J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Christine G. Cagas Strand & Section: STEM-12 St.
Mark
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: General Biology 1
Koronadal City Teacher: Mr. Junar S. Cano
Lesson 1: Cell Parts and Their Functions
Reference:
Lesson 2.4 The Cell’s Intricate machinery, pages 50-64 in your General Biology 1 textbook.
Exercises:
A. Fill in the table below:
Cell Part Structure/Appearance
Cell Membrane The cell membrane is not
a solid structure. It is
made of millions of
smaller molecules that
create a flexible and
porous container.
Proteins and
phospholipids make up
most of the membrane
structure.
Nucleus The structure of a
nucleus encompasses
the nuclear membrane,
nucleoplasm,
chromosomes, and
nucleolus. The nucleus
is made up of different
components, and
understanding their
structure helps us to
understand how they
work.
Cell Wall A cell wall is a structural
layer surrounding some
types of cells, just
outside the cell
membrane. It can be
tough, flexible, and
sometimes rigid. It
provides the cell with
both structural support
and protection, and also
acts as a filtering
mechanism
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a thick
solution that fills each
cell and is enclosed by
Date of Submission: __________
Score: _______
Function What would happen if a cell
does not have this cell part?
The cell membrane Without the nuclear membrane
has two functions: the cell would collapse and die.
first, to be a barrier Without the cell membrane, any
keeping the chemical would be allowed to
constituents of the enter. Membranes are very
cell in and unwanted important because they help
substances out and, protect the cell. Materials move
second, to be a gate across the membrane by
allowing transport diffusion
into the cell of
essential nutrients
and movement from
the cell of waste
products.
The nucleus If the nucleus is removed from
controls and the cell then the cell will not be
regulates the able to function properly, it will
activities of the cell not be able to grow. Without
(e.g., growth and nucleus the cell will lose its
metabolism) and control. It cannot carry out
carries the genes, cellular reproduction. Also, the
structures that cell will not know what to do and
contain the there would be no cell division.
hereditary
information.
The cell wall If cell wall is absent in plant cell
surrounds the then all the functioning of all the
plasma membrane cell organelles present inside the
of plant cells and cell would be affected as
provides tensile diffusion of various substances
strength and would not occur. Due to absence
protection against of turgor pressure, the cell will
mechanical and not bear the concentration of
osmotic stress. It solution (either hypertonic or
also allows cells to hypotonic) and will burst.
develop turgor
pressure, which is
the pressure of the
cell contents against
the cell wall.
The cytoplasm is If a cell would be without
responsible for cytoplasm it could not retain its
holding the shape and would be deflated
Page 1 of 5
J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Christine G. Cagas Strand & Section: STEM-12 St. Mark
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: General Biology 1 Date of Submission: __________
Koronadal City Teacher: Mr. Junar S. Cano Score: _______

the cell membrane. It is components of the and flat. The organelles would
mainly composed of cell and protects not stay suspended in the
water, salts, and them from damage. solution of a cell without the
proteins. In eukaryotic It stores the support of cytoplasm.
cells, the cytoplasm molecules required
includes all of the for cellular
material inside the cell processes and is
and outside of the also responsible for
nucleus. giving the cell its
shape.
Vacuoles Vacuoles have a simple They help in the If a cell did not have a vacuole,
structure: they are storage and then it would be unable to carry
surrounded by a thin disposal of various out its usual functions and would
membrane and filled with substances. They eventually die. In plants, the
fluid and any molecules can store food or vacuole plays an important role
they take in. They look other nutrients in water storage and the
similar to vesicles, required by a cell to maintenance of structure.
another organelle, survive. They also
because both are store waste
membrane-bound sacs, products and
but vacuoles are prevent the entire
significantly larger than cell from
vesicles and are formed contamination. The
when multiple vesicles vacuoles in plant
fuse together. cells are larger than
those in the animal
cells.
Plastids Plastid is a double Plastids are
membrane-bound responsible for If there are no plastids in the cell
organelle involved in the manufacturing and then the plant cells would not be
synthesis and storage of storing of food. able to perform the important
food, commonly found These often contain function like photosynthesis,
within the cells of pigments that are starch and food storage etc.
photosynthetic plants. used in
photosynthesis and
different types of
pigments that can
change the colour of
the cell.
Ribosome Ribosomes are made of Ribosomes have Without ribosomes to produce
proteins and ribonucleic two main functions proteins, cells simply wouldn't be
acid (abbreviated as — decoding the able to function properly. They
RNA), in almost equal message and the would not be able to repair
amounts. It comprises of formation of peptide cellular damage, create
two sections, known as bonds. These two hormones, maintain cellular
subunits. The tinier activities reside in structure, proceed with cell
subunit is the place the two large division or pass on genetic
mRNA binds and it ribonucleoprotein information via reproduction.
decodes, whereas the particles (RNPs) of
bigger subunit is the unequal size, the
place the amino acids ribosomal subunits.
are included. Each subunit is
made of one or
more ribosomal
RNAs (rRNAs) and
many ribosomal

Page 2 of 5
J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Christine G. Cagas Strand & Section: STEM-12 St. Mark
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: General Biology 1
Koronadal City Teacher: Mr. Junar S. Cano
Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton of a
cell is made up of
microtubules, actin
filaments, and
intermediate filaments.
These structures give
the cell its shape and
help organize the cell's
parts. In addition, they
provide a basis for
movement and cell
division.
Mitochondria The mitochondrion is a
double-membraned, rod-
shaped structure found
in both plant and animal
cell. Its size ranges from
0.5 to 1.0 micrometre in
diameter. The structure
comprises an outer
membrane, an inner
membrane, and a gel-
like material called the
matrix.
Lysosomes Lysosomes are sphere-
shaped sacs filled with
hydrolytic enzymes that
have the capability to
break down many types
of biomolecules.” In
other words, lysosomes
are membranous
organelles whose
specific function is to
breakdown cellular
wastes and debris by
engulfing it with
hydrolytic enzymes.
Vesicles A vesicle is a self-
contained structure
consisting of fluid or gas
surrounded and
enclosed by an outer
membrane called the
lipid bilayer. This is made
up of hydrophilic heads
and hydrophobic tails
that cluster together.
Date of Submission: __________
Score: _______
proteins (r-proteins
The cytoskeleton is The absence of a cytoskeleton in
a structure that a cell would lead to a lack of
helps cells maintain structural integrity in the cell. The
their shape and cell would lose its shape and
internal structure and would be
organization, and it permanently deformed. The cell
also provides would have no mechanical
mechanical support resistance from external
that enables cells to pressure and would be easily
carry out essential damaged.
functions like
division and
movement. There is
no single
cytoskeletal
component.
Mitochondria are a Without mitochondria (singular,
part of eukaryotic mitochondrion), higher animals
cells. ... The main would likely not exist because
job of mitochondria their cells would only be able to
is to perform cellular obtain energy from anaerobic
respiration. This respiration (in the absence of
means it takes in oxygen), a process much less
nutrients from the efficient than aerobic respiration.
cell, breaks it down,
and turns it into
energy. This energy
is then in turn used
by the cell to carry
out various
functions.
They break down f there were no lysosomes in the
excess or worn-out cell, it will not be able to digest
cell parts. They may food and there would be
be used to destroy accumulation of wastes like worn
invading viruses and out parts inside the cell. Thus,
bacteria. If the cell is cell will not be able to survive.
damaged beyond
repair, lysosomes
can help it to self-
destruct in a
process called
programmed cell
death, or apoptosis.
Vesicles are small If they could not form/did not
cellular containers have vesicles, there would be a
that perform a build up of the substances being
variety of functions. produced which is dangerous for
They can be used to the proper functioning of the cell.
move molecules,
secrete substances,
digest materials, or
regulate the
pressure in the cell
Page 3 of 5
J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Christine G. Cagas Strand & Section: STEM-12 St. Mark
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: General Biology 1
Koronadal City Teacher: Mr. Junar S. Cano
Endomembrane The endomembrane
System system is composed of
the different membranes
that are suspended in
the cytoplasm within a
eukaryotic cell. These
membranes divide the
cell into functional and
structural compartments,
or organelles. The
nuclear membrane
contains a lipid bilayer
that encompasses the
contents of the nucleus.
Golgi Membrane-bound
Apparatus organelle found in
eukaryotic cells (cells
with clearly defined
nuclei) that are made up
of a series of flattened
stacked pouches called
cisternae. It is located in
the cytoplasm next to the
endoplasmic reticulum
and near the cell
nucleus.
Endoplasmic The general structure of
Reticulum the endoplasmic
reticulum is a network of
membranes called
cisternae. These sac-like
structures are held
together by the
cytoskeleton. The
phospholipid membrane
encloses the cisternal
space (or lumen), which
is continuous with the
perinuclear space but
separate from the
cytosol.
B. Enumerate the membrane-bound organelles, and the non-membrane-bound organelles
Membrane-bound Organelles
Date of Submission: __________
Score: _______
The main function of In the absence of the
this system is to endomembrane system, it
modify, pack and causes cell malfunction due to a
transport the lack of control, signal, defense,
proteins and lipids in and structure.
and out of the cell.
The main organelles
which form the
endomembrane
system are- nuclear
membrane,
endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi
apparatus,
lysosomes, and
vesicles.
A Golgi body, also In the absence of the Golgi
known as a Golgi apparatus, lysosomes would not
apparatus, is a cell be produced, and the
organelle that helps accumulation of dead and
process and damaged organelles and
package proteins molecules in the cell would
and lipid molecules, ultimately result in cell death.
especially proteins
destined to be
exported from the
cell.
The ER is the Without the ER the cell is not
largest organelle in able to synthesis new plasma
the cell and is a membrane proteins, lysosomal
major site of protein enzymes, proteines for the Golgi
synthesis and apparatus and proteins for
transport, protein extracellular secretion. In the
folding, lipid and absence of these cellular
steroid synthesis, mechanisms the cell would
carbohydrate probably die.
metabolism and
calcium storage.
Non-membrane bound organelles
Page 4 of 5
J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Christine G. Cagas Strand & Section: STEM-12 St. Mark
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: General Biology 1 Date of Submission: __________
Koronadal City Teacher: Mr. Junar S. Cano Score: _______

 Endoplasmic Reticulum  Centrosomes

 Mitochondria  Cytoskeleton
 Vacuoles  Centriole
 Secretory Vesicles  Ribosome
 Plastids  Nucleosome
 Golgi Apparatus  Cilia
 Secretory Vesicles  Flagella
 Lysosomes
 Endosomes

Page 5 of 5