Traffic Cases

Chapter 7

OBJECTIVES:
Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to:

• Describe the interworking between functions in an MIN

• Explain, by use of example, how the MIN can assist in
providing a service
GSM Mobile IN Overview

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 7 Traffic Cases

7 Traffic Cases
Table of Contents

Topic Page

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................135

BASIC PRINCIPLES..........................................................................136
LOCATION UPDATE ................................................................................................. 136
MOBILE ORIGINATING............................................................................................. 137
MOBILE TERMINATING............................................................................................ 137

PERSONAL NUMBER - AN EXAMPLE OF A TERMINATING

MOBILE INTELLIGENT NETWORK SERVICE. ................................139
A DETAILED LOOK AT PERSONAL NUMBER ........................................................ 142

ROAMING IN AN OTHER NETWORK ..............................................144

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 7 Traffic Cases

INTRODUCTION
It is not the intention of this chapter to explore every possible
combination of an analog and digital networks interworking
with MIN, but to highlight the most common scenarios which
may occur.

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BASIC PRINCIPLES

LOCATION UPDATE

HLR
Eric Mobil:
IMSI: 22807123987
OICK

Switzerland
Sweden

VLR VLR VLR

Eric Mobil:
IMSI: MSC Eric Mobil:
IMSI:
22807123987
MSC Eric Mobil:
IMSI:
22807123987
MSC
22807123987
OICK OICK OICK

A B C

Figure 7-1 Location Update

The mobile station is moving from A to B and then to C. A

location update is performed each time the mobile station moves
to a new MSC/VLR area. At the same time, the mobile’s user
profile in the previous MSC/VLR area is canceled.

A. Upon location update, the mobile’s profile is copied from

the HLR to MSC/VLR #A
B. Upon location update, the mobile’s profile is copied from
the HLR to the MSC/VLR #B. At the same time, the
mobile’s profile stored in MSC/VLR #A is canceled.
C. Upon location update, the mobile’s profile is copied from
the HLR to the MSC/VLR #C. At the same time, the
mobile’s profile stored in MSC/VLR #B is canceled.
If there is not a roaming agreement between the two operators in
the two countries, then a location update will not be possible.

The type of signaling between the HLR and the MSC/VLR

needs to be able to send the OICK information.

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 7 Traffic Cases

The MSC/VLR must be able to understand the function of the

OICK flag.

MOBILE ORIGINATING

SCP
2

SSF
VLR
GM SC Network
Eric Mobil:
IMSI:
22807123987
MSC
OICK

Eric Mobil

Figure 7-2 Mobile Originating Call set-up

1. The mobile subscriber (Eric Mobil) has the OICK service in

their profile in the system. When the subscriber makes a call,
the call is routed directly to IN due to the Originating IN
category key.
2. The call information is sent to the IN where the service is
executed. Depending on the result of the service execution,
the call is further routed to the network (PSTN or PLMN)

MOBILE TERMINATING
1. When the terminating IN call arrives, it is treated in the
normal way.
2. GMSC asks the HLR for the subscriber data for Eric Mobil.
3. HLR sends the data with the TICK flag to the GMSC.
4. This subscriber is provided with the TIN category which
means that the call must be routed to a node that can handle
Mobile IN services.
5. Call data is transferred to the IN function and the service is
executed.

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GSM Mobile IN Overview

6. The result of the service execution together with the

information in the PLMN, determine the further process of
the call. In this example the call is treated like a normal call
to a mobile subscriber.
A second routing to the IN-node is not permitted. The IN must
indicate in the call set-up that this is an IN call, in order to
suppress a repeated TIN category routing.

SCF HLR
Eric Mobil:
IMSI:
22807123987
TICK
5 4
2
3
SSF
Network
GMSC
1

Eric Mobil

Figure 7-3 Mobile Terminating call set-up

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 7 Traffic Cases

PERSONAL NUMBER - AN EXAMPLE OF A TERMINATING

MOBILE INTELLIGENT NETWORK SERVICE.
As an example of service integration, an operator could provide
subscribers with the Personal Number (PN) service. With this
service it is possible to give the mobile subscriber one single
directory number for all incoming calls. The service translates
the dialed personal number into different access numbers
depending on the subscriber’s profile. The profile may be based
on the subscriber’s daily or weekly activities.

The advantages for an operator are primarily profitability and a

differentiating image value. The target segment for this service
points towards end users with already high existing mobile
communication expenditures. The service addresses concerns
that the network operator may have with regard to keeping,
attracting, and possibly also migrating customers from different
networks. Increased profitability will come from long term
effects such as customer loyalties, as well as short term effects,
like increased air time, call completion, and new service
charges.

This is a simple example of a Personal Number service. The

service may of course be designed in a much more flexible way.

Option 1
Call Setup
Initia l
Profile

Da y/Time
Analysis

Option 2

Figure 7-4 Personal Number

The operator can offer two options to the personal number

service:

• Option 1: Choice of 4 destination numbers on any telephone

network. The first one must belong to a mobile network. The
fourth number is the mandatory voice mail.

• Option 2: Same as option 1 with the addition of day and time

analysis to further enhance call completion.

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GSM Mobile IN Overview

0705 493687 0705 493687

0102 123456
08 757 0000
Voice Ma il
PLMN #1
2

1 3
PLMN #1 IN
PLMN #2

4
5

Voice PSTN
Mail

Figure 7-5

1. The personal number call is routed to the Intelligent

Network (IN). From the SSP a service invocation to the
control function is initiated (for this service, the SCP is
invoked). Then the personal number service for this
subscriber is executed.
2. According to the service profile the GSM number 0705
493687 is tried first.
3. If no answer is received, the NMT number 0102 12 3456 is
tried next.
4. If no answer the third number on the list is tried.
5. Finally, the call is routed to the voice mail.
Just like any computer program, the initial starting point is service
specifications containing details about the function of the service
and a flow diagram. The flow diagram gives a general overview
of the service.

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START

Use next
Number
in Profile

Status
of
No Reply Answer
call

Busy
3 4
Last
Number Connect
in to
No Yes
List Voice Mail

STOP

Figure 7-6

Guide to steps:
1. Decides upon number to access
2. Decision dependent upon the status of the call
3. Like a for next loop, continuous attempts are made to reach
the subscriber.
4. Voice mail is used to ensure all incoming calls are answered.
An important piece of equipment considering that in most
networks a call is only charged when it has been answered.
Another benefit is that the majority of operators charge their
customers from the retrieval of voice messages.

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A DETAILED LOOK AT PERSONAL NUMBER

The following is only an example. The purpose is to provide a
point of discussion. The main point of the example is to
appreciate the basic structure of a personal number service.
Eric Mobil

PLMN #1
OTICK

IN HLR 9
8-10
Eric Mobil - Persona l Number Profile
MSC
0705 493687 0705 493687 Gateway
0102 123456 11
Eric Mobil 08 757 0000 7 12

PLMN #1
OTICK Voice Ma il

2 HLR SCP Eric Mobil

1 4-6
3
SDP
Gatewa y SSP PLMN #2
7

PSTN
Voice
Ma il

Figure 7-7

Guide to steps:
1. Incoming call. The B no. is 0705 493687
2. Interrogation of the HLR for routing information
3. TICK found : the call is to be terminated to the IN
4. For personal number, the SSP invokes the SCP for routing
information.
5. (Optional feature) - The profile of Eric Mobil can either be
stored in the SCP or SDP.
6. The SCP sends a C-number, 0705 493687 to the SSP.
7. The SSP routes this call using the first number.
8. By indication on the route
9. Within the HLR, the TICK flag is suppressed. The reason is
to prevent the PLMN routing the call back to the MIN,
otherwise an endless loop will occur. The call will then

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continue to the MSC as normal. Assuming Eric Mobil is

attached, then the MSC will return a roaming number to the
HLR.
10. The HLR will send the roaming number from the MSC to
the gateway function.
11. The gateway function routes the call to the MSC.
12. The MSC initiates a call set-up process to Eric Mobil.

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ROAMING IN AN OTHER NETWORK

Other Network Home Network

SCF SCF

1 2
HLR 5
4
SSF 6
O-CSI
VLR MSC GM SC
VLR MSC
3 7

Figure 7-8

The calling party has the Originating CAMEL Subscription

Information (O-CSI) key. They have the prepaid SIM card. They
are roaming in another network and the network operators have a
roaming agreement for IN.

The O-CSI is stored in the VLR. When the call is set-up it will be
routed to the SSF.

1. The SSF routes the call to the SCF in the Home Network.

2. The SCF computes the service and sends the information back
to the SSF. It tells the SSF to set-up the call and monitor the
outgoing leg.

3. The CCF in the SSF routes the call as a normal mobile call

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