DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT

1 In side diamentions 4 x 3.05 m

2 Super imposed load 12000 N/m3
3 Live load 45000 N/m2
4 Wieght of soil 18000 N/m2 wt. of water 9800 N/m3
5 Angle of repose 30 Degree
6 Nominal cover top/bottom 50 mm Nominal cover Side 50 mm
6 Cocrete M- 20 wt. of concrete 25000 N/m3
σcbc 7 N/m2 m 13
7 Steel Fy 415 Out side σst 190 N/m2
water side side σst 150 N/m2
1 Solution Genral
For the purpose of design , one metre length of the box is considered.
The analysis is done for the following cases.
(I) Live load, dead load and earth prssure acting , with no water pressure from inside.
(II) Live and dead load on top and earth pressure acting from out side, and water pressure acting from inside,
with no live load on sides
(III) Dead load and earth pressure acting from out side and water pressure from in side.

Let the thicness of Horizontal slab 400 mm = 0.4 m

Vertical wall thicness 400 mm = 0.4 m
Effective slab span 4 + 0.4 = 4.4 m
Effective Height of wall 3.05 + 0.4 = 3.45 m

2 Case 1 : Dead and live load from out side of while no water pressure from inside.
Self weight og top slab = 0.4 x 1x 1 x 25000 = 10000 N/m2
Live load and dead load = 45000 + 12000 = 57000 N/m2
Total load on top = 67000 N/m2
Weight of side wall = 3.45 x 0.4 x 25000 = 34500 N/m
∴ Upward soil reaction at base = ( 67000 x 4.4 )+( 2 x 34500 )=
82681.8 N/m2
4.4
1 - sin 30 1- 0.5 0.5 = 1
Ka = = = = 0.33
1 + sin 30 1+ 0.5 1.5 3
∴ Latral pressure due to dead load and live load = Pv x Ka
p = 57000 x 0.333 = 19000 N/m2
Latral pressure due to soil Ka x w x h = 0.333 x 18000 h = 6000 h
Hence total pressure = 19000 + 6000 h
Latral presure intencity at top = 19000 N/m2
Latral pressure intencity at bottom = 19000 + 6000 x 3.45 = 39700 N/m2
w= 67000 N/m2
Fig 1 show the box culvert 19000 19000
frame ABC D, along with the external
A E B
loads, Due to symmetry, half of
frame (i.e. AEFD ) of box culvert is
considered for moment distribution. h 4.40
Since all the members have uniform 19000 3.45
thickness, and uniform diamentions, 6000 h
the relative stiffness K for AD will be
D F C
equal to 1 while the relative stiffness
39700 19000 20700
for AE and DF will be 1/2.
w = 82682 N/m2
Fig 1
 1 1/2
Distribution factore for AD and DA= = 2/3 Distribution factore for AB and DC= = 1/3
1+1/2 1+1/2
wL2 67000 x 3.45 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= = -66456 N - m
12 12
wL2 82682 x 3.45 2= 82010 N - m
Mfdc= + =
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + +
12 15
2
19000 x 3.45 + 20700 x 3.45 3.45 =
MFAD = + x 27059 N-m
12 2 15
pL2 WL
MFDA = - -
12 15
2-
19000 x 3.45 - 20700 x 3.45 3.45 =
MFDA = - x -18846 -12319 = -31165
12 2 10
The Moment distribution is carried out as illustrate in table
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 45330 67000 45330
82010.03 -31165 27059 -66456 54096

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

Joint D A 115575 115575

Member DC DA AD AB 54096
45330
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 19000 116810

Fix end moment 82010.03 -31165 27059 -66456 A A

Balance -16948 -33897 26264 13132 45330 1.725

Carry over 13132 -16948

#####
balance -4377 -8755 11299 5649 3.45 m
Carry over 5649 -4377
balance -1883 -3766 2918 1459 58023 1.725

Carry over 1459 -1883 20700 D D

balance -486 -973 1255 628 39700 75044 142067
58023
Carry over 628 -486
balance -209 -418 324 162 181900 181900

Carry over 162 -209 75044

balance -54 -108 139 70

Carry over 70 -54 82682

balance -23 -46 36 18 Fig 2

Carry over 18 -23
balance -6 -12 15 8
Final moment 58023 -58023 45330 -45330

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 67000 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 67000 x 3.45 = 115575 N/m2
2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 82682 N/m
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 82681.8 x 4.40 = 181900 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.2
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 4.40 ) + 45330 - 58023 + 19000 x 4.40 x 4.40 x 1/2
+ 1/2 x 20700 x 4.40 x 4.40 x 1/3
-ha x 4.40 + -12693 + 183920 + 66792
From which, ha = 54096
Hence , hd =( 19000 + 39700 )x 4.40 - 54096 = 75044 N
2
 67000 x 4.40 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 162140 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 162140 - 45330 = 116810 N-m
82681.8182 x 4.40 2=
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 200090 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 200090 - 58023 = 142067 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
19000 x 4.40 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x 20700 x 4.40 2= 71027
8
58023 + 45330
Net B.M. = = 51677 - 71027 = -19351 N-m
2
3 Case 2 : Dead load and live load from out side and water pressure from inside.
In this case , water pressure having an intensity of zero at A and 9800 x 3.45 = 33810 N/m2
At D, is acting, in addition to the pressure
considered in case 1. The various pressures are
w= 67000 N/m2
marked in fig 3 .The vertical walls will thus be
subjected to a net latral pressure of 19000 19000 19000
Itensity 2
= 19000 N/m At the Top A E B 13110

Net latral pressure diagram

And = 39700 - 33810
= 5890 N/m2 at the bottom 4.40
3.45

D F C
39700 39700 5890
w = 82682 N/m2
Fig 3
2
wL = 67000 x 4.40 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= -108093 N - m
12 12
wL2 82682 x 4.4 2= 133393 N - m
Mfdc= =
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + +
12 10
2
5890 x 4.4 + 13110 x 4.4 4.4
MFAD = + x = 22194 N-m
12 2 10
pL2 WL
MFDA = - -
12 15
5890 x 4.4 2- 13110 x 4.4 4.4
MFDA = - x = -17963 N -m
12 2 15
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 61460 67000 61460
133393.3 -17963 22194 -108093 20044

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

Joint D A 115575 115575

Member DC DA AD AB
61460
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 19000 20044 38224

Fix end moment 133393.3 -17963 22194 -108093 A A

Balance -38477 -76954 57266 28633 61460 1.725

Carry over 28633 -38477

51903
balance -9544 -19089 25651 12826 3.45
Carry over 12826 -9544
balance -4275 -8550 6363 3181 79378 1.725
 balance -1060 -2121 2850 1425 22892 43637
79378
Carry over 1425 -1060
balance -475 -950 707 353 142626 142626

Carry over 353 -475 22892

balance -118 -236 317 158

Carry over 158 -118 82682

balance -53 -106 79 39 Fig 4

Carry over 39 -53
balance -13 -26 35 18
Final moment 79378 -79378 61460 -61460

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 67000 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 67000 x 3.45 = 115575 N/m2
2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 82682 N/m
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 82682 x 3.45 = 142626 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.3
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 3.45 ) + 61460 - 79378 + 5890 x 3.45 x 3.45 x 1/2
+ 1/2 x 13110 x 3.45 x 3.45 x 2/3
-ha x 3.45 + -17918 + 35052.9 + 52013.9
From which, ha = 20044
Hence , hd =( 5890 + 19000 )x 3.45 - 20044 = 22892 N
2
67000 x 3.45 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 99684 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 99684 - 61460 = 38224 N-m
82682 x 3.45 2=
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 123015 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 123015.043 - 79378 = 43637 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
5890 x 3.45 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x 13110 x 3.45 2= 18516
8
79378 + 61460
Net B.M. = = 70419 - 18516 = 51903 N-m
2

4 Case 3 : Dead load and live load on top water pressure from inside no live load on side.
in this case, it is assume that there is no latral oressure due to live load . As before .
The top slab is subjected to a load of '= 67000 N/m2
and the bottom slab is subjected to a load w= 67000 N/m2
Itensity = 82682 N/m2 4000 4000
Net latral pressure diagram

Lateral pressure due to dead load = A E B 4000

1/3 x 12000 = 4000 N/m 2

Lateral pressure due to soil = 4.40

1/3 x 18000 = 6000 N/m 2 3.45
Hence earth pressure at depth h is =
4000 + 6000 h D F C
24700 24700 13110

Earth pressure intensity at top = 4000 N/m2 33810 w= 82682 N/m 33810
Fig 5
Earth pressure intensity at Bottom= 4000 + 6000 x 3.45 = 24700 N/m2
In addition to these, the vertical wall lslab subjectednto water pressure of intensity ZERO at top and 33810
N/m2 at Bottom, acting from inside . The lateral pressure on vertical walls Is shown in fig 5 and 6
 wL2 67000 x 4.40 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= = -108093 N - m
12 12
wL2 82682 x 4.4 2= 133393 N - m
Mfdc= =
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + -
12 15
2
4000 x 4.4 - 13110 x 4.4 4.4
MFAD = + x = -2007 N-m
12 2 15
pL2 WL 6453 - 8460
MFDA = - +
12 10
4000 x 4.4 2- 13110 x 4.4 4.4
MFDA = - x = 6237 N -m
12 2 10
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 49361 67000 49361
133393.3 6237 -2007 -108093 =
The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1
Joint D A 115575 115575
Member DC DA AD AB
49361
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 4000 112779
Fix end moment 133393.3 6237 -2007 -108093 A A
Balance -46543 -93087 73400 36700 49361 1.725

Carry over 36700 -46543

64504
balance -12233 -24467 31029 15514 3.45
Carry over 15514 -12233
balance -5171 -10343 8156 4078 67280 1.725

Carry over 4078 -5171 0D D

balance -1359 -2719 3448 1724 13110 132810
67280
Carry over 1724 -1359
balance -575 -1149 906 453 142626 142626
Carry over 453 -575 5833
balance -151 -302 383 192
Carry over 192 -151 82682
balance -64 -128 101 50 Fig 4
Carry over 50 -64
balance -17 -34 43 21
Final moment 67280 -67280 49361 -49361

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 67000 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 67000 x 3.45 = 115575 N
2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 82682 N/m
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 82682 x 3.45 = 142626 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.6
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( ha x 3.45 ) + 49361 - 67280 + 4000 x 3.45 x 3.45 x 1/2
- 1/2 x 13110 x 3.45 x 3.45 x 1/3
-ha x 3.45 + -17919 + 23805 - 26007
From which, ha = 5833
Hence , hd =( 13110 x 3.45 )- 4000 x 3.45 - 5833 = 2981.8
2
2
67000 x 4.40 =
Free B.M. at mid point E = 162140 N-m
8
 Net B.M. at E = 162140 - 49361 = 112779 N-m
2
82682 x 4.40 =
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 200090 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 200090 - 67280 = 132810 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
4000 x 4.40 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x 13110 x 4.40 2= 6183.1
8
67280 + 49361
Net B.M. = = 58321 + 6183 = 64504 N-m
2

5 Design of top slab :

Mid section
The top slab is subjected to following values of B.M. and direct force
Case B.M. at Center (E) B.M. at ends (A) Direct force (ha)
(i) 116810 45330 54096
(II) 38224 61460 20044
(II) 112779 49361 5833

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 116810 N -m

for water side force
σst = = 150 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 25000 N/m3
2
σcbc = = 7 N/mm wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
m = 13 for water side force
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.378 K = 0.378
m*c+σst 13 x 7 + 150
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.378 / 3 = 0.874 J = 0.874
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155 R = 1.155
Provide over all thickness = 400 mm so effective thicknesss = 350 mm
Mr = R . B .D2 = 1.155 x 1000 x 350 2= 141516561 > 116810000 O.K.
116810000 = 2545 mm2
Ast = BMx100/σstxjxD=
150 x 0.874 x 350
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 20 x 20
using 20 mm Φ bars A = = = 314 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast 314 x 1000 / 2545 = 123 say = 120 mm
Hence Provided 20 mm Φ Bars @ 120 mm c/c
Acual Ast provided 1000 x 314 / 120 = 2617 mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5 = 4.40 / 5 = 0.90 m
0.1 x( 400 - 100 %
Area of distributionn steel = 0.3 - = 0.21
450 - 100
Ast = 0.21 x 400 x 10 = 858 mm2 area on each face= # mm2
2
3.14xdia 3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm Φ bars A = = = 50 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / 429 = 117 say = 110 mm
Hence Provided 8 mm Φ Bars @ 110 mm c/c on each face
Section at supports :-
Maximum B.M.= 61460 N-m. There is direct compression of 54096 N also.
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
Since steel is at top σst = 190 N/mm2 concrete M 20
k = 0.324 J = 0.892 R = 1.011
61460000
∴ Ast = = 1037 mm2
190 x 0.892 x 350
 Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section = 2617 / 2 = 1308 mm2
1037 < 1308 Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia.
Additional bars @ 200 mm c/c
6 Design of bottom slab:
The bottom slab has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case B.M. at Center (F) B.M. at ends (D) Direct force (ha)
(i) 142067 58023 75044
(II) 43637 79378 22892
(II) 132810 67280 2982

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 142067 N -m

for water side force
σst = = 150 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 25000 N/m3
2
σcbc = = 7 N/mm wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
m = 13 for water side force
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.378 K = 0.378
m*c+σst 13 x 7 + 150
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.378 / 3 = 0.874 J = 0.874
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155 R = 1.155
142067000
∴ d = = 351 mm D = 401 mm
1000 x 1.155
Provide thickness of bottom slab D= 410 mm so that d = 360 mm
142067000 = 3010 mm2
Ast = BMx100/σstxjxD=
150 x 0.874 x 360
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 20 x 20
using 20 mm bars A = = = 314 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast 314 x 1000 / 3010 = 104 say = 100 mm
Hence Provided 20 mm Φ Bars @ 100 mm c/c
Acual Ast provided 1000 x 314 / 100 = 3140 mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5 = 4.40 / 5 = 0.90 m
0.1 x( 410 - 100
Area of distributionn steel = 0.3 - = 0.21 %
450 - 100
Ast = 0.21 x 410 x 10 = 867 mm2 area on each face= 434 mm2
2
3.14xdia 3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm bars A = = = 50 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / 434 = 116 say = 110 mm
Hence Provided 8 mm Φ Bars @ 110 mm c/c on each face
Section at supports :-
Maximum B.M.= 79378 N-m. There is direct compression of 75044 N also.
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
Since steel is at top σst = 190 N/mm2 concrete M 20
k = 0.324 J = 0.892 R = 1.011
79378000
∴ Ast = = 1301 mm2
190 x 0.892 x 360
Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section = 3140 / 2 = 1570 mm2
Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia.
1301 < 1570
Additional bars @ 200 mm c/c
Additional reinforcemet required =-269 mm2
2
3.14xdia 3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm bars A = = = 50 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / -269 = -187 say = -180 mm
Hence Provided 8 mm Φ Bars @ -180 mm c/c throught out the slab, at its bottom.
7 Design of side wall:
The side wall has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case B.M. at Center (F) B.M. at ends (D) Direct force (ha)
(i) -19351 58023 181900
(II) 51903 79378 142626
(II) 64504 67280 142626

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 79378 N -m, and direct force = 181900 N
79378 x 1000
Eccentricity = = 437 mm
181900
proposed thickness of side wall '= 400 mm ∴ e/D 437 / 400 = 1.09 < 1.5 OK
thickness of side wall is OK
Let us reinforce the section with 20 300 mm c/c provided on both faces, as shown
mm Φ bars @
in fig xxx . With cover of 50
mm and D = 400 mm
1000 3.14 x 20 x 20
Asc = Ast = x = 1047 mm2
300 4
The depth of N.A. is computed from following expression:
b n D - dt - n + (m - 1)Asc 1 (n - dc)(D - dt- dc)
3 3 n D
= e+ - dt
b n + (m -1) Asc n - dc D - dt - n 2
- m Ast
n n

1000 n n 1047
400 - 50 - + 12 x x n - 50 x -100
or 2 3 n
1000 n+ 1047 1047
12 x x n - 50 - 13 x x 400 - 50 -n
2 n n

n -1256000
500 n 350 - + n - 50 x
3 n
= 437 + 150
12560 13607
500 n+ x n - 50 - x 350 - n
n n

-62800000
175000 n - 167 n2 + -1256000 -
n
= 587
628000 4762333
500 n + 12560 - - + 13607
n n
multiply by n
175000 n2 - 167 n3 + -1256000 n - -62800000
= 587
500 n2 + 12560 n- 628000 - 4762333 + 13607 n

175000 n2 - 167 n3 + -1256000 n - -62800000

= 0
293500 n2 + 15359833 n - 3164125667

-118500 n2 - 14103833 n - -3101325667 = 167 n3

-711 n2 + 84623 n - 18607954 = n3

Solwing this trial and error we get, n = 112.86 mm
12 x 1047 13 x 1047
∴ c' = ( 500 x 112.86 + ( ##### - 50 )-
112.86 112.86
x( 400 - 50 - ##### )
 or 56432 + 111.3 x 62.86 - 120.6 x 237.14 = 34840
181900
∴ c' = = 5.22 < 7 N/mm2 Stress is less than permissiable
34840
m c' 13 x 5.22
Also stress in steel t = (D-dc-n) = x( 400 - 50 - 112.86 )
n 112.86
= 142.6 N/mm2 < 190 N/mm2 O.K.
Stress in steel is less than permissiable Hence section is O.K.