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Ventilation 49 Ventilation 50
Yes No
HVAC
Is natural ventilation
accessible and beneficial
for a significant portion of
Heating only air systems the school year?
Gas furnace
Unit ventilator No Yes
System
or
Heating only hydronic +
separate air ventilation system Mixed mode HVAC system
Radiant floor (allow simple occupant control
Baseboard of HVAC and operable openings)
- Packaged rooftop
- Gas/electric split
Selection
- Ductless split
- Ceiling panel
- Unit ventilator (2-pipe or 4-pipe)
- Air or water cooled chiller (if appl.)
HEATING ONLY
Cooling and heating system
and Design
(Ensure efficient duct and fan design)
- VAV reheat
- Packaged rooftop
- Gas/electric split
- Unit ventilator (2-pipe or 4-pipe)
- Air or water cooled chiller (if appl.)
Which is Best? (Hint: it’s not always clear) Which is Best? (continued)
Packaged
PackagedRooftop
Rooftop Packaged
PackagedRooftop
Rooftop
Can run individual
Packaged
PackagedSplit
SplitSystem
System Packaged
PackagedSplit
SplitSystem
System systems for after-
2-pipe
2-pipefan
fancoils
coils hour activities
Packaged
PackagedVariable
VariableAir
AirVolume
Volume Packaged
PackagedVariable
VariableAir
AirVolume
Volume
•Air-cooled 4-pipe
4-pipefan
fancoils
coils •Air-cooled
•Air-cooled •Air-cooled
•Evap.-cooled
•Evap.-cooled •Evap.-cooled
•Evap.-cooled
Variable
VariableAir
AirVolume
Volume
•Single
•Singleduct
duct
•Dual
•Dualduct
duct
Water-Source
Water-SourceHeat
HeatPumps
Pumps
•Cooling
•Coolingtower
tower
•Ground
•Groundloop
loop Central plant options
53 54
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Which is Best? (continued) Which is Best? (continued)
Packaged
PackagedRooftop
Rooftop Greater comfort potential due
to more steady temperature
Packaged
PackagedSplit
SplitSystem
System control
Compressor failure
affects only a single Packaged
PackagedVariable
VariableAir
AirVolume
Volume
•Air-cooled 4-pipe
4-pipefan
fancoils
coils
classroom •Air-cooled
•Evap.-cooled
•Evap.-cooled
Variable
VariableAir
AirVolume
Volume
•Single
•Singleduct
duct
•Dual duct
•Dual duct
Water-Source
Water-SourceHeat
HeatPumps
Pumps
•Cooling
•Coolingtower
tower
•Ground
•Groundloop
loop
55 56
57 58
The ability to provide individual control for classrooms and other spaces
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HVAC Guidelines HVAC Guidelines (cont’d)
TC1: Cross Ventilation TC9: Ductless Split System TC17: Dedicated Outside Air TC23: Hot Water Supply
Systems
TC2: Stack Ventilation TC10: Evaporative Cooling System TC24: Adjustable Thermostats
TC18: Economizers
TC3: Ceiling Fans TC11: VAV Reheat System TC25: EMS/DDC
TC19: Air Distribution Design
TC4: Gas/Electric Split System TC12: Radiant Slab System Guidelines TC26: Demand Controlled
Ventilation
TC5: Packaged Rooftop System TC13: Baseboard Heating System TC20: Duct Sealing and Insulation
TC27: CO Sensors for Garage
TC6: Displacement Ventilation TC14: Gas-Fired Radiant Heating TC21: Hydronic Distribution Exhaust Fans
System System
TC21: Chilled Water Plants
TC7: Hydronic Ceiling Panel TC15: Ground Source Heat Pump
System System
Source: Small HVAC System Design Guide, CEC PIER Program, 2003
HVAC System Design 65 HVAC System Design 66
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Economizer Energy Savings Packaged System Problems
Economizers
100.0%
90.0%
Refrigerant charge
80.0%
60.0%
Cycling fans during
50.0% occupied period
40.0%
Fans run during
unoccupied period
30.0%
20.0%
Simultaneous heating
and cooling
10.0%
No outside air intake at
0.0% unit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Climate Zone
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Non-integrated Economizer Integrated Economizer
Problem Frequency
Source: Small HVAC System Design Guide, CEC PIER Program, 2003 Source: Small HVAC System Design Guide, CEC PIER Program, 2003
HVAC System Design 67 HVAC System Design 68
Direct-drive actuators
Thermostatic Expansion Valve Impact Design Case: Packaged Rooftop System Costs
1.2
0.8
Short orifice
Reduce from 4 tons to 3 tons ($500 per ton) - $500
0.4
Net Cost $275 ($0.28 per ft2)
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Additional Packaged Rooftop Measures
HVAC and
Higher efficiency, SEER >12 (add $350 per ton for SEER 16)
Specify commissioning
Special HVAC
Integration with lighting motion sensor control
Systems:
Interlocks on windows and doors
Increase the air flow to extract extra sensible cooling capacity out of Displacement
Ventilation
the unit, allowing the selection of a smaller “nominal” unit.
Fresh cool air is slowly supplied Healthier environment; germs are not spread as easily.
near the floor.
100% fresh air vs. recirculation of return air.
Air rises as
it warms. Improved acoustics.
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Displacement Ventilation Details (cont’d) Providing the Neutral Air
Conventional Displacement
System System
AC size 3 tons 2 tons
Providing the Neutral Air (cont’d) Providing the Neutral Air (cont’d)
14
More Information on Displacement Ventilation What You Should Remember
Guideline TC6: Displacement Ventilation Systems. Minimize cooling loads through orientation and shading design.
Yuan, Xiaoxiong. Performance Evaluation and Design Take advantage of natural ventilation where it’s feasible
Guidelines for Displacement Ventilation. ASHRAE to expand comfort range and save energy.
Transactions. 1999. V. 105. Pt. 1. www.ashrae.org.
Perform load calculations and avoid over sizing AC equipment
Current research project:
– CEC PIER Indoor Environmental Quality Study, Thermal Consider displacement ventilation for better air quality and energy
Displacement Ventilation in Classrooms. efficiency.
– Demonstration classrooms to be installed summer 2004
Displacement Ventilation 85 86
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