ANATOMY - Laboratory

Skeletal System - Appendicular

Dr. Ernesto R. Tagorda Jr. MD, FPSGS,FPCS
Week 7 | October 23, 2020

OUTLINE

A. UPPER EXTRREMITIES
B. LOWER EXTREMITIES
C. PECTORAL GIRDLE
D. PELVIC GIRDLE

Legends
Atlas To Remember
🕮 ☞

A. UPPER EXTREMITIES : arm, forearm, hand 🕮

Feature / location function

Humerus: longest and largest bone of the upper limb.
Articulates proximally with the scapula and distally at the elbow with ulna and radius.
* Proximal end rounded head Articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula
to form glenohumeral joint
*body (shaft ) proximal end – roughly
cylindrical

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ANATOMY | Skeletal System - Appendicular (Dr. Tagorda) | Week 7 | AY 2020-2021(1st Semester)

distal – flattened and broad

*capitulum Round knob Articulates with the head of the
radius
*trochlea medial to capitulum Articulates with the ulna
spool shaped surface
* Coronoid fossa crown shaped receives the coronoid process of the
anterior depression ulna when the forearm is flexed
* radial fossa Anterior depression above the articulates with the head of the radius
capitulum when the forearm is flexed (bent).
* medial epicondyle and lateral rough projections on either side Attachment of tendons of most muscles
epicondyle of the distal end of the humerus of the forearm
*olecranon fossa Large posterior depression Receives olecranon of the ulna when
the forearm is extended

Ulna – longer than the radius (mnemonic – pu : pinky is on the ulna side)
*olecranon Proximal end Forms the prominence of the elbow
*coronoid process Anterior projection Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
*trochlear notch Large curve between
olecranon and coronoid
process
*radial notch Depression inferior and lateral Articulates with the head of the radius
to the trochlear notch
*ulnar tuberosity Inferior to the coronoid biceps brachii muscle attaches

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ANATOMY | Skeletal System - Appendicular (Dr. Tagorda) | Week 7 | AY 2020-2021(1st Semester)

process
*styloid process Posterior side of the ulna’s attachment for theulnar collateral ligament
distal end to the wrist

Radius – smaller bone (thumb side ) ; proximal end – narrow ; distal - wide

*proximal end Narrow articulates with the capitulum of the

Disc –shape head humerus and the radial notch of the
ulna
*radial tuberosity Attachment for the tendons of the biceps
brachii muscle
*styloid process attachment for the brachioradialis muscle
and for attachment of the radial
collateral ligament to the wrist.

**The ulna and radius articulate with the humerus at the elbow joint**

Carpus (wrist)
scaphoid Boat like Proximal : articulates with
lunate Moon shaped the distal ends of the ulna

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ANATOMY | Skeletal System - Appendicular (Dr. Tagorda) | Week 7 | AY 2020-2021(1st Semester)

pisiform Pea shaped and radius to form the wrist

joint
trapezium four-sided figure with no two distal
sides parallel
trapezoid four-sided figure with two
sides parallel
capitate Head shaped, largest carpal
bone, rounded projection
hamate hooked

B. LOWER EXTREMITIES : thigh, leg, foot 🕮

Femur - longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body.

* proximal end Round head - contains a articulates with the

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ANATOMY | Skeletal System - Appendicular (Dr. Tagorda) | Week 7 | AY 2020-2021(1st Semester)

small centered acetabulum of the hip bone

depression(pit) called the
fovea capitis
*distal end articulates with the tibia and
patella.
* greater trochanter It is a landmark commonly attachment for the tendons
used to locate the site for of some of the thigh and
intramuscular injections into buttock muscles.
the lateral surface of the
thigh.
*lesser trochanter inferior and medial to the
greater trochanter.

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ANATOMY | Skeletal System - Appendicular (Dr. Tagorda) | Week 7 | AY 2020-2021(1st Semester)

Tibia - articulates at its proximal end with the femur and fibula, and at its distal end with the fibula and

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ANATOMY | Skeletal System - Appendicular (Dr. Tagorda) | Week 7 | AY 2020-2021(1st Semester)

the talus bone of the ankle

* tibial tuberosity Anterior surface attachment for the patellar ligament
Fibula – smaller (does not articulate with the femur, but it does help stabilize the ankle joint)
* head (proximal end) articulates with the inferior surface of the
lateral condyle of the tibia below the
level of the knee joint to form the
proximal tibiofibular joint.
*distal end more arrow head-shaped
lateral malleolus - projection articulates with the talus of the ankle.

tarsus(ankle) - proximal region of the foot and consists of seven tarsal bones
● Talus : most superior tarsal bone, is the only bone of the foot that articulates with the fibula and tibia
● Calcaneus: is the largest and strongest tarsal bone.
● The anterior tarsal bones are the navicular(like a little boat), threecuneiform bones(wedge-shaped)
called the third (lateral),second (intermediate),and first (medial) cuneiforms,and thecuboid(cube-
shaped
metatarsus - the intermediate region of the foot, consists of five metatarsal bones numbered I to V (or 1–5)
from the medial to lateral position
phalanges -distal component of the foot. The toes are numbered I to V (or 1–5) beginning with the great toe,
from medial to lateral.

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ANATOMY | Skeletal System - Appendicular (Dr. Tagorda) | Week 7 | AY 2020-2021(1st Semester)

C. PECTORAL GIRDLE 🕮

Pectoral girdle
clavicle s-shaped Sternal head (rounded) -
articulates with the
manubrium of the sternum at
the sternoclavicular joint
Acromial end (broad, flat)-
articulates with the acromion
of the scapula to form the
acromioclavicular joint
scapula articulates with the clavicle at
the acromioclavicular joint.
The glenoid cavity of the
scapula articulates with the
head of the humerus to form
the glenohumeral (shoulder)
joint.

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ANATOMY | Skeletal System - Appendicular (Dr. Tagorda) | Week 7 | AY 2020-2021(1st Semester)

D. PELVIC GIRDLE 🕮

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Pelvic girdle
*bony pelvis strong and stable support for the vertebral
column and pelvic and lower abdominal
organs
Hip bone
The ilium largest of the three body - helps form the acetabulum
components of the hip bone
* superior ala(wing) and an
inferior body

ischium inferior, posterior portion of

the hip bone
* superior body and an inferior
ramus
The pubis anterior and inferior part of the Flexibility – baby delivery
hip bone
REFERENCES

1. Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson. Principles of anatomy and physiology. 12 edition. Printed in the United States of
America. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Peter Abrahams, Jonathan Spratt, Marios Loukas and Albert Van Schoor. Clinical Atlas of Human Anatomy. 7th edition.
Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Limited.

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