October 2003

Training Objectives

HVAC and
„ Design priorities
– Building enclosure design priorities (for efficiency and comfort)
Building Enclosure – Ventilation (mechanical vs. natural)
– HVAC system selection
– Displacement ventilation design
Overview
Misc. CHPS Criteria „ Based on understanding of:
Thermal Loads in Schools – Thermal comfort (covered previously)
Good Envelope Design – Indoor air quality (covered previously)
Ventilation: Natural & Mechanical – Thermal loads

HVAC System Selection & Design „ And at the same time…

Displacement Ventilation – Introduction to relevant CHPS criteria and BPM guideline contents

Overview 2

Water Credit 2:
Water Use Reduction (1 to 3 points)
HVAC and
1 point 2.1. Reduce the use of municipally provided potable water for
building sewage conveyance by a minimum of 50% through the
Building Envelope utilization of water-efficient fixtures and/or using municipally
supplied reclaimed water systems.

1 point 2.2. Employ strategies that, in aggregate, reduce potable water

use by 20% beyond the baseline calculated for the building (not
including irrigation) after meeting the Energy Policy Act of 1992’s
fixture performance requirements.
OR

Misc. CHPS 2 points 2.3. Exceed the potable water use reduction by 30% beyond the
baseline.

Criteria

CHPS Criteria 4

Energy Efficiency Prescriptive Approach for

Energy Efficiency
„ Energy Prerequisite 1: Minimum Energy Performance.
„ Energy Prerequisite 1 (10% Savings)
„ Energy Credit 1: Superior Energy Performance (prescriptive option). – Lighting power no greater than 0.95 W/ft2 (motion sensor credit allowed)
– Economizer
„ Energy Credit 2: Natural Ventilation.
– HVAC interconnect with windows and doors. „ Energy Credit 1 (20%, 4 points)
– 90% of classrooms without AC. – Daylighting and dimming controls on at least 40% of lighting
– Radiant barrier in attic.
„ Energy Credit 3: Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation.

„ Energy Prerequisite 2: Fundamental Building Systems Testing and

Training.

„ Energy Credit 4: Commissioning.

„ Energy Credit 5: Energy Management Systems.

CHPS Criteria 5 CHPS Criteria 6

1
Commissioning

HVAC and
„ Typical commissioning process.
– Commissioning plan development.
– Documentation of design intent. Building Envelope
– Design review.
– Submittals review.
– Inspections and system functional testing.
– Enhanced operating and maintenance documentation.

Thermal
– Post-occupancy testing.

„ Energy Prerequisite 2: Testing and Training.

„ Energy Credit 4: Commissioning. Loads in

Schools
CHPS Criteria 7

Why Talk About Thermal Loads? What’s a BTU?

„ An understanding of loads helps when setting envelope design „ Btu = British Thermal Unit
priorities

„ Minimizing loads can have many benefits

– Better comfort
„ 1 Btu = Energy required to raise
– Smaller HVAC equipment
the temperature of 1 pound of
– Lower operating cost
water (about 1 pint) by 1 degree
– CHPS energy efficiency points! Fahrenheit.

„ The heat generated by the

burning of one match
(approximately).

Thermal Loads in School 9 Thermal Loads in School 10

Heat Gains (independent of outside temperature) Heat Losses/Gains

(dependent on outside air temperature)
„ Window conduction
People 24-30 kids 5,000 Btu/h
(@ 200 Btu/hr) „ Walls, roofs and floors

Lights 1 watt per square foot 3,300 Btu/h „ Infiltration

(1 watt = 3.413 Btu/hr)
„ Outside air ventilation (a “system” load rather than a “space” load)
Plugs Three computers 1,500 Btu/h
(About 150 watts each)

Solar Fairly small with correct orientation up to 3,000 Btu/h

and shading

Total 12,800 Btu/h

Thermal Loads in School 11 Thermal Loads in School 12

2
Balance Point Temperature Balance Point Temperature (cont’d)
25,000 25,000
Cooling Required Cooling Required
20,000 20,000

15,000 15,000
Classroom Loads (Btu/hour)

Classroom Loads (Btu/hour)

10,000 10,000

5,000 5,000

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
-5,000 -5,000

-10,000 -10,000
Wall & Roof + Window
-15,000 -15,000

-20,000 -20,000
Heating Required Heating Required
-25,000 -25,000
Outdoor Air Temperature Outdoor Air Temperature

Thermal Loads in School 13 Thermal Loads in School 14

Balance Point Temperature (cont’d) Balance Point Temperature (cont’d)

25,000 25,000
Cooling Required Cooling Required
20,000 20,000
+ Occupants + Lights
15,000 15,000
Classroom Loads (Btu/hour)

Classroom Loads (Btu/hour)

10,000 10,000

5,000 5,000

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
-5,000 -5,000

-10,000 -10,000

-15,000 -15,000

-20,000 -20,000
Heating Required Heating Required
-25,000 -25,000
Outdoor Air Temperature Outdoor Air Temperature

Thermal Loads in School 15 Thermal Loads in School 16

Balance Point Temperature (cont’d)

25,000
Cooling Required
20,000 HVAC and
Building Envelope
+ Plugs
15,000
Classroom Loads (Btu/hour)

Balance Point
10,000
Temperature
5,000

Good
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
-5,000

-10,000

-15,000 Envelope
Design
-20,000
Heating Required
-25,000
Outdoor Air Temperature

Thermal Loads in School 17

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Control Thermal Loads Fenestration Orientation

„ It’s pretty easy! „ Orient windows north/south.

„ Priorities:
1. Pay attention to the orientation of glazing.
2. Provide adequate insulation.
3. Specify window shading and/or high performance windows.
4. Control roof heat gain through cool roofs and radiant barriers.

„ Pay attention to details

Good Envelope Design 19 Good Envelope Design 20

How About Passive Solar? Guideline IN1

Wall Insulation
„ Heat typically needed in early morning; not a good match.

„ Direct solar is a source of glare.

Recommendation:
„ Possible applications in corridors and transitional areas.
Wall type South Coast Central Valley
„ Might be appropriate for mountain climates. North Coast Desert
Mountain
Wood frame 2x4 with R-13 or 2x6 with R-19
2x6 with R-19

Steel frame 2x4 with R-13 or Foam board sheathing +

2x6 with R-19 cavity insulation

Mass Provide wall Interior or exterior

shading insulation

Good Envelope Design 21 Vol. II - page 268 Good Envelope Design 22

Fenestration Performance Characteristics Transmission of Common Glazing Materials

„ Visible light transmittance (VLT).

„ Solar heat gain coefficient
(SHGC).
– Used to be shading coefficient.
„ U-factor.
„ Diffusion and Transparency.
– a key issue for skylights.
„ Durability.
– breakage, scratch resistance, UV
resistance, first cost v.
replacement cost.

23 24

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Window Construction Guideline IN2
Roof Insulation
„ Choose high performance
windows.
– VLT > 0.65
– SHGC < 0.40 Recommendation:

„ Higher SHGC ok for completely Roof type South Coast Central Valley
North Coast Desert
shaded windows.
Mountain
„ Single pane glazing may be ok Insulation above deck R-7 foam board R-14 foam board
in warm coastal areas.

„ See also Guideline DL1: View Wood-framed, attic R-30 blown in attic R-38 blown in attic
Windows for VLT and other R-30 batt in framed R-38 batt in framed
recommendations. http://www.denison.edu/enviro/
barney/envtech.html

Good Envelope Design 25 Vol. II - page 271 Good Envelope Design 26

Guideline IN3 Guideline IN4

Cool Roofs Radiant Barriers
Recommendation: Recommendation:
„ Typically white color. „ Reflective foil sheet.
„ Single ply:
„ Cuts radiant heat transfer.
– EPDM.
– CPE. „ Reduces cooling energy.
– CPSE.
– TPO. „ Especially beneficial if
ducts are in attic space
„ Liquid applied:
– Elastomeric.
– Acrylic.
– Polyurethane.

„ White coated metal.

Vol. II - page 273 Good Envelope Design 27 Vol. II - page 277 Good Envelope Design 28

Georgina Blach
Middle School,
Los Altos, CA

GelfandRNP Architects
Photo: Andrew Davis, AIA
29

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 Gym, view from north east

Photo: Andrew Davis, AIA

Photo: Ken Rackow

Cesar Chavez Elementary School, Oakland

View from southwest

Photo: Andrew Davis, AIA VPN Architects

34

What is Ventilation?

HVAC and “The process of supplying and removing air by natural or

mechanical means to and from any space. Such air may
Building Envelope or may not be conditioned.”

(ASHRAE Standard 62-1999)

Ventilation:
Natural and
Mechanical
Ventilation 36

6
Why Ventilate? How?

„ Comfort Î dilute odors „ Naturally

„ Health Î dilute carbon dioxide and other pollutants „ Mechanically

„ Title 24 says we must „ Mixed mode (i.e. both)

„ It’s a CHPS prerequisite (P1.1 & P1.2)

Ventilation 37 Ventilation 38

Natural Ventilation When is Natural Ventilation Feasible?

„ Energy efficient ventilation potential. „ Appropriate climate

„ Traditional in California. „ Acceptable outdoor noise level
„ Still appropriate strategy in much of state. „ Acceptable outdoor air quality (e.g. dust, odors)
„ Design for security. „ Design meets Title 24 ventilation requirements

Ventilation 39 Ventilation 40

Title 24 and Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Potential, South Coast

(Long Beach)
„ Title 24 Compliance using natural ventilation permitted if:
– All spaces within 20 ft of operable opening.
– Total opening area > 5% of floor area.

„ For a typical 960 ft² (30 ft x 32 ft) classroom,

– At least 48 ft² opening area.
– Openings on two sides of the room.

Ventilation 41 Ventilation 42

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Natural Ventilation Potential, North Coast
(San Francisco)
Ventilation
Natural Ventilation Potential, Desert
(Daggett)
Ventilation
Title 24 and Mechanical Ventilation
Two options for calculating minimum ventilation rate
Actual number of Default occupant density
occupants: – Look up in Title 24
– E.g. 30 people per – Divide by two
classroom
OR For 960 ft² classroom:
– 20 ft²/person for
classroom
– 960/20 = 48 people.
– 48/2 = 24 people.
15 cfm per person minimum for classroom
15 cfm/person X 30 people 15 cfm/person X 24 people
= 450 cfm = 360 cfm
Ventilation
Natural Ventilation Potential, Central Valley
(Sacramento)
43 Ventilation 44
Guidelines Related to Natural Ventilation
„ TC1: Cross ventilation
„ TC2: Stack ventilation
„ TC3: Ceiling fans
45 Vol. II - page 301 Ventilation 46
Mixed Mode Ventilation
„ Often a good choice in California
„ Opportunities
– Avoid air conditioning in spring and fall
– Save fan energy
– Potential psychological benefits
„ Challenges
– Avoid increase in heating or cooling loads
– Providing ventilation whenever occupants are present
47 Ventilation 48