Digital

Fundamentals
Tenth Edition

Floyd

Chapter 1

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Analog Quantities
Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary
continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Temperature
(°F)

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Analog and Digital Systems

Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to

take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Binary Digits and Logic Levels

Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which

are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
VH(max)
In binary, a single number is HIGH
called a bit (for binary digit). A VH(min)

bit can have the value of either Invalid

VL(max)
a 0 or a 1, depending on if the
voltage is HIGH or LOW. LOW
VL(min)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Digital Waveforms

Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Pulse Definitions

Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width

10%
Ringing

Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Rise time Fall time

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Periodic Pulse Waveforms

Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats

in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate
it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f = T=
T f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

periodic wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
1 1
T= = = 313 ps
f 3.2 GHz

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Pulse Definitions

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms

are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts

Pulse
width
Amplitude (A)
(tW)

Time
Period, T

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Timing Diagrams

A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between

two or more digital waveforms,
Clock

A diagram like this can be observed

directly on a logic analyzer.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Serial and Parallel Data

Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

transfer.
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
t0 t1 t2 t3 t 4 t5 t6 t7
Computer Modem

1
Computer Printer
0

0
t0 t1

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Basic Logic Functions

True only if all input conditions

are true.

True only if one or more input

conditions are true.

Indicates the opposite condition.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Basic System Functions
And, or, and not elements can be combined to form
various logic functions. A few examples are:

The comparison function A

Comparator
A> B

Two
binary A= B Outputs
numbers
B
A< B

Basic arithmetic functions Adder

A
Two Σ Sum
binary
numbers Carry out
Cout
B
Carry in Cin

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Basic System Functions
HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
5 for 9 used for
4 storage and/or
The encoding function 7 8 9
3
2
1
computation

4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad

The decoding function

Decoder

Binary input

7-segment display

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Basic System Functions

The data selection function

Multiplexer Demultiplexer
A D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
A to D B to E C to F A to D
∆t1 ∆t1
∆ t1 ∆ t2 ∆ t3 ∆t 1
B E
∆t2 ∆t2
∆t3 ∆t3
C F

Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Basic System Functions

The counting function

Counter Parallel
output lines Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary
code code code code code
1 2 3 4 5 for 1 for 2 for 3 for 4 for 5
Input pulses Sequence of binary codes that represent
the number of input pulses counted.

…and other functions such as code conversion

and storage.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Basic System Functions

One type of storage function is the shift register,

that moves and stores data each time it is clocked.
Serial bits
on input line
Initially, the register contains onlyinvalid
0101 0 0 0 0 data or all zeros as shown here.

First bit (1) is shifted serially into the

010 1 0 0 0 register.

Second bit (0) is shifted serially into

01 0 1 0 0 register and first bit is shifted right.

Third bit (1) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 0 the first and second bits are shifted right.

Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 the first, second, and third bits are shifted
right. The register now stores all four bits
and is full.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Integrated Circuits

Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:

Plastic
Chip case

Pins

The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular

for laboratory experiments with logic.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Integrated Circuits

An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit

is wired using DIP chips and tested.

DIP chips
In this case, testing can
be done by a computer
connected to the system.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Integrated Circuits

DIP chips and surface mount chips

Pin 1

Dual in-line package Small outline IC (SOIC)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Integrated Circuits

Other surface mount packages:

End view End view End view

SOIC PLCC LCCC

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Test and Measurement Instruments
The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope
can be divided into four major groups.

VERTICAL HORIZONTAL TRIGGER

CH 1 CH 2 BOTH SLOPE
Ð +

POSITION POSITION POSITION LEVEL

VOLTS/DIV VOLTS/DIV SEC/DIV SOURCE

CH 1
CH 2
EXT
5V 2 mV 5V 2 mV 5s 5 ns
LINE
COUPLING COUPLING
AC-DC-GND AC-DC-GND TRIG COUP
DC AC

DISPLAY
PROBE COMP CH 1 CH 2 EXT TRIG
5V

INTENSITY

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Vertical section
For measuring digital
Summary
Signal coupling Volts/Di v
signals, use DC coupling
AC
Amp
Display section
DC GND
Ch 1 Conversion/storage
(Digital scopes only)
Test and Measurement Instruments
Vertical Analog
position only
AC
Amp
DC GND Intensity
Ch 2 Conversion/storage
(Digital scopes only)
Digital
only

Horizontal
Trigger section section
External trigger Trigger
coupling source Trigger Control and process
level and (Digital scopes only)
AC slope
External Ch 2 Sec /Div
trigger DC Ch 1
Trigger
circuits Time base
Ext
Line Horizontal
position
Normally, trigger on the slower of two
AC waveforms when comparing signals.
Power supply
DC to all sec tions
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
 Test and Measurement Instruments
The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital
information or show data in tabular form.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Test and Measurement Instruments 0.01 V
OFF V
Hz

The DMM can make three basic mV

electrical measurements. 10 A
A Range
Autorange
Touch/Hold
1s
1s

Voltage
40 m A COM

Fused

Resistance
Current

In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power

supply voltages, verifying resistors, testing continuity,
and occasionally making other measurements.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Programmable Logic

Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an alternative to

fixed function devices. The logic can be programmed for a
specific purpose. In general, they cost less and use less
board space that fixed function devices.
A PAL device is a form of PLD that uses a
combination of a programmable AND array and a
fixed OR array:

Fixed OR
Programmable array and
AND array output logic

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Selected Key Terms

Analog Being continuous or having continuous values.

Digital Related to digits or discrete quantities; having a set
of discrete values.
Binary Having two values or states; describes a number
system that has a base of two and utilizes 1 and 0
as its digits.
Bit A binary digit, which can be a 1 or a 0.
Pulse A sudden change from one level to another,
followed after a time, called the pulse width, by a
sudden change back to the original level.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Selected Key Terms

Clock A basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic

waveform used to synchronize actions.
Gate A logic circuit that performs a basic logic
operations such as AND or OR.
NOT A basic logic function that performs inversion.
AND A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH)
output occurs only when all input conditions are
true (HIGH).
OR A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH)
output occurs when when one or more of the input
conditions are true (HIGH).
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Selected Key Terms

Fixed-function A category of digital integrated circuits having

logic functions that cannot be altered.
Programmable A category of digital integrated circuits capable of
logic being programmed to perform specified functions.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved