ⎠

Ms ≔ fs1 ⋅ As1 ⋅ y1 + fs2 ⋅ As2 ⋅ y2 + ⎛⎝fs3 - 0.447 ⋅ fck⎞⎠ ⋅ As3 ⋅ y3 = 128.308 kN ⋅ m

 Total moment
Mut ≔ Mc + Ms = 200.983 kN ⋅ m

The eccentricity at balanced condition

Mut
et ≔ ―― = 54.042 m
Put

et xu
―= 108.084 ―= 0.28
D D

eb xub
―= 1.064 ― = 0.421
D D

et eb xu xub
―> ― ―< ―
D D D D

Compression Failure Condition xu xub

Compression failure condition will occur when e < eb and ―> ―
D D
xu
Let us consider ― value is 1.2 i.e xu ≔ 1.2 ⋅ D = 600 mm
D
 ⎛ 3D ⎞
⎜ ――⎟
7
εcu ≔ 0.002 ⎜1 + ――― ⎟ = 0.0031
⎜ 3D⎟
xu - ――
⎜⎝ 7 ⎟⎠
Strain Calculations at different steel location
⎛ D ⎞
⎜ xu - ―+ y1 ⎟
2
εst_1 ≔ εcu ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ = 0.000832
⎜⎝ xu ⎟⎠
⎛ D ⎞
⎜ xu - ―+ y2 ⎟
2
εst_2 ≔ εcu ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ = 0.001815
⎜⎝ xu ⎟⎠
⎛ D ⎞
⎜ xu - ―+ y3 ⎟
2
εst_3 ≔ εcu ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ = 0.002797
⎜⎝ xu ⎟⎠

Design stresses in each steel

fs1 ≔ Es ⋅ εst_1 = 166.444 MPa

⎛ ⎛ 324.8 - 306.7 ⎞ ⎞
fs2 ≔ ⎜306.7 MPa + ⎜―――――― ⎟ ⋅ (0.001815 - 0.00163) MPa⎟ = 318.247 MPa
⎝ ⎝ 0.00192 - 0.00163 ⎠ ⎠

⎛ 360.9 - 351.8 ⎞
fs3 ≔ 351.8 MPa + ⎜―――――― ⎟ ⋅ (0.002797 - 0.00276) MPa = 352.124 MPa
⎝ 0.00380 - 0.00276 ⎠
Design Strength component in axial compression
Compressive strength from concrete as xu > D
16 ⎛ g ⎞
g ≔ ―――― = 0.549 a ≔ 0.447 ⋅ ⎜1 - 4 ⋅ ―⎟ = 0.4
⎛ xu ⎞
2
⎝ 21 ⎠
⎜7 ⋅ ―- 3⎟
⎝ D ⎠
cc ≔ a ⋅ fck ⋅ b ⋅ D = ⎛⎝1.501 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ kN

Axial strength from steel

cs ＝ ∑ ⎛⎝fsi - fci⎞⎠ Asi

⎛ ⎛ εst_1 ⎞ ⎛ εst_1 ⎞ 2 ⎞
fc1 ≔ 0.447 ⋅ fck ⋅ ⎜2 ⋅ ⎜――⎟ - ⎜――⎟ ⎟ = 7.365 MPa
⎝ ⎝ 0.002 ⎠ ⎝ 0.002 ⎠ ⎠
⎛ ⎛ εst_2 ⎞ ⎛ εst_2 ⎞ 2 ⎞
fc2 ≔ 0.447 ⋅ fck ⋅ ⎜2 ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ - ⎜――⎟ ⎟ = 11.079 MPa
⎝ ⎝ 0.002 ⎠ ⎝ 0.002 ⎠ ⎠

fc3 ≔ 0.447 ⋅ fck = 11.175 MPa

cs ≔ ⎛⎝fs1 - fc1⎞⎠ ⋅ As1 + ⎛⎝fs2 - fc2⎞⎠ ⋅ As2 + ⎛⎝fs3 - fc3⎞⎠ ⋅ As3 = 792.06 kN

Total axial strength

Puc ≔ cc + cs = ⎛⎝2.293 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ kN

Design Strength component in flexure:

Muc ＝ Mc + Ms
Considering moments of stress resultants about the centroidal axis
⎛ 8⋅g⎞
D ⋅ ⎜0.5 - ―― ⎟
⎝ 49 ⎠
Centre of compression area x' ≔ ――――― = 0.229 m
4⋅g
1 - ――
21
⎛D ⎞
Mc ≔ cc ⋅ ⎜―- x'⎟ = 31.284 kN ⋅ m
⎝2 ⎠
Ms ≔ ⎛⎝fs1 - fc1⎞⎠ ⋅ As1 ⋅ y1 + ⎛⎝fs2 - fc2⎞⎠ ⋅ As2 ⋅ y2 + ⎛⎝fs3 - fc3⎞⎠ ⋅ As3 ⋅ y3 = 33.818 kN ⋅ m

Total moment

Muc ≔ Mc + Ms = 65.102 kN ⋅ m
 The eccentricity at compression failure condition

Muc
ec ≔ ―― = 0.028 m
Puc

ec xu
―= 0.057 ―= 1.2
D D

eb xub
―= 1.064 ― = 0.421
D D

ec eb xu xub
―< ― ―> ―
D D D D

Muc = 65.102 kN ⋅ m

2.5⋅10³ Puc = ⎛⎝2.293 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ kN

2.25⋅10³

2⋅10³

1.75⋅10³

1.5⋅10³ Mub = 221.566 kN ⋅ m

1.25⋅10³

1⋅10³ ⎡ Puc ⎤ Pub = 416.304 kN

750
⎢ P ⎥ (kN)
⎢ ub ⎥
500
⎣ Put ⎦
250

0
65 80 95 110 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 230
Mut = 200.983 kN ⋅ m
⎡ Muc ⎤
⎢ M ⎥ (kN ⋅ m) Put = 3.719 kN
⎢ ub ⎥
⎣ Mut ⎦