Final Thesis

Merging of Electric Generators 1
Merging of Electric Generators: Solar Panel, Wind and Water Turbine with Water
Purifier and its Efficiency Together with its Acceptability as Sources of Electricity
and Potable Water
A Quantitative Research Paper Presented to the
Senior High School Department
Immaculate Conception Polytechnic
Sta. Maria, Bulacan
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Practical Research 3 (Quantitative Research)
Mark Genesis S. Bayumbon
Marian B. Constantino
Bingbong R. Cruz
Christine Yvonne F. Fedelin
Billy Joel S. Mendoza
Ray Antonette V. Patino
March 2018
Approval Sheet
The research paper entitled “Merging of Electric Generators: Solar Panel, Wind
and Water Turbine with Water Purifier and its Efficiency Together with its Acceptability
as Sources of Electricity and Potable Water” prepare by the following researchers: Mark
Genesis S. Bayumbon , Marian B. Constantino, Bingbong R. Cruz, Christine Yvonne F.
Fedelin, Billy Joel S. Mendoza and Ray Antonette V. Patino has been examined and
recommended for acceptance and approval in Oral Examination as a partial fulfillment of
the Grade 12 STEM students for Practical Research 3.
Prof. Yolanda A. Bella, MEM

Research Adviser……..
As a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Grade 12 STEM Senior High
School students, this paper approved by the committee in Oral Examination with a final
grade of ________ on _________________________.
Engr. Florencio M. Cura Jr.

Chairperson
Prof. Reginald M. Marcelo RN, LPT Prof. Bernadette A. Tejada, LPT

Panel Member Panel Member

Research Adviser
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the research paper entitled “Merging of Electric
Generators: Solar Panel, Wind and Water Turbine with Water Purifier and its
Efficiency Together with its Acceptability as Sources of Electricity and Potable
Water”, had been duly examined, checked, and approved as a partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the Grade 12 STEM Senior High School students.

Research Adviser
Prof. Mary Ann T. Marcelo, MBA

School Director
Acknowledgement
Allow all the researchers to thank the people first behind the completion of this
research entitled “Merging of Electric Generators: Solar Panel, Wind and Water Turbine
with Water Purifier and its Efficiency Together with its Acceptability as Sources of
Electricity and Potable Water”. First and foremost, our Heavenly Father, for giving us
strength throughout the entire making of the research.
To our very supportive and hardworking Research Adviser, Engr. Yolanda A.
Bella for her undying guidance and comments in completing the research. Thank you for
giving us a chance to express our knowledge and skills in making a research.
To Mr. Ramerico Valero, who serves as the electrician and helped the researchers
in order to make the device.
To Ms. Ofelia N. Santos, who serves as the expert grammarian in our research
paper. She shared her expertise by checking the content and formatting of our research
paper.
To our parents and guardian, our deepest gratitude and appreciation for being with
us all through the way from the very beginning and for showing your unconditional love
and everlasting support financially, emotionally, mentally and spiritually.
To STEM - St. Luke together with Ms. Danica Mae B. Cruz, warmest gratitude
for giving us motivation and support while the researchers are doing this research.
MGSB CYFF
MBC BJSM
BRC RAVP
Abstract
Electricity is both a basic part of nature and one of the most widely used forms of
energy. Further, water is very important as it is of paramount importance to our health.
Currently, Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan is suffering from different electrical
problems and drinking water issues due to its increasing population and some
circumstances. Hence, the researchers came up in creating device composed of two
functional objects; alternative generator and water purifier. First, they create an
alternative generator that uses renewable energy and direct current motor (DC motor) that
will convert kinetic energy into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. The
alternative generator is made from scrap metals, solar panel, wind turbine, water turbine
and DC motor in order to generate electricity. Then, the alternative water purifier made
from recyclable materials that turn either rain or tap water into well-purified and potable
water.
The general objectives of this experimental study entitled “Merging of Electric
Generators: Solar Panel, Wind and Water Turbine with Water Purifier and its Efficiency
Together with its Acceptability as Sources of Electricity and Potable Water” are to
analyze if the device is effective, acceptable and valuable to the people in Barangay
Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan. Data gathered through the survey questionnaires was
subjected to frequency counts. These responses to the questions, which are quantified, are
then presented in percentage forms and obtained the weighted mean from the responses
in each question. The results showed that the alternative generator supplied 150V AC of
electricity and water purifier produced well-purified and clean water which means it is
really effective as sources of electricity and potable water; hence, it is accepted by the
people in the selected locale. The researchers strongly recommend to future studies and
researchers in innovate our device by merging more renewable energy sources and
compare them will the commercial ones.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
A. Preliminary Parts
Title Page ……………………………………………………………… 1
Approval Sheet ………………………………………………………… 2
Acknowledgement …………………………………………………….. 4
Abstract ……………………....……………………….……………….. 5
Table of Contents …………………………………....………………... 7
List of Tables ………………………………………………………….. 13
List of Figures …………………………………………………………. 14
B. Body of the Research Paper
Chapter 1: The Introduction
Introduction ……………………………………………………....….... 15
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………… 21
Scope and Delimitations ………………………...…………………….. 22
Significance of the Study ……………………………………………… 23
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Theoretical Framework ……………………………………...………… 24
Related Literatures ………..…………………………………….……… 28
Related Studies ……………………..…………….…………………….. 40
Conceptual Framework …………………………………...……………. 46

Assumptions …………………………………………………………… 49
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………. 50
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Research Design ……………………………………………………….. 53
Research Respondent ………………………………….………….……. 54
Data Collection Instrument ……………………………...…………….. 55
Validity and Reliability of Instrument ……………………………..….. 55
Statistical Treatment ……………………………………………...……. 56
Procedure in Making Alternative Generator and Water Purifier……….. 57
Size of the Alternative Generator and Water Purifier…………………... 74
Cost of the Materials Used in Alternative Generator and Water Purifier. 74
Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
I. Demographic Profile
3.1. Gender…………………………………………..………………. 79
3.2. Age………………………………………………………..…….. 79
3.3. Family Members………………………………………………... 80
3.4. Electricity Users in their Family……….………….…….……… 81
II. The Efficiency and Acceptability of Characteristics of the Alternative
Generator to People in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
4.1. Distribution of the Efficiency and Contribution of the
Alternative Generator to Improvement of Generation of
Electricity………………………………………………………. 82
4.2. Distribution of the Affordability of the Alternative Generator.... 83

4.3. Distribution of the Usability of the Alternative Generator ….… 84
4.4. Distribution of responses whether the alternative
generator is eco-friendly or not……….…………..………..…... 85
4.5. Distribution of Portability of the Alternative Generator……….. 86
4.6. Contribution of the Alternative Generator to
Improvement of Living Standards …………………..………… 87
generator is well-designed or not…………………………..…... 88
4.8. The Acceptability of Characteristics of the Alternative
Generator to People in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria,
Bulacan………………………………………………..……….. 89
III. Other Electrical Information from each Respondent
5.1. Electrical Sources in their House…………...….…….………… 90
5.2. Time Period in Using the Particular Electrical Source…..…….. 90
5.3. Electrical Problems…………………………………………….. 91
5.4. Electrical Bills……………………….…………………………. 92
5.5. Gadgets and Appliances in their Home..………………….......... 93
5.6. Electrical Sources in their Locality.…...…………...………….... 94
IV. Impacts of the Alternative Generator and Water Purifier to People in
Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan and their Environment
6.1. Impacts of Using Alternative Generator and Water Purifier…… 95

V. The Efficiency and Acceptability of Characteristics of the Alternative
Water Purifier to People in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
water purifier makes drinking water well-purified or not …..… 96
7.2. Distribution of responses whether the alternative water purifier
makes potable drinking water easily or not …………….……… 97
7.3. Distribution of responses whether the water purified from
alternative water purifier look clean and clear or not….……….. 98
water purifier can help to save money or not………………....... 99
water purifier can help in conserving water or not........………. 100
7.6. The Acceptability of Characteristics of the Alternative
Water Purifier to People in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria,
Bulacan…………………………………………………...…… 101
Chapter 5: Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
Research Question One
a. Summary Findings ……………………………………..…… 103
b. Conclusions ……………………………………………..….. 103
c. Recommendations ………………………………………….. 103
Research Question Two
a. Summary Findings …………………………………………. 104
b. Conclusions ………………………………………………… 104

c. Recommendations ………………………………..………… 104
Research Question Three
b. Conclusions ……………………………………………..….. 105
Research Question Four
b. Conclusions ………………………………………………… 106
c. Recommendations …………………………………..……… 106
Research Question Five
b. Conclusions ……………………………………………...…. 106
Research Question Six
a. Summary Findings ……………………………..….……….. 107
b. Conclusions …………………………………….….……….. 107
C. End Matters
References ………………………………………………………….. 108
Appendices …………………………………………………………. 113

LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1.0. Bio-sand Filter Treatment Efficiency …………………..………..…………… 39
2.0. Summary of Costing of Materials ………………………………..………...…. 75
3.1. Gender……………………………………………………………..………..…. 79
3.2. Age………………………………………………………………….…………. 79
3.3. Family Members…………………………..………………………….………... 80
3.4. Electricity Users in their Family……….…………………………….………… 81
4.1. Distribution of the Efficiency and Contribution of the Alternative
Generator to Improvement of Generation of Electricity…………….…………. 82
4.2. Distribution of the Affordability of the Alternative Generator……….………... 83
4.3. Distribution of the Usability of the Alternative Generator …………….…….… 84
4.4. Distribution of responses whether the alternative generator
is eco-friendly or not……….…………..…………………….…………..…..…. 85
4.5. Distribution of Portability of the Alternative Generator…….………………….. 86
4.6. Contribution of the Alternative Generator to Improvement
of Living Standards ………………………………………….…………………. 87
4.7. Distribution of responses whether the alternative generator
is well-designed or not……………………………………………………..….... 88
4.8. The Acceptability of Characteristics of the Alternative Generator
to People in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan………………………….... 89

5.1. Electrical Sources in their House…………...….…….…………………………. 90
5.2. Time Period in Using the Particular Electrical Source…………………..……... 90
5.3. Electrical Problems………………………………………………………………91
5.4. Electrical Bills……………………….…………………………………………...92
5.5. Gadgets and Appliances in their Home..………… ……….................................93
5.6. Electrical Sources in their Locality.…...…………...………………………….....94
6.1. Impacts of Using Alternative Generator and Water Purifier….……………….. 95
makes drinking water well-purified or not …..…………………………………..96
makes potable drinking water easily or not …………….……………………….97
7.3. Distribution of responses whether the water purified from
alternative water purifier look clean and clear or not….……………………….. 98
can help to save money or not………………………………………………….. 99
can help in conserving water or not........………………………………...…. …100
7.6. The Acceptability of Characteristics of the Alternative Water
Purifier to People in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan………...………... 101

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1.1 Conceptual Framework (A)……………………………………………….……. 46
1.2. Conceptual Framework (B)……………………………………………….…… 48
2.0. Diagram of the Alternative Generator and Water Purifier…………………..… 75
3.0. Schematic Diagram of the Inverter………………………………………………76

CHAPTER 1
THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter expounds the information regarding the researchers’ topic “Merging
of Electric Generators: Solar Panel, Wind, and Water Turbine with Water Purifier and its
Efficiency as Source of Electricity and Potable Water”. These include the rationale of the
problem, setting of the problem, literature foundation, and seriousness of the problem,
general objective, and general purpose. Importantly are the statements of the problem,
scope and delimitations, significance of the study, and notes of the researchers.
Introduction
Attested by U.S. Energy Information Administration (2016), electricity is the flow
of electrical power or charge. Electricity is both a basic part of nature and one of the most
widely used forms of energy. Every individual consumes electricity for communication,
education, entertainment, medication, and transportation that is why it is very useful to
our daily living. But in the present time, electricity became scarce in the Philippines
through its increasing population and the water became contaminated and polluted. The
researchers came up in creating a device composed of two functional objects; alternative
generator and water purifier. First, they create an alternative generator that uses
renewable energy as source of electricity. The alternative generator is made from scrap
metals, solar panel, wind turbine, water turbine and direct current motor (DC motor) in
order to generate electricity. Then, the alternative water purifier turns either rain or tap
water into well-purified and potable water. It will help people in remote areas in
particular in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan with their electrical and water
consumption.
This alternative generator with water purifier is the very first time here in the
Philippines because it is made by merging three different renewable energy sources:
solar, wind, and hydro. Unlike in other alternative generators, they merged for about two
different renewable energy sources only. Additionally, this generator is first time that has
a water purifier attached to it.
As cited in Science Daily.com (2017), renewable energy sources (RES) capture
their energy from existing flows of energy, from on-going natural processes, such as
sunlight, wind, flowing water, biological processes, and geothermal heat flows.
Renewable energy is clean source of electricity which has a good impact to the
environment and it can sustain an endless supply of electricity.
Today, our world is facing major environmental problems. Climate change is the
most urgent environmental threat facing people and the planet. The greenhouse gases
responsible for it come from human activity. The most important of these gases is carbon
dioxide (CO2) which is pushing up average temperatures at the Earth’s surface, leading to
more severe weather events – floods, droughts and storms, as well as rising sea levels and
disruption to entire eco-systems. The impact on people across the world could be
catastrophic if we do not act soon.
To avoid dangerous changes to our climate we must curb rising global emissions
of CO2 within the next decade. As well as doing everything we can to save energy and
use it more effectively, we need to switch to forms of energy that do not produce CO2 and
there are plenty of them. Renewable energy comes from sources that don’t run out like
the sun, wind, tides, waves or plants. These natural sources can be harnessed to create
electricity without adding carbon dioxide to the air. The researchers give emphasis on
using solar energy, wind energy, and hydropower as sources of electricity.
Solar energy is the cleanest and most abundant renewable energy source
available, and the U.S. has some of the richest solar resources in the world. Modern
technology can harness this energy for a variety of uses, including generating electricity,
providing light or a comfortable interior environment, and heating water for domestic,
commercial, or industrial use.
Wind energy is now the second fastest-growing source of electricity in the world,
with a global installed capacity of 432,883 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2015. Wind
power utilizes energy in wind and turns it to electricity with the help of wind turbine.
Hydropower is one of the lowest cost forms of energy as it requires no fuel; this
means no mining, no processing, and no transportation cost. Hydroelectricity is produced
by processing and controlling the flow of water through a dam. This is one of the most
encouraging forms of renewable energy. Globally, it generates some 3,500 terawatts of
power and has increased year on year since 2003.
According to Republic Act No. 9513 otherwise known as Renewable Energy Act
of 2008, the exploration, development, utilization and commercialization of renewable
energy resources such as biomass, solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal and ocean energy
sources, including application of hybrid systems and other emerging renewable energy
technologies in the Philippines for the generation, transmission, distribution, and use of
electricity, and fuel generated from renewable energy resources.

Solar panels are those devices which are used to absorb the sun's rays and convert
them into electricity or heat. A solar panel is actually a collection of solar (or
photovoltaic) cells, which can be used to generate electricity through photovoltaic effect.
These cells are arranged in a grid-like pattern on the surface of solar panels.
A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into
electricity. The blades of a wind turbine turn between 13 and 20 revolutions per minute,
depending on their technology, at a constant or variable velocity, where the velocity of
the rotor varies in relation to the velocity of the wind in order to reach a greater
efficiency.
A water turbine is a rotary machine that converts kinetic energy and potential
energy of water into mechanical work.
Nowadays, the thinning of electrical supply in the Philippines becomes
unpreventable. One of the reasons of this shortage is too much population and limited
supply of energy from power plant such as Calaca 1, Malaya 1, QPPL, GN Power 2,
Malaya 2, GN Power 1, Calaca 2, and Sta. Rita Module 10.
As stated by Morkel (2016), a DC motor is any class of electrical machines that
converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. The most common types rely on the forces
produced by magnetic fields. Nearly, all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanisms, either electromechanical or electronics, to periodically change the direction
of current flow in the parts of the motor. Most types produce rotary motion, a linear
motor that directly produces force and motion in a straight line. The DC motor will serve
as an alternative source of electricity because it will help the device to generate

electricity. Electricity will produce with the use of renewable energy and DC motor that
will converts kinetic energy into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction.
This device has another feature that will help people or family in water
conservation and purification in remote areas in particular Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria,
Bulacan. According to Shraddha (2018), water purification or filtration removes
undesirable chemicals, physical contaminants, and suspended solids from the raw water
to make water safe for drinking. In short, water purification ensures that the water you
drink is free of contaminants and fit for consumption. The water supplied to our homes
come from various sources and is not fit for consumption. Without proper purification,
you may be susceptible to harmful waterborne diseases. Purification processes such as
filtration, sedimentation and distillation help in purifying raw water to make it fit for
consumption.
A water purifier removes impurities by lowering contamination of water using a
fine physical barrier, a chemical process, or a biological process. Filters cleanse water to
different extents for purposes such as providing agricultural irrigation, accessible
drinking water, public and private aquaria, and the safe use of ponds and swimming
pools.
The researchers selected Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan as the location of
the research being undertaken because Barangay Caysio is a relocation site and Bulacan
is the most populous municipality in Central Luzon and the 5th most populous in the
Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 256,454 people.
Because of its large number of population, they need more supply of electricity for their
daily living.
As stated by Gonzales (2017), the Luzon power grid was placed under “red alert”
status on April 10, 2017 in the afternoon due to insufficient operating power and high
system demand. Red alert translates to high power deficiency, which means that
electricity reserves were below the minimum level. But the NGCP assure that they would
still remain power transmission that could supply the public despite of the 5.4 magnitude
earthquake. This shows that there is a possibility of sudden shutdown of power plant due
to maintenance and natural calamities knowing that the widest use of electricity is
coming from non-renewable energy, these problems cannot prevent. Since the non-
renewable energy is limited, the only thing that could possibly solve these problems is to
embrace and use renewable energy. That’s why the researchers conducted a research and
came up with a device that will serve as a prototype that proves the effectiveness of using
renewable energy.
A disaster is a sudden event that this seriously disrupts the functioning the
community or society and causes human and environmental loses. The aftermath of such
crisis makes it difficult for the people to have their access for emergency supply such as
electricity and potable water. In this situation, supply of electricity and potable water is
needed. This device is very suitable since its sources are from renewable energy. It is not
being affected by the calamities unlike the commercial electricity that is exposed to
different calamities resulting in sudden shutdown.
The researchers want to know how this device can resolve electrical problems and
interruptions and produce well-purified and potable water in remote areas in particular
Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan. Moreover, researchers want to know how
effective the device is and recognize the benefits of it. Lastly, researchers want to prove
to everyone that it is a better source of electricity and potable water.
At this avenue, the purpose of this study is to give the people an idea on how the
alternative generator and water purifier would help them to save money, to improve
living standards, conserve water and electricity without harming the environment. This is
also for the purpose of producing well-purified and potable water and generating
electricity for areas if ever electricity shutdown happens and during emergency in
particular when there are different calamities.
Statement of the Problem
The objectives of this experimental study is to analyze how this device can help
the people in remote areas in particular Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan and to
determine whether the device is effective or not when it is in use. Additionally,
researchers will analyze whether the two alternatives are acceptable by the people in
remote areas or not.
Specifically, the researchers want to answer the following problems:
1. What are other alternative sources of electricity available in your locality?
2. What are the impacts of using the alternative generator and water purifier?
3. In what way does this device will become valuable for people in remote
areas?
4. What are the characteristics of the alternative generator?
5. What is the electricity generation capacity of the alternative generator?
6. What are the characteristics of alternative water purifier?

Scope and Delimitations
This study was focused on creating device that can help people in remote areas in
particular Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan when there are some electrical problems
will occur. Indeed, the study will give emphasis on producing well-purified and potable
water through the alternative water purifier and merging three alternative electricity
sources which are solar panel, wind turbine, and water turbine. Basically, the extent of
this study are the acceptability and efficiency of the alternative generator and water
purifier as sources of electricity and potable water. It also studies the electricity
generation capacity of alternative generator.
In this study, the necessary information should be collected by means of research-
made questionnaires and observation checklist regarding the efficiency of this device.
The study considered remotes areas in particular Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria,
Bulacan as the research locale of the experimentation because it has massive population
that needs supply of electricity when there are some electrical problems and wants free
but well-purified and potable water to save money.
The limitations of this study are; it will be focusing only in merging the three
alternative electricity sources which excludes the other sources and researchers do not
compare their device to the commercial ones because it is more complex and requires a
lot of test, time and money in completing it. Moreover, researchers are not able to test the
water came from alternative water purifier.

Significance of the Study
The analysis and findings of the study may provide more valuable understandings
on how we can generate endless supply of electricity out of renewable resources and
producing well-purified and potable water through the alternative water purifier. The
results of this study have extravagant benefits to the following:
Environment, this device can help lessen the harmful effects of using electricity
and it may decrease pollutions because of its renewable sources. In addition, it will help
in the conservation water.
Community, this can boost public health of the community. It will also help to
save money because there will be no payment needed. If this device would be patronized
by the community it may lead to job creation. Moreover, it will result of having clean and
free purified water that will come from the alternative water purifier.
Informal Settlers, this device will help them to have supply of electricity without
paying any amount and be an alternative source of electricity when there are electricity
problems and shortage. Also, having clean and free purified water came from the
alternative water purifier.
School, this device will be motivate the institution to influence its students to give
their interest and support in embracing the renewable energy and conserving water.
Students, this may help them to recognize the benefits of supporting and using
renewable energy and conserving water.
Future Researchers, this study may serve as their guide in conducting related
study regarding on renewable energy sources and water purification.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
This chapter includes the review of theoretical framework, relevant literatures,
studies and conceptual framework in which the researchers have emphasized on the topic
undertaken.
Theoretical Framework
Pareto Efficiency Theory
Pareto efficiency, also known as "Pareto optimality," is an economic state where
resources are allocated in the most efficient manner, and it is obtained when a distribution
strategy exists where one party's situation cannot be improved without making another
party's situation worse. Pareto efficiency does not imply equality or fairness.
Water is very important to our daily lives and our body really needs it. Electricity
is the cornerstone of modern life. One of the purposes of our alternative water purifier is
to produce clean and free purified water and the alternative generator is designed to
generate electricity through renewable energy. Both of them are not wasting any
resources which implies the Pareto theory; showing that every water and electricity that is
given off, there is no waste of it.
Real Options Theory
According to Trigeorgis and Reuer (2016), we begin by defining real options,
which amounts to describing what makes them “options,” and then what makes them
“real”. The term option-as opposed to alternative or possibility-is of importance in
understanding the theory’s origins and boundaries and in developing and testing relevant
hypothesis. An option is a right, but not an obligation, to take some future specified
action at a specified cost. At its core is a fundamental decision asymmetry to take a future
decision (e.g., invest) only if it’s beneficial to the decision maker, but not otherwise. In
some organizational contexts, certain rights might be established through contracts (e.g.,
patents, JVs) or preferential access to investment opportunities (e.g., in an equity
investment); alternatively, they might be established through idiosyncratic knowledge
that a firm possesses (e.g., through learning by doing or research and development
(R&D).
Myers (1977) coined the term real options and envisioned bringing the theory of
financial options to the realm of strategic decision making. Real options were seen as
“opportunities to purchase real assets on possibly favorable terms”. These favorable
terms hinge on adjustment costs, market power, or other imperfections in product or
factor markets. Connections to strategic management’s focus on firm heterogeneity and
competitive advantage are readily appreciated. In the case of financial options, an
investor has the right to act to acquire a financial security (e.g., shares of stock) as the
underlying asset, yet in real options, the underlying is a “real” asset. Incremental cash
flows are tied to the construction or scale up of a plant, the development of a product in
an R&D program or the exploitation of a patent, and so forth.
The real options theory is suited to the study being undertaken because it is the
best option or choice for investment. The more we invest in conserving water and
renewable energy, the more water we can use through the next generations and more
renewable energy projects we can be able to do. Hence, we can conserve more water in a
better way and produce electricity with less generation charges. In addition, this theory
will help the researchers to patent their device and bring out it in the market in the near
future.
Sustainable Development Theory
According to Harris (2000), sustainable development is development which meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs. The sustainable development has three aspects: economic,
environmental, and social.
First, an economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and
services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable levels of government and external
debt, and to avoid extreme sectoral imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial
production. Then, an environmentally sustainable system must maintain a stable resource
base, avoiding over-exploitation of renewable resource systems or environmental sink
functions, and depleting non-renewable resources only to the extent that investment is
made in adequate substitutes. This includes maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric
stability, and other ecosystem functions not ordinarily classed as economic resources.
Lastly, a socially sustainable system must achieve distributional equity, adequate
provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political
accountability and participation.
The sustainable development theory is fitted to our study because one of the
objectives of our study is to develop an alternative water purifier that helps in conserving
water and alternative generator which use renewable energies as source of electricity. The
researchers hope that this will be the eye opener for the government or even people in
their locality to help in conservation of water, embracing renewable energy and to
develop more projects regarding on it.
Organizational Theory
According to Boundless.com (2017), organizational theory studies organizations
to identify the patterns and structures they use to solve problems, maximize efficiency
and productivity, and meet the expectations of stakeholders. Organizational theory then
uses these patterns to formulate normative theories of how organizations function best.
Therefore, organizational theory can be used in order to learn the best ways to run an
organization or identify organizations that are managed in such a way that they are likely
to be successful.
In order to help in conserving water and to develop more renewable energy
projects, we must consider the organizational theory. In the Philippines, there are lot of
renewable energy companies: Energy Development Corporation, Northwind Power
Development Corporation, Smith Bell Mini-Hydro Corporation, Pangea Green Energy
Philippines Incorporated, Green Innovations for Tomorrow Corporation and so many.
The organizational theory will help different renewable energy companies or
organizations to make clear plans on how their companies or organizations will be the
best among others.

Related Literatures
The Philippine’s electrical problems and its solution
As cited in Infogram.com (2018), there are lot of problem facing in the
Philippine’s electricity like high electrical bills, sudden electrical blackouts and
interruptions. People living here and even the foreigners who visit Philippine deal with
these kinds of problem. In addition, the government also handles problem about
electricity in which they spend money for foreign trade in fixing such problems.
For the Philippine government and United Nations, installation of solar panel to
the country is good solution to the problem. This solution would help to decrease the high
electrical bills and lessen the sudden blackout and outages. It will also help to lessen the
money spent in paying electricity. It is really good solution because it can sustain enough
power to supply the country and if in the longer time, Philippine will no longer need to
pay high electricity and also we don’t have to depend to the other countries. This solution
might not be good to other countries but it would be better to the Philippines.
Electricity and water interruptions
According to Simeon and Rivera (2017), the East Zone Water Concessionaire
Manila Water Co. Inc. and the Department of Energy (DOE) assured Metro Manilans for
enjoying the summer without worrying about supply shortage and power interruptions.
Angat Dam, which supplies 95 percent of water in Metro Manila, remains at a
comfortable level and will not trigger any water shortage in the next few months. The
level of Angat Dam is six meter higher than the same period last year. This result is an
indication for no tightness or shortage of supply. Last summer, the country suffered from
the effect of El Nino phenomenon which affects the water supply throughout Metro
Manila and nearby areas. Sevilla, Manila Water spokesperson said that water supply was
affected throughout Metro Manila and nearby areas. He clarified that the outlook might
change depending on the changes of summer season and rainy season. On the other hand,
the DOE is banking on demand-side management to get by summer without any power
interruptions. The goal is to ensure implementation of an affective demand side
management program for energy supply.
The literature states that there will be no any power shortage in the summer
seasons, but this kind of good news does not last for a long time. There will be always
possibilities of having shutdown. The Angat Dam is in a good state but like in the last
summer, many people suffered from water interruption. One of the reasons is because of
the effects of El Nino. This phenomenon can be lessening by using renewable energy
which has good impact to our environment. In our research, we are focusing on relying to
energy source like renewable energy. If there will a continuous use of fossil fuel, we
might suffer from power interruption in longest time. Furthermore, in this case of water
interruption, our device will takes place in supplying either ordinary water or potable
water.
An article reported by Torres-Tupas (2017), the parts of 4 cities in Metro Manila
will be affected due to maintenance of Meralco from Saturday to Sunday. On June 24, lot
of buildings will experience power outage due to line rehabilitating work. On June 25, the
following areas will be affected by the preventive maintenance and testing work.
As this literature stated, there will be a coming shutdowns in parts of four cities in
Metro Manila. This shows that outages are not unusual especially to those who use
electricity from fossil fuel. Outages are not avoidable since the non-renewable energy has
a limited source only and experience maintenance shutdown often. But when we use
renewable energy, shutdown can be lessening because it is in every household who will
manage their usage of electricity.
According to Bongcac and et al. (2017), eight provinces of Visayas have been
triggered due to 6.5 magnitude earthquake in Leyte. The affected areas are Cebu, Bohol
and other provinces in Visayas -Leyte, Southern Leyte, Samar, Northern Samar and
Biliran. The system automatically shut down if something abnormal is detected results to
the shutdown to occur at 4:03 p.m. but at 5:01 p.m. the power was fully restored.
This literature shows that the different calamities such as earthquakes, floods,
landslide and typhoons may affect the supply of electricity. In this article, earthquake that
hit Leyte causes eight provinces to suffer from brownout. It also shows that we cannot
avoid this immediate brownout because these provinces only get their supply of
electricity in one source of distributors. But when they have their own source, it would be
a big possibility to avoid massive shutdown.
Booming of renewable energy
According to Tan Hui Ann (2016), transforming the Philippines into a
powerhouse of renewable energy wouldn’t be easy. Since the Renewable Act of 2008
passed the law, there are now 406 from 22 projects of renewable energy said by Juan
Miguel Zubiri. It was also said there that because of renewable energy, there’s about 3
million jobs for engineers and construction workers which is a sign of a booming industry
in the Philippines, but George Chua, president of Federation of Philippine Industries,

oppose the embracing of renewable energy though we could save more money with
renewable energy. Leandro Leviste, founder of Solar Philippines believed that the solar
energy can be affordable source of energy and instead of relying in dirty fossil fuel; we
can have a cleaner alternative energy source.
This literature states that building a new source of electricity in the Philippines
such as renewable energy is not an easy step. But everyone knows that renewable
energies are better than currently using source. The researchers came up in creating an
easy to make device that will somehow show everybody how renewable energy really
becomes a good source of electricity. Like in our research, we foresee the increase of jobs
for engineers and construction workers. This literature is also the same as our research
when it comes to what is the goal. We believe also in embracing renewable energy can
change more lives as it can help people as well as our environment.
As cited in Rappler.com (2017), the AC Energy was looking for acquisitions in
the Philippines. They are expected to seal another investment deal involving renewable
energy. It’s not hydro, but still they are looking for other potentials. AC Energy had an
agreement in Indonesia regarding on the development, construction and operation of a
wind farm there. It is the first green offshore investments of AC with the other country.
As the researchers begin the research, like in AC Energy we are not stopping, we
continue to seek for more, that’s why we ended up combining three different renewable
energy sources because we know Philippines has a big potential in having an installations
of renewable projects. But in this literature, they focus in investing to other country
instead of investing to our own and produce more projects here in the Philippines.
As cited again in Rappler.com (2014), the World Wide Fund for Nature stated
that renewable energy is the best long term solution to power crisis. Being the second
largest archipelago, Philippines would have difficult time in connecting all islands in grid
power supply and installing solar panels would make these islands self-sufficient.
Renewable energy must be the primary solution to power development and the
Philippines can learn from its own experience in renewable energy to prove that it is the
best. Much renewable energy is easy to be installed and produce a stable rate, not likely
to fossil fuel which may increase in cost in the next years. Department of Energy (DOE)
expected a shortfall in power supply which may affect the peak load. Other indigenous
renewable energies like hydro and biomass can be used to complement the existing
based-load.
This literature believes in renewable energy as best long term solution for power
crisis. It also said that because of archipelagic country which the second largest in the
world, it is difficult to connect every island. Because of this, the device is suitable to
every Filipino since it is very affordable and reliable. The literature only focuses to solar
panel installations, but with the merging of three renewable energy sources, it might help
a lot and can generate more electricity. Using this evidence can help every Filipino and
have a good effect to the environment. The researchers believe that renewable energy is
much better than non-renewable energy.
The Philippines is planning to expand renewable energy. The construction of the
Philippines’ largest solar power project has begun. The project is one of the Southeast -
Asian’s largest solar farms where in 450,000 solar panels will be installed across 150
hectares and it will be manufactured locally. The project costs an estimated 195m and
produce enough power to supply the entire province’s need. This project shows that
building renewable energy sources costs lower than a coal based power plant, this will
help to achieve a greater energy security since the country is just like the other countries
facing increase of population and big demand.
It was said that the Philippines has a plan of expanding renewable energy. There
will be a project of building 450,000 solar panels in 150 hectares. This shows that
building this kind of electric generators will cost lesser amount. As we do in our study,
we included solar energy because we know it is very sustainable source of energy. We
also know that as the time passes by, the demand for electricity is getting higher because
of the increasing population. This renewable energy will secure our electricity supply for
the longest time.
Solar energy
An article written by Rivera (2015), states that experts believed that Philippines is
more than ready to join the world wide revolutionary of solar energy. Since the
Philippines is located at tropical zone, it has a strong potential in harnessing solar energy.
The archipelagic geology of Philippines is a unique challenge in distributing energy but
aside that adapting solar energy system is not that hard. Building solar energy system
should have proper infrastructure, maintenance and connection to make it work. Using
solar can be much greater that fossils fuels, hydro and wind as a source of electricity.
The literature shows that the Philippines is ready to the revolutionary, one reason
why we conducted a research creating a device which use renewable energies like
hydropower, solar and wind energy. Since we are archipelagic country, this device is very
suitable to everyone. Unlike the usual source of electricity, every consumer has one
supplier only, if something happened and that source has been damaged, it may affect all
the consumers. But if every household has their own device, they don’t have to depend
to other source.
As stated by Lozada (2016), after super typhoon Yolanda hit the Philippines; it
left a severe damage to the country. In Iloilo, a 41 year old fisherman told everything him
and his co-workers they have experienced. His house was made of light materials that are
why their supply of electricity was also damaged including the most part of the province.
It would take 3 months before the electricity was restored in their area. The good thing is
the BBMA organization was the beneficiaries of solar panels. Fishermen used to buy
kerosene for electric generators, but because of renewable energy they just have to use
the money to other more important purposes. The solar panels helped them as they
survive from such as tragedy.
This shows that renewable energy is very useful to everyone. Like in our device,
it is also useful for a calamity. We all know that we often experience typhoons and every
typhoon leaves a severe damage to any part of the Philippines. One of the damages is the
electric supply. After a powerful typhoon hit, it may leave some electrical post broken
down in the street resulting to power interruptions. Clearly, this device can help become a
solution to that problem`.
Hydropower
An article written by Magno (2017), renewable energy shared at least 26.44 of the
country’s total power production from different renewable energy sources. The plan of
National Renewable Plan (NREP) is to triple our renewable energy production sources
we could make it even earlier. There are several factors that can help us grow like we’ve
been the world’s second largest producers of geothermal. The good news is the
technology producing energy from renewable energy progressed for the past few years.
Since we are archipelagic country, we opt to create mini hydro powers plants unlike
China which has three George Dam built. Instead building large capacity hydropower
plant, we could build many mini hydro power plants will be more competitive than water
and wind.
The techniques stated in the literature is the same as our device used. Because the
archipelagic location of the Philippines and there are thousands of island which are
surrounded by different bodies of water, creating mini hydro power is a better choice.
That’s why we included hydro power to our prototype because we know what kind of
country is the Philippines.
According to Adriano (2017), there will be two more hydropower plants planning
to build in towns of Solsona and Nueva Era. Engr. Neil Guillen and Mirable May Perez,
Filinvest Development Corporation (FDC) representatives, paid for a courtesy call to
Sanguniang Panlalawigan members to seek their support for this project. The said places
have potential sites for run-of- river type hydroelectric power development project. This
kind of power plants is cheap and clean unlike the wind power farms which need a black
start power from the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP). Hydropower
plants generate power depending on the volume of rain fall that flows down the river.
Knowing that the Philippines has a potential for hydro powers because of having
thousands of islands, as researchers, it is a good reason to include hydro power in our

device. It depends to the flow of either rainfall or tap water, if the flow of water is fast
then the rotation of water turbine gets faster.
Wind energy
According to Bautista and et.al (2017), Wind turbines are helping the Philippines
diversify its energy sources beyond fossil fuel and generating not only power, but jobs,
revenue and interest among thousands of union tourists. Wind power is slowly taking off
in the Philippines, which faces a huge challenge to find cheaper, cleaner and more
efficient ways to power what are one of the world’s fastest growing economies and
swelling population of over 100 million people. Creating wind turbines also supports
livelihoods like making wooden souvenirs of mini turbines. Wind energy is a work in
progress and farms like this produce only a fraction of the countries installed capacity.
As we conducted this research, we foresee the possible help we could get from
renewable energy. Aside from energy resources, we could generate more jobs and
investments. The researchers included wind turbine in creating this device because it is
clean, effective and cheaper.
Benefits of renewable energy
The Union of Concerned Scientists (2017), renewable energies; wind, solar,
geothermal, hydroelectric, and biomass provide substantial benefits for our climate, our
health, and our economy. Renewable energy prevents climate change. Human activity
contributes harmful effects especially to our atmosphere. Emission of carbon dioxide can
damage our environment. But with the use of renewable energy, that comes from
different energy from our nature does not make nor create any kind of pollution to our
Mother Earth. Renewable energy improved public health and environmental quality. The
air and water pollution emitted by coal and natural gas plants causes some of the different
diseases while wind, solar, and hydroelectric systems generate electricity with no
associated air pollution emissions. In addition, wind and solar energy require essentially
no water to operate and thus do not pollute water resources or strain supply by competing
with agriculture, drinking water systems, or other important water needs. It is very
helpful to everyone to rely on renewable energy. Renewable energy is vast and
inexhaustible energy supply. Renewable energy sources are limitless and sustainable
unlike non-renewable energy; it only has a limit source of energy. Renewable energy is
kind of energy that we can rely on, because it is abundant and eco-friendly. Renewable
energy produces jobs and other economic benefits. Renewable energies source like water
turbine, wind turbine, and solar panel may help our community in terms of giving people
different jobs like installing such renewable energy sources in different types of buildings
and establishments in their community. Renewable energy has stable energy prices-since
the renewable energy is reliable and sustainable, energy prices are stable. Unlike fossil
fuels which are limited that results in changing energy prices anytime.
All of the related literatures have similar aim in embracing the renewable energy.
They all make plans, acquisitions and partnership for installing the renewable energy
systems. They are all stating the potential that the Philippines has also the advantages of
using this energy like the possibilities to attract more tourists, create more jobs, large
investments, cheaper electric bill payments and the recommendation to stop using non-
renewable energy. On the contrary, most of these literatures differ in their source of
renewable energy. Some of them focus in solar energy that pertains to the high
temperature we are getting from the sun. Some focus in creating hydro power plants
because the water doesn’t have an end like the flow of the river. Lastly, some of them
opted to create wind turbine because there are places in the Philippines where land is
higher elevated which means high speed of wind they can get.
Bio-sand filter and its efficiency
According to Vigneswaran and Sundaravadivel (2013), water is very important as
it is of paramount importance to our health. When water has some impurities, it has to be
purified. We now have numerous technologies used in purifying it but in the developing
countries, they find it difficult to use. There are other techniques in purifying water
includes winnowing, through cloth, clay vessels, clarification and filtration through plant
material, jumping stone filter method, horizontal flow coarse media filter and up flow
gravel filter.
In conformity of Stauber and et al. (2006), many people in developing countries
don’t have an access to clean drinking water. Point of use (POU) household water
treatment technology lets people to treat their drinking water even at home. One of these
is the slow sand filter or bio-sand filter. Some experimentations, confirmed the 94% was
the reduction of E. coli. But there are still need further study to determine the factors
contributing to microbial reductions.
Water naturally contains many living things. Some are harmless and others can
make people sick. Living things that cause disease are also known as pathogens. They are
sometimes called other names, such as microorganisms, microbes or bugs, depending on

the local language and country. There are four different categories of pathogens that are
shown in Table 1: bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths.
The physical characteristics of drinking water are usually things that we can
measure with our senses: turbidity, color, taste, smell and temperature. Turbid water
looks cloudy, dirty or muddy. Turbidity is caused by sand, silt and clay that are floating
in the water. Drinking turbid water will not make people sick by itself. However, viruses,
parasites and some bacteria can sometimes attach themselves to the suspended solids in
water. This means that turbid water usually has more pathogens so drinking it increases
the chances of becoming sick.
The following Table 1 shows the bio-sand filter treatment efficiency in removing
pathogens and turbidity.
Table 1.0: Bio-sand Filter Treatment Efficiency
Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Helminths Turbidity Iron

Laborator Up to 70 to > > 99% Up to 95% < 1 Not
y 96.5% 99% 100% NTU available
Field 87.9 to Not Not Up to 85% 90-95%

98.5% available available 100%
According to Sobsey and Stauber (2007), health impact studies estimate a 30-47%
reduction in diarrhea among all age groups, including children under the age of five, an
especially vulnerable population.
These literatures simply relate the needs of the researchers to happen for those
who don’t have access to clean drinking water. The results of the conducted test will
support the proposed objective which is to let people have their own alternative water
purifier at home. Furthermore, it gives foundation or basis that bio-sand filter is a good
alternative water purifier.
Efficiency of the Transformer
According Daware (2014), just like any other machine, efficiency of a
transformer can be defined as the output power divided by input power (Efficiency (η) =
Power Output (P0 )

× 100).
Power Input( P I )
This literature is useful to the research being undertaken because the researchers
will use this formula to get the efficiency of the12-0-12 Center Tap Transformer. This
transformer is located inside the inverter that the researchers will make.
Related Studies
De Sá Paiva (2012) conducted a study entitled Integration of Renewable
Sources into Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems. The results showed that the
integration of different renewable energy sources into a unique electric energy generation
system improves generated energy quality as well as it increases the generation system
economic value, as it allows to provide power and energy according to well defined rule.
The study also showed that reinforcement of the economic value for hybrid generation
units based on renewable sources is obtained through the attribution of control services to
grid operators. Similarly, Eziyi (2013) also conducted a study entitled Distributed
Renewable Energy System for Sustainable Rural Development. The results showed
that the combined Photovoltaic (PV)/Battery/Biomass/Air Gap Membrane Distillation

(AGMD) is a simultaneous production of uninterrupted electricity and pure water, which
meets the energy and clean drinking water need of the rural population. Therefore, this
system should be adopted for rapid implementation in the rural districts to ascertain its
effectiveness in sustainable development of the community. Another research conducted
by Kofi-Opata (2013) entitled Alternative Energy and the Developmental State in
Ghana showed results that the reorientation of the state as a developmental one
particularly for developing countries provides an effective avenue for the successful
development of renewable energy. In addition, a research undertaken by Cordero (2015)
entitled Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems showed results that it
develops a methodology for optimal design of stand-alone HRES and micro grids for
remote communities. It was shown that under certain conditions a combination of
standalone HRES and micro grids is the most cost-effective solution. Consequently, one
of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that the best alternative to
find the optimal design for the power generation infrastructure in group remote
communities is to consider the use of micro grids. It was also shown that valuable insight
is obtained when analyzing several communities with a single methodology. For instance,
we were able to determine the characteristics (i.e., climate conditions; and energy
consumption) of the remote communities where the implementation of HRES would have
the best performance. Therefore, this methodology is a valuable tool to inform policy
makers. A research conducted by Srivastava and Giri (2016) entitled Optimization of
Hybrid Renewable Resources using HOMER exhibited results that PV, Diesel
Generator with battery and inverter is most economical solution for all three cases for the
load of laboratory of MMMUT. PV, Wind Turbine, Diesel Generator with battery and
inverter system is also a very good alternative solution having little higher cost of
electricity and net present cost. Although the cost of electricity from the proposed system
is higher than the cost grid electricity but due the necessity of environmental protection
and farseeing the current living standard of rural communities such hybrid system will
play a very good role for the country like India having deficit electricity. Moreover,
Berglund and Engstrom (2014) conducted a research entitled Power to the Philippines -
A life cycle assessment study comparing renewable and non-renewable off-grid
energy supply systems exhibited results that the hybrid system is the best alternative for
the humanitarian aid village, as it can provide cheap energy with high energy security at a
relatively low environmental impact. Therefore, the “Power to the Philippines” project
can be deemed to be of interest to the humanitarian aid villages, as long as the energy
load of the humanitarian aid village is not solely provided by Power towers. A
hybridization of Power towers with the existing diesel generators can help lower the
environmental impact of the existing energy system, while simultaneously lowering the
cost of electricity.
These studies are similar to the study being undertaken because they both
embraced the use of renewable energy as an alternative source of electricity. The stated
studies above are the same with our study because they both focused in optimization and
integration of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES). Optimization or integration of
hybrid system is a process to select the best combination of component and there cost that
are able to provide cheap, reliable and effective alternative energy resource. Similar to
the present study, they want to have best quality design for HRES. These HRES take part
in producing clean and endless electricity without harming our environment.

Tiwari (2016) conducted a research entitled Feasibility of Renewable Energy in
Remote Destinations in Nepal displayed results that rural electrification along with grid
extension and locally installed capacity of solar power, bio-gas as well as micro-hydro
are the best solution to overcome total energy shortage in rural communities. In addition,
Badgley (2009) conducted a research entitled Community Development through Wind
Energy: Lessons from Wind Developments in Remote and Small Island Nations
revealed several key lessons that can enhance the penetration of wind energy in
developing countries. Truly sustainable and beneficial applications of wind energy
require more than just funding or technical precision. The findings suggest that not only
can small island nations overcome the technical barriers to implementing wind energy
projects, but that certain models of wind development can indeed enhance development.
This study is parallel to the research being undertaken because they both give
emphasis in using renewable energy as an alternative source of electricity and proving
that renewable energy is the best solution in electricity shortage especially in remote
areas in particular Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan . In addition, renewable energy
will take part in prevention of climate change because it doesn’t emit carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases.
Lipana (2008) conducted a research entitled When Incentives Are Not Enough:
A Study on How the Philippine Government Can Attract Foreign Investments in
Renewable Power showed results that renewable powers may not only lower the rates of
electricity in the Philippines. It can also achieve the government’s goal to be less
dependent on imported fuels and be more self-sufficient in energy supply. Moreover,
renewable powers are the answer to the pressing concern about climate change. Having
said these, attracting renewable power investments to the country is a vital concern of the
government. This is because of the country’s lack of financial resources as well
advancement in RE technology; hence, the need to turn overseas for these much-needed
investments. Another research conducted by Thomas (2016) entitled Benefits, Barriers,
and Opportunities for Renewable Energy Outreach in Extension: A Mixed-Methods
Needs Assessment revealed a need and demand for increased renewable energy
programming in extension. This need became further evident after a nationwide inventory
discovered that only twenty-two of fifty states have distinct renewable energy
departments, programs, or discipline areas.
These studies are related to the research being undertaken because they both
focused on introducing, developing, and using renewable energy as alternative source of
electricity. They want to introduce, develop, and use renewable energy because one of the
advantages of renewable energy, aside from its being environment-friendly, are that it has
minimal operational cost - because of its very cheap or practically free raw materials:
wind, water and solar energy. - compared to fossil fuels which are limited in supply and
subject to high volatile prices.
A research conducted by Spowart (2012), Educational Concerns of
Implementing Bio-sand Filters in Rural Uganda 1, showed results that for almost 200
years, the traditional slow sand filter has improved and modernized version which is bio-
sand filter. The bio-sand filter is small, about 3 ft. tall and 2 ft. wide. It is composed of
layers of selected sand and gravel. The sand removes the pathogens and suspended solids
contaminated drinking water. Dr. David Manz developed the household bio-sand filter in
the 1990’s. He also helps in influencing many organizations in using bio-sand filter. In
rural Uganda, many families only have access to low quality of drinking water. Same in
the developing country, if this continue to happen it may lead to some diseases.
Slow sand filter or bio-sand filter is one of the household filters used in many
houses and it is very attractive because the materials used are available in the locality. It
is layered with different sands and gravel and at the end; there is a faucet for the purified
water flow. If the time spent in filtration becomes longer, the sand and gravel must be
changed.
This study stated how the bio-sand filter was made and its features that could
purify either rain water or tap water into potable water.
A research conducted by Vanderzwaag (2003) entitled Use and Performance of
Bio-sand Filters in Posoltega, Nicaragua showed an evaluation of Bio-sand filters as a
method of Household Water Treatment. It was conducted in Posoltega, Nicaragua, with
objectives of determining the long-term filtration efficiency and the rate of sustained use.
Field methods included microbial and turbidity water quality testing and interviews with
filter users regarding the operation, maintenance and perceptions towards the filters. The
average filtration efficiency was found to be 98% for total coliforms, 96% for E. coli and
88% for turbidity. Statistically significant effects on filtration efficiency were detected for
the source contamination, the inverse of the flow rate, and the standing depth of water
over the sand.

Conceptual Frameworks
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
 Renewable energy
a.) Solar energy
b.) Wind energy
c.) Hydropower
 Characteristics of alternative
 Accepted the
generator
 Inexpensive alternative generator
 Eco-friendly and water purifier
 Moveable/
 Lowered electrical
Portable
 Sustainable bills
 Well-designed  Improved electricity
 Parts of alternative generator
 Statistical analysis of generation
a.) Solar panel
b.) Wind turbine data through:  Helped to conserve
c.) Water turbine our Mother Earth
 Characteristics of alternative
a.) Questionnaires  Produced potable
water purifier
a.) It produces well-purified water
water.  Improved living
b.) It can help to save
standards
money.
c.) It can help in conserving  Helped to save
water. money
 Parts of alternative water
purifier
a.) Filter
b.) Container/Water tank
c.) Rubber hose
 Efficiency
 Acceptability
Figure 1.1: Conceptual Framework (A)

The figure 1.1 shows that the study being undertaken will be focusing to the
process indicated above. The main variable of this study is renewable energy and the sub-
variables are characteristics of alternative generator and water purifier, parts of
alternative generator and water purifier, and its efficiency and acceptability as a source of
electricity and potable. The researchers will gather the necessary information through
research-made questionnaires, and observation checklist. After the researchers did the
analysis of data, they came up in better results or outputs as stated above.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
 Materials, tools and equipment

needed:
a.) Metals (bar, pipe and spoon)  Procedures in

b.) Steel matting
c.) Welding rods making alternative
d.) Diodes generator and water
e.) Electrical tape  Alternative generator
e.) Tin cans purifier through:
a.) Alternative source
f.) Lead
g.) Copper wires of electricity
\ h.) LED lights a.) Sawing/Cutting
i.) 24V Direct Current motors metals, tin cans and
j.) Other electrical components  Alternative water
k.) Propeller plastics
l.) Charcoal
purifier
b.) Welding angular
m.) Cloth a.) Alternative source
n.) Sand bar, steel pipe,
o.) Gravel
of well-purified and
channel, and other
p.) Basin potable water
q.) Side cutter solid metals
r.) Measuring tape c.) Creating electrical
s.) Multimeter
t.) Soldering iron wirings and circuits.
u.) Plier
v.) Scissors
w.) Welding machine
Figure 1.2: Conceptual Framework (B)
The figure 1.2 shows that in making the alternative generator and water purifier,
the researchers must prepare all the required materials and follow the indicated
procedures above. The researchers will make the device with full of care and with the
help of other experts.

Assumptions
1. If we rely on renewable energy, then we will have a good alternative source of
electricity.
If we support renewable energy, then we will have a limitless source of
electricity.
2. If we use renewable energy, then those who live in remote areas will have their
own source of electricity without paying any electrical bills.
If the remotes areas have this device, then there will be no hard time in generating
electricity in their places.
3. If we stop depending to non-renewable energy, then we may lessen the harmful
effects that the environment gets from using it.
If we use this device, then it will not harm our environment unlike in non-
renewable energy.
4. If you place the device in its sources for a longer time, then it will generate more
effective .
If the water turbine runs faster, then it will convert more electricity.
If the wind speed is high, then the wind turbines will rotate faster resulting for
more electricity generations.
If you use more diodes and tin cans, then you can collect more energy from the
sun.
Definition of Terms
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) - collects, analyzes, and disseminates
independent and impartial energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient
markets, and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the
environment.
National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) - is a power system operator
and transmission service provider. The company operates, maintains, and develops state-
owned power grid, an interconnected system that transmits gigawatts of power at
thousands of volts. Its functions include operations and maintenance, system operations,
and planning and engineering. The company was incorporated in 2008 and is based in
Quezon City, the Philippines.
Megawatt (MW) - a unit of power equal to one million watts.
Winnowing - used when the water source is polluted by wind-borne impurities such as
dry leaves, stalks, and coarse particles. The raw water is passed through a winnowing
sieve, and the impurities are filtered. This type of filter is widely used in villages of the
Bamaka area, Mali.This method cannot be used when the raw water is highly turbid or
muddy, since the sieve cannot filter fine suspended particles in raw water.
Filtration through cloth - thin white cotton cloth or a discarded garment is used as the
filter medium. This filter can filter raw water containing such impurities as plant debris,
insects, dust particles or coarse mud particles. Filtration of suspended particles present in
water can be achieved only to a very small extent. Therefore, this type of filtration is not
suitable for highly turbid water. It is most suitable for filtration of well water. This
practice of cloth filtration is quite common in villages in India, Mali, the southern part of
Niger and probably in many other parts of the developing world. In some of the Indian
villages, if the raw water is muddy and highly odorous, then wood ash of Sal tree (Shora
robuta) is mixed with water and then filtered through cloth.
Filtration through clay vessels - used to filter highly turbid water. Turbid water is
collected in a big clay jar and allowed to settle down. Then the water in the jar will trickle
through the porous clay wall of the jar. This trickled water is collected in a vessel
(usually a clay pot) by placing it at the bottom of the porous clay jar. This method of
water treatment is common in Egypt.
Water Clarification - helps remove suspended solids and particulate matter usually with
the help of flocculants and coagulants, which improve settling.
Filtration through plant material - it automatically filters the water in which they live
by adding oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Some plants also remove heavy metals
and toxins while stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria. Water lettuce and water
hyacinth are so effective that they are sometimes incorporated into the first step of
wastewater purification.
Jempeng stone filter method - developed in Saringan batu Jempeng, Bali, Indonesia.
Here, a small artificial pond or a by-pass channel is cut by the side to an irrigation canal,
which carries muddy water.
Horizontal flow coarse media filter - uses coarse gravel or crushed stones as filter
media and is highly suited for turbid waters with turbidities greater than 50 NTU. A
combination of filtration and sedimentation of suspended solids take place during the
horizontal passage of water through the filter bed.

Up flow gravel filter - made by circulating the water from the under gravel filter back
into the aquarium.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the research design, research respondents, instrumentation,
validity and reliability of instrument and statistical treatment we will use in conducting
the research.
Research Design
This study utilizes the quantitative type of study which according to
Fellow and Liu (2008), is a method that is typically adopted because they are scientific
methods and provide immediate results. Other reason for selecting this approach is that is
more efficient, can test hypothesis and always aimed at clarifying features, count them
and build statistical models to explain what is observed during research. This study
utilizes the experimental study method which according to Konrath (2013), involves the
random assignments of participants into different groups (e.g. experimental, control) in
order to determine the causal effect of a certain condition (independent variable) on a
certain outcome (dependent variable). Specifically, the researchers used the repeated
measures which the same participant takes part in each condition of the independent
variable.
The researchers chose this research design because in this study, they need to
gain insights and feedbacks to people or family in remote areas in particular Barangay
Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan. They think that this is the better type of study to gather more
data or information needed in their study.

This design is suited to the present study since the focus are to analyze how this
device can help the people or family in remote areas in particular Barangay Caysio, Sta.
Maria, Bulacan and acceptability and efficiency of the alternative generator and water
purifier as sources of electricity and potable water.
Research Respondent
In this study, the researchers selected people or families in remote areas in
particular Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan as the research respondents because
researchers want to know and analyze their insights and feedbacks regarding the research
being undertaken and its prototype or the alternative generator and water purifier. The
proposed number of respondents is fifty; one in each family.
Eventually, researchers used non-probability sampling in particular accidental
sampling where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and
proximity to the researchers. The subjects are selected just because they are easiest to
select for the study and researchers did not consider selecting subjects that are
representative of the entire population. Moreover, researchers prefer this sampling
technique because it is fast, inexpensive, easy and the subjects are readily available to
response in the survey questionnaires. Researchers use convenience sampling not just
because it is easy to use, but because it also has other research advantages. In pilot
studies, convenience sample is usually used because it allows the researchers to obtain
basic data and trends regarding their study without the complications of using a
randomized sample. The researchers chose this sampling technique because the research
being undertaken have a purpose of giving people an idea on how the alternative
generator and water purifier would help them to save money, using electricity without
harming the environment and conserving water. This is also for the purpose of generating
electricity for areas if ever electricity shutdown and electrical problems occur and
producing well-purified water that will helps in conserving water.
Data Collection Method and Instrument
In this research, the researchers used questionnaires as the method while they
structured questionnaires as the instruments. The data will be gathered in people or
families in remote areas in particular Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan and it should
be collected before and after they used the device or the alternative generator and water
purifier. Each participant or family has maximum of 1 hour in using the alternative
generator and water purifier and after that they will give their comments and feedbacks
regarding the device.
The questionnaires are divided into four sections; demographic profile, other
personal and electrical information, impacts of the device and degree of judgement. The
research respondents will voluntarily response to the provided questionnaires.
These methods and instruments are suited to the research because it is the easiest
way to gather information to make the research valuable and useful.
Establishing Validity and Reliability
Validity is defined as the extent to which a concept is accurately measured in a
quantitative study. The second measure of quality in a quantitative study is reliability, or
the accuracy of an instrument.

The researchers used questionnaires as the method. This method is valid to the
research being undertaken because the questionnaires include questions in particular
demographic profile, other personal and electrical information, impacts of the device and
degree of judgement that will allow the researchers to know the background of each
respondent and also responses if the alternative generator and water purifier is effective,
acceptable and valuable to the people in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan.
Statistical Treatment
The researchers used descriptive statistics in analyzing the quantitative data.
Descriptive statistics are procedures that researchers use to describe data.
In order to use the descriptive statistics, the researchers must know the parameter
of the population. According to Kalla (2011), a parameter is any numerical quantity that
characterizes a given population or some aspect of it. This means that the parameter tells
us something about the whole population. The parameter of the population in this study
was fifty people or family members wherein the researchers will pick out one family
member in each selected family.
The statistical test used in this study was non-parametric test since it has small
sample size while the statistical tools used in the research being undertaken was
frequency and weighted mean.

Procedures in Making Alternative Generator and Water Purifier
In creating the base of the alternative generator and water purifier
Materials, tools and equipment used:
 two pieces of 3.42 ft., two pieces
of 2.88 ft., ten pieces of 2ft., two
pieces of 1.21 ft., two piece of
1.14 ft. and one piece of 1.08 ft.
angular bars
 one piece of 3 ft., two pieces of 2
ft. and one piece of 3.17 ft. solid
metals
 one piece of 4.33 ft., three pieces
of 2.5 ft., two pieces of 1.67 ft.,  one piece of 2.86ft. channel
one piece of 1.11 ft., and two
pieces of 2ft. steel pipes
(diameter = 2.03 cm) one piece
of 4.67 ft. and one piece of 0.33
ft. steel pipes (diameter = 2.54
cm)
 one piece of metal plate
( diameter = 58.42 cm)
 measuring tape
 bolts and nuts
 acetylene
 welding rods
 welding machine
 cutting disks
Procedures
1. The researchers will prepare all the necessary materials in creating the base of the
alternative generator and water purifier.

2. The researchers will measure such angular bars, steel pipes, channels, and solid
metals.
3. Afterwards, researchers and welder
will cut the angular bars, steel pipes,
channels, and solid metals using
saw, cutting disk and acetylene.
4. Then, proceed to the welding shop
to weld the angular bars, steel pipes, channels, and solid metals.
5. Lastly, paint all the metals in order to avoid rusting.
In creating the wind turbine
Materials, tools and instrument used:
 propeller  one piece of 1.08 ft. steel pipe

 copper wires (STR#22)
 24V DC motor
 welding rods
 Multimeter
 electrical tape
 saw/cutting disk
 LED light (tester)
 side cutter
 welding machine
Procedures
1. The researchers will prepare all the
materials needed in creating the wind
turbine.
2. Then, researchers will measure one piece of 1.08 ft. steel pipe and then cut using
saw then it will be weld into the base that serves as pole of the wind turbine.
3. Finally, researchers will connect the propeller to the 24V DC motor and do all the
required electrical wirings.
In creating the solar panel
 2.83 ft. x 1.33 ft. steel matting  welding rods
 Solid metals  diodes

 copper wires (STR#22)
 electrical tape  scissors
 soldering lead
 side cutter
 tin cans
 soldering iron
 welding machine
Procedures
1. The researchers will prepare all the materials needed in creating the solar panel.
The welder will weld the metals and steel matting to create the base of the solar
panel.
2. The researchers will cut the tin cans using
scissors or cutter.
3. The researchers will connect the diodes using soldering iron and lead then
researchers will attach the diodes into the tin
cans.
4. Lastly, researchers and electrician place the improvised solar cells into the base
and do all the required electrical wirings.
In creating the water turbine
 bike’s rim (propeller)
 metal spoons
 solid metals
 24V DC motor
 electrical tape
 copper wires (STR #22)
 side cutter
 welding rods

 welding machine
Procedures
1. The researchers will prepare all the essential materials in creating the water
turbine. Next, researchers and welder will weld the metals, metal spoons and
bike’s rim to create the water turbine itself.

2. Finally, researchers and electrician will connect the water turbine to the 24V DC
motor and do all the required electrical wirings.
In creating the water purifier
 water container (small & large)

 gravel
 cloth
 charcoal
 basin
 sand
 rubber hose
 saw
Procedures
1. The researchers will prepare all the required materials in creating the water
purifier.
2. Then, researchers will cleanse the sand, gravel, charcoal and cloth.
3. The researchers will cut the bottom part of the small water container using saw to
easily put the sand, gravel, charcoal and cloth inside the container.
4. Next, researchers will layer the sand, gravel
and charcoal into the cloth and then place it inside the small water container.
5. Ultimately, researchers will attach a rubber hose to the small water container and
then connect it to the large water container.

Size of the Alternative Generator and Water Purifier
Cost of the Materials Used in Alternative Generator and Water Purifier
Table 2.0: Summary of Costing of Materials
Materials Quantity Amount (Php)

20 ft. angular bar 1 pc 450
10 ft. solid metal 1pc 290 The table
welding rod 1 kg 110
2.0 paint 2 cans 200 shows
paint brush 2 pcs 40
the 24V DC motor 2 pcs 1,100 summary
inverter 1 pc 535
of soldering lead 5m 50 costing
diode (1N4148) 100 pcs 100
of copper wire (STR 20 m 200 materials
#22) 1 pc 65
which outlet 4 pcs 25 used in
bolt and nut 4 pcs 56
order to caster wheel 20 pcs 40 make the
tin can 3 pcs 100
cutting disk
Total 3,361
alternative generator and water purifier. Specifically, not all the materials used in making
the device was bought in the market, some of these materials are bought from junkshop.
Additionally, researchers used recyclable materials to minimize the expenses.
Figure 2.0: Diagram of the Alternative Generator and Water Purifier
The figure 2.0 shows the essential parts of the alternative generator and water
purifier. In addition, it presents how the 24V DC motor works to generate electricity. The
24V DC motor of the water turbine will rotate clockwise while the wind turbine will
rotate counter clockwise in order to produce electricity. The water pump will give
pressure to the water that flows. The reason why the water turbine or wheel will rotates is
because of the pressure coming from the flowing water hence the greater the water
pressure, the faster the rotation of the water turbine or wheel. On the other side, the wind
turbine will rotates faster if the wind is stronger. These will result to more electricity
generation.
The water purifier can purify water since it has four layers: cloth, charcoal, gravel
and sand. First layer, cloth that holds back carbon and let purified water through. Second
layer, charcoal will remove minute impurities. Harmful pathogens and chemicals
lingering in the water can be removed with carbon. Third layer, gravel is basically
pebble-like rock that acts as a filter for common debris found in water such as small
sticks, fallen leaves, and even tiny creatures that are either animal or an insect. Last layer,
san can further filter out smaller particles in the water that the gravel was not able to
catch.
Figure 3.0: Schematic Diagram of the Inverter
The figure 3.0 shows the necessary electrical and electronic components in
creating the inverter. According to Woodford (2017), inverter can be used to produce this
kind of smoothly varying AC output from a DC input. They used electronic components
called inductors and capacitors to make the output current rise and fall more gradually
than the abrupt, on/off-switching square wave output you get with a basic inverter. It can
also be used with transformers to change a certain DC input voltage into a completely
different AC output voltage (either higher or lower) but the output power must be less
than the input power: it follows from the conservation of energy that an inverter and
transformers cannot give out more power than they take in and some energy is bound to
be lost as heat as electricity flows through the various electrical and electronic
components.
Efficiency of the Transformer
Input power = VpIp = 150V × 2A = 300W
Output power = 300W
Power Output (P0 )

Percentage of Efficiency (η) = × 100
Power Input( P I )
300W
= × 100
300W
Percentage of Efficiency (η) = 100%
After the researchers calculate the efficiency of the transformer, the result shows
that it has 100% efficiency in converting 5V DC into 150V AC.

CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
To complete this research properly, it is necessary to analyze the data collected in
order to answer the research problems. As already indicated in the preceding chapter,
data is interpreted in descriptive form.
This chapter comprises the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the findings
resulting from this research. The analysis and interpretation of data is carried out based
on the results of the survey questionnaires, deals with a quantitative analysis of data.
Data gathered through the survey questionnaires was subjected to frequency counts.
In other words, the respondent responses for each individual question were added
together to find the highest frequency of occurrence. These responses to the questions,
which are quantified, are then presented in percentage forms. In addition, the researchers
obtained the weighted mean from the responses in each question and to determine its
qualitative or verbal description.
The percentages in the tables below showed that the allocation of survey
questionnaires to various respondents was in no way influenced by bias. It is a true
reflection of the researcher’s impartiality in the distribution of survey questionnaires.

A. Demographic Profile
Table 3.1: Gender

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Female Male
Table 1.1 shows the gender categories of respondents who took part in the
completion of the survey questionnaires. It indicated that 42 out of 50 or 84% of the
respondents are female while 8 or 16% of the respondents are male. In general, most of
the respondents are female and few are male.
Table 3.2: Age

30
25
20
15
10
0
20 and below 21-30 31-40 41-50 51 and above
The minimum range of age of the respondents is 20 and below while the
maximum range of age of the respondents is 51 and above. Table 1.2 indicated that 8 or
16% of the respondents are at the age of 20 and below. Then, 7 or 14% of the respondents
are at the age of 21 to 30 years old and ages 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 years old have 10 out
of 50 or 20% of the respondents. Lastly, 15 out of 50 or 30% of the respondents are at the
age of 51 and above. In general, most of the respondents are at the age of 51 and above.
Table 3.3: Family Members

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1-5 members 6-10 members 11 and above members
Table 1.3 shows the frequencies and percentages of the number of family
members in each respondent. It presented that 26 out of 50 or 52% of the respondents
have 1 to 5 members in their family. Then, 19 or 38% of the respondents have 6 to 10
members of the family. Lastly, 5 or 10% of the respondents have 11 and above family
members.
In general, most of the respondents have 1 to 5 members in their family. The
number of family members affects the electrical consumption in every house resulting in
paying high electrical bills.

Table 3.4: Electricity Users in their Family

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1-3 members 4-6 members 7 and above members
Table 1.4 shows the frequencies and percentages of electricity users in each
family of the respondents. It indicated that 24 out 50 or 48% of the respondents have 1 to
3 members of the family who used electricity in their daily lives. Then, 16 or 32% of the
respondents have 4 to 6 members of the family who used electricity in their everyday
lives. Lastly, 10 or 20% of the respondents have 7 and above electricity users in their
family. In general, most of the respondents have 1 to 3 electricity users in their family.
B. The Efficiency and Acceptability of Characteristics of the Alternative Generator
to People in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
Scale used:
Rate Range Qualitative or

Verbal Equivalent
4 3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.51-3.25 Agree
2 1.76-2.50 Disagree
1 1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree
Table 4.1: Distribution of the Efficiency and Contribution of the Alternative Generator to Improvement of
Generation of Electricity
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
Weighted Mean Computation:
∑ fx 152
X= = =3.04
∑f 50
The table 4.1 shows that 8 out of 50 or 16% of the respondents strongly agreed.
Then, 36 or 72% respondents agreed and 6 or 12% of the respondents disagreed. Lastly,
no one strongly disagreed that the alternative generator is effective and can improve
electricity generation. In general, most of the respondents agreed that the alternative
generator is effective and can improve electricity generation.
The quantitative mean value is 3.04 which mean agree as its qualitative or verbal
equivalent. Hence, the alternative generator is effective and can improve electricity
generation.
Table 4.2: Distribution of the Affordability of the Alternative Generator
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
∑ fx 131
X= = =2.62
∑f 50
Then, 27 or 54% of the respondents agreed and 18 or 36% of the respondents disagreed.
Lastly, 2 or 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed that the alternative generator is
inexpensive. In general, most of the respondents agreed that the alternative generator is
inexpensive.
equivalent. Hence, the alternative generator is inexpensive.

Table 4.3: Distribution of the Usability of the Alternative Generator
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
∑ fx 131
X= = =2.62
∑f 50
Lastly, 1 or 2% of the respondent strongly disagreed that the alternative generator is easy
to use. In general, most of the respondents agreed that the alternative generator is easy to
use.
equivalent. Hence, the alternative generator is easy to use.

Table 4.4: Distribution of responses whether the alternative generator is eco-friendly or not.
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
∑ fx 139
X= = =2.78
∑f 50
Lastly, 1 or 2% of the respondent strongly disagreed that the alternative generator is eco-
friendly. In general, most of the respondents agreed that the alternative generator is eco-
friendly.
The quantitative mean value is 2.78 which mean agree as qualitative or verbal
equivalent. Hence, the alternative generator is eco-friendly.

Table 4.5: Distribution of Portability of the Alternative Generator
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
∑ fx 144
X= = =2.88
∑f 50
movable or portable. In general, most of the respondents agreed that the alternative
generator is movable or portable.
equivalent. Hence, the alternative generator is movable or portable.

Table 4.6: Contribution of the Alternative Generator to Improvement of Living Standards
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
∑ fx 148
X= = =2.96
∑f 50
Then, 32 or 64% of the respondents are agreed and 7 or 14% of the respondents
disagreed. Lastly, 2 or 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed that the alternative
generator can improve living standards. In general, most of the respondents agreed that
the alternative generator can improve living standards.
equivalent. Hence, the alternative generator can improve living standards.

Table 4.7: Distribution of responses whether the alternative generator is well-designed or not.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
∑ fx 147
X= = =2.94
∑f 50
well-designed. In general, most of the respondents agreed that the alternative generator is
well-designed.
equivalent. Hence, the alternative generator is well-designed.

Table 4.8: The Acceptability of Characteristics of the Alternative Generator to People in
Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
Scale used:

Verbal Equivalent
4 3.26 - 4.00 Extremely like
3 2.51 - 3.25 Very much like
2 1.76 - 2.50 Moderately like
1 1.00- 1.75 Slightly like
Characteristics of Mean Qualitative or

Alternative Generator Verbal Equivalent
Efficient and can 3.04 Very much like
improve
electricity generation 2.62 Very much like
Inexpensive 2.62 Very much like
Easy to use 2.78 Very much like
Eco-friendly 2.88 Very much like
Movable or portable 2.96 Very much like
Improve living standards 2.94 Very much like
Well-designed
Overall Weighted Mean Computation:
∑ μ 19.84
X= = =2.83
∑n 7
Table 4.8 shows the general acceptability of alternative generator to people in
Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan which is 2.83 as its quantitative mean value and its
qualitative or verbal description is very much like. It indicated that all of the respondents
liked the characteristics of alternative generator hence people in remote areas in particular
Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan accepted the alternative generator as source of
electricity.
C. Other Electrical Information from each Respondent
Table 5.1: Electrical Sources in their House

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Commercial electricity Solar energy Others
Table 5.1 shows that all of the respondents are using commercial electricity as
their electrical sources in their home and no one used solar energy and other electrical
sources. According to Bongcac and et. al (2017), different calamities such as earthquakes,
floods, landslide and typhoons may affect the supply of electricity since commercial
electricity is much exposed to different calamities, people in the selected locale may
experience sudden electricity interruptions.

Table 5.2: Time Period in Using the Particular Electrical Source

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1-5 years 6-10 years More than 11 years
Table 5.2 shows that 7 out of 50 or 14% of the respondents are using commercial
electricity as their electrical source in their home for about 1 to 5 years. Then, 42 or 84%
of the respondents used this kind of electrical source for about 6 to 10 years. Lastly, 1 or
2% of the respondent used this kind electrical source for more than 11 years.
In general, most of the respondents in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan are
using commercial electricity as their electrical source in their home for about 6 to 10
years.
Table 5.3: Electrical Problems

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
Frequent electrical surges Brownout Circuit overload High electrical bills
In this table, the respondents have multiple answers since it talks about electrical
problems that they experiencing in their everyday lives. It indicated that 22 out of 50 or
28.57% of the respondents are suffering from frequent electrical surges and brownout.
Then, 3 or 3.9% of the respondents are experiencing circuit overload. Lastly, 30 or
38.96% of the respondents are encountering high electrical bills.
In general, most of the respondents in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan are
suffering from paying high electrical bills. As cited in Infogram.com (2018), there are lot
of problem facing in the Philippine’s electricity like high electrical bills, sudden electrical
blackouts and interruptions. This literature is true reflection of what is happening in the
present time similar to the people in the selected locale who are suffering from various
electrical problems. Besides, for the Philippine government and United Nations,
installation of solar panel to the country is good solution to these electrical problems.
This solution would help to lessen high electrical bills and sudden electrical blackouts
and interruptions. At this avenue, the alternative generator we built will help people in
particular lessen their electrical bills, since our alternative generator will produce
electricity through hydropower, solar and wind energy.

Table 5.4: Electrical Bills

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
1-500 pesos 501-1000 pesos More than 1000 pesos
When the researchers are gathering necessary data in people in the selected locale,
majority of the respondents are complaining that they are suffering from paying high
electrical bills. The table 5.4 shows that 17 out of 50 or 34% of the respondents have an
electrical bill of 1 to 500 pesos. Next, 18 or 36% of the respondents pay their electrical
bill for 501 to 1000 pesos. Lastly, 15 or 30% of the respondents have more than 1000
pesos as their electrical bill. In general, most of the respondents in Barangay Caysio, Sta.
Maria, Bulacan have an electrical bill of 501 to 1000 pesos.
Table 5.5: Gadgets and Appliances in their Home

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
Cellphone Refrigerator Television Electric fan Radio
In this table, the respondents have multiple answers since it regards on gadgets
and appliances in their home. It indicated that 32 respondents have cellphone and 19
respondents have refrigerator. Then, 46 respondents have television and 50 respondents
have electric fan. Lastly, 29 respondents have radio in their home.
In general, most of the respondents in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan have
electric fan in their home. But majority of the respondents have multiple gadgets and
appliances in their home resulting in paying high electrical bills.
Table 5.6: Electrical Sources in their Locality

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Solar energy Diesel generator None
In this table, the respondents have multiple answers since it pertains on electrical
sources in their locality. It indicated that 2 out of 50 or 4% of the respondents said that
their locality has solar panel or use solar energy as source of electricity. Then, 15
respondents said that their locality has diesel generator. Lastly, 43 respondents said that
their locality has no other alternative source of electricity.
In general, most of the respondents in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan said
that their locality has no other alternative source of electricity. In this manner, the
alternative generator that the researchers were built will be alternative source of
electricity in the said locality that produces electricity for free or without paying any
electrical bills instead the maintenance of the alternative generator.
D. Impacts of the Alternative Generator and Water Purifier to People in Barangay
Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan and their Environment
Table 6.1: Impacts of Using Alternative Generator and Water Purifier
Variables Frequency Percentage

(f) (%)
Help to save money 31 19.5

Improve electricity generation 27 16.99
Lower electrical bills 33 20.75
Help to conserve our Mother 25 15.72
Earth 14 8.81
Improve living standards
Produce potable water 29 18.24
Total 159 100
In this table, the respondents have multiple answers since it regards on impacts of
using alternative generator and water purifier. It indicated that 31 or 19.5% of the
respondents said that using this device can help to save money and 27 or 16.99% of the
respondents said that it can improve electricity generation. Then, 33 or 20.75% of the
respondents said that it can lower electrical bills and 25 or 15.72% of the respondents
said that it can help to conserve our Mother. Lastly, 14 or 8.81% of the respondents said
that it can improve living standards and 29 or 18.24% of the respondents said that it can
produce potable water. In general, most of the respondents in Barangay Caysio, Sta.
Maria, Bulacan said that this device can lower electrical bills.
E. The Efficiency and Acceptability of Characteristics of the Alternative Water
Purifier to People in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
Scale used:

Verbal Equivalent
4 3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.51-3.25 Agree
2 1.76-2.50 Disagree
1 1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree
Table 7.1: Distribution of responses whether the alternative water purifier makes drinking water well-
purified or not.
100
80
60
40
20
0

∑ fx 154
X= = =3.08
∑f 50
Then, 32 or 64% of the respondents agreed. Then, 7 or 14% of the respondents disagreed.
Lastly, no one strongly disagreed that the alternative water purifier makes drinking water
well-purified. In general, most of the respondents agreed that the alternative water
purifier makes drinking water well-purified.
The quantitative mean value is 3.08 which means agree as its qualitative or verbal
equivalent. Hence, the alternative water purifier makes drinking water well-purified.
Table 7.2: Distribution of responses whether the alternative water purifier makes potable drinking water
easily or not.
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
∑ fx 150
X= = =3
∑f 50
Lastly, no one strongly disagreed that the alternative water purifier makes potable
drinking water easily. In general, most of the respondents are agreed that the alternative
water purifier makes potable drinking water easily.
The quantitative mean value is 3 which mean agree as its qualitative or verbal
equivalent. Hence, the alternative water purifier makes potable drinking water easily.
Table 7.3: Distribution of responses whether the water purified from alternative water purifier look clean
and clear or not.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
∑ fx 146
X= = =2.92
∑f 50
Lastly, 1 or 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed that water purified from alternative
water purifier looks clean and clear. In general, most of the respondents agreed that water
purified from alternative water purifier looks clean and clear.
equivalent. Hence, water purified from alternative water purifier looks clean and clear.
Table 7.4: Distribution of responses whether the alternative water purifier can help to save money or not.
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
∑ fx 140
X= = =2.8
∑f 50
Then, 20 or 40% of the respondents agreed. Then, 16 or 32% of the respondents
disagreed. Lastly, 2 or 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed that the alternative water
purifier can help to save money. In general, most of the respondents are agreed that the
alternative water purifier can help to save money.
equivalent. Hence, the alternative water purifier helps to save money.

∑ fx 152
X= = =3.04
∑f 50
Then, 28 or 56% of the respondents agreed. Then, 7 or 14% of the respondents disagreed.
Lastly, 2 or 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed that the alternative water purifier
can help in conserving water. In general, most of the respondents are agreed that the
alternative water purifier can help in conserving water.
The quantitative mean value is 3.04 which means agree as qualitative or verbal
equivalent. Hence, the alternative water purifier helps in conserving water.

Table 7.6: The Acceptability of Characteristics of the Alternative Water Purifier to
People in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
Scale used:

Verbal Equivalent
4 3.26 - 4.00 Extremely like
3 2.51 - 3.25 Very much like
2 1.76 - 2.50 Moderately like
1 1.00- 1.75 Slightly like
Characteristics of Mean Qualitative or

Alternative Water Purifier Verbal
Equivalent
Makes drinking water well- 3.08 Very much like
purified 3 Very much like
Easily produces potable water 2.92 Very much like
Clean and clear water 2.8 Very much like
Helps to save money 3.04 Very much like
Helps in conserving water
Overall Weighted Mean Computation:
∑ μ 14.84
X= = =2.97
∑n 5
Table 7.6 shows the general acceptability of the characteristics of alternative
water purifier to people in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan which is 2.97 as its
quantitative mean value and its qualitative or verbal description is very much like. It
indicated that majority of the respondents liked the characteristics of alternative water
purifier hence people in remote areas in particular Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
accepted the alternative water purifier as source of potable water.

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the research that has been carried out. First, the brief review
of the research is presented. At this avenue, all issues such as the research objectives, the
framework and research methodology are briefly discussed. Subsequently, the major
findings of the study are discussed. In this section, the findings from the descriptive and
inferential statistics derived from data analysis are stated. Then, the implications of the
current research and its contributions are discussed. Finally, the elaboration of
recommendations for future researchers is presented.
Overview of the Study
This study wants to analyze the device if it is effective, acceptable and valuable to
the people in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan who are experiencing different
electrical problems and drinking water issues. Conducting this research has purposive
goal in which is to help people to have an accessible electric generator and potable water
in the comfort of their home.
Summary of Findings
Majority of the respondents are female who belongs to 51 and above age bracket.
Additionally, most of them have 1 to 5 members of the family wherein 1 to 3 members in
their family are frequently used electricity. Furthermore, all of them used commercial
electricity as their source of electricity for about 6 to 10 years. Also, they are all having
multiple gadgets and appliances in their home resulting in paying high electrical bills.
Research Question One
Data
What are other alternative sources of electricity available in your locality? In the
area of alternative sources of electricity, Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan didn’t
have any kind of alternative sources of electricity. As a result, citizens are suffering from
different difficulties when some electrical problems occur.
Conclusions
Even though there are no any alternative sources of electricity in Barangay
Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan, they chose to live there. They believe that citizens or even
the barangay officials should think better way on how they can generate electricity when
some electrical problems take place.
Recommendations
As researchers, we want to help the people in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria,
Bulacan by means of our alternative generator. It will easily generate electricity through
the use of renewable energy. The generated electricity can able to operate different
appliances, lightning a bulb and charging mobile phones and flashlight. The researchers
want to persuade citizens and barangay officials to budget their money to avail our
alternative generator to serve as their alternative source of electricity.

Research Question Two
Data
What are the impacts of using the alternative generator and water purifier? At this
avenue, using our device causes a lot of impacts in people and environment. It can really
lowered electrical bills; helped to save money; produced potable water; improved
electricity generation; helped conserved our Mother Earth and improved living standards.
Conclusions
People saved large amount of money using this device than the commercial
electricity and water. With this device, people contributed to the conservation of our
environment by generating electricity through renewable energy and purifying water
through bio-sand filter.
Recommendations
The researchers strongly recommend to the future researchers to conduct further
studies regarding with the comparison of this device to the commercial one.
Research Question Three
Data
In what way does this device will become valuable in people in remote areas? The
alternative generator and water purifier will be effective to citizens in Barangay Caysio,
Sta. Maria, Bulacan in terms of generating electricity and producing well-purified and
potable water.
Conclusions
Since Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan is a remote area; citizens are
frequently experiencing some electrical problems. Moreover, some people there cannot
afford to avail purified drinking water. Thus, researchers create device that can be an
alternative source of electricity and water purifier which can produce well-purified and
potable water.
Recommendations
The researchers recommend to the future researchers to have additional studies on
how this device can be distributed easily to the families in remote areas. Also how this
device can improve the lives of those who used it.
Research Question Four
Data
What are the characteristics of the alternative generator? The alternative generator
has various characteristics which are as follows:
 The alternative generator is effective and can improve electricity generation.
 The alternative generator is inexpensive.
 The alternative generator is easy to use.
 The alternative generator is eco-friendly.
 The alternative generator is movable or portable.
 The alternative generator can improve living standards.
 The alternative generator is well-designed.

Conclusions
The characteristics of alternative generator are well-thought-out in able to come
up in usable, effective and acceptable device that can generate electricity through
renewable energy that results in low electrical bills.
Recommendations
The researchers recommend to future researchers in innovate the alternative
generator in order to enhance its efficiency and produce more electricity.
Research Question Five
Data
What is the electricity generation capacity of the alternative generator? The
alternative generator produced 150V AC of electricity.
Conclusions
Since it can generate 150V AC of electricity, therefore it can operate some
appliances and devices such as mobile charger, flashlight, mini-radio and bulb.
Recommendations
The researchers highly recommend to future researchers to use an inverter that
can generate 220V AC of electricity in order to operate most of the appliances and
devices in your home. In addition, researchers ask for financial assistance to government
and school to buy bigger inverter and quality electrical components.

Research Question Six
Data
What are the characteristics of alternative water purifier? The alternative water
purifier has various characteristics which are as follows:
 The alternative water purifier makes a drinking water well-purified.
 The alternative water purifier makes potable water easily.
 Water purified from alternative water purifier looks clean and clear.
 The alternative water purifier can help to save money.
 The alternative water purifier can help in conserving water.
Conclusions
The characteristics of alternative water purifier are well-thought-out in able to
come up in effective and usable device that can produce potable water for the people in
the selected locale.
Recommendations
The researchers recommend to future researchers in innovate the alternative water
purifier in order to enhance its efficiency. Since testing of drinking water is much
expensive, researchers ask for financial assistance to government and school in order to
test the water purified from the alternative water purifier.

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APPENDIX
A
(LETTER OF REQUEST
FOR SURVEY)
APPENDIX
B
(RESEARCHERS’
PROFILE)
APPENDIX
C
(DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
OR QUESTIONNAIRE)
APPENDIX
D
(CAPTURED PICTURE OF
DATA COLLECTION
PROCESS)

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Merging of Electric Generators 1

and Potable Water

A Quantitative Research Paper Presented to the

Senior High School Department

Immaculate Conception Polytechnic

Sta. Maria, Bulacan

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for Practical Research 3 (Quantitative Research)

Mark Genesis S. Bayumbon

Christine Yvonne F. Fedelin

Billy Joel S. Mendoza

Ray Antonette V. Patino

Genesis S. Bayumbon , Marian B. Constantino, Bingbong R. Cruz, Christine Yvonne F.

recommended for acceptance and approval in Oral Examination as a partial fulfillment of

the Grade 12 STEM students for Practical Research 3.

Prof. Yolanda A. Bella, MEM

grade of ________ on _________________________.

Engr. Florencio M. Cura Jr.

Prof. Reginald M. Marcelo RN, LPT Prof. Bernadette A. Tejada, LPT

Prof. Yolanda A. Bella, MEM

This is to certify that the research paper entitled “Merging of Electric

Efficiency Together with its Acceptability as Sources of Electricity and Potable

Prof. Yolanda A. Bella, MEM

Prof. Mary Ann T. Marcelo, MBA

strength throughout the entire making of the research.

To our very supportive and hardworking Research Adviser, Engr. Yolanda A.

giving us a chance to express our knowledge and skills in making a research.

in order to make the device.

and everlasting support financially, emotionally, mentally and spiritually.

energy. Further, water is very important as it is of paramount importance to our health.

circumstances. Hence, the researchers came up in creating device composed of two

The general objectives of this experimental study entitled “Merging of Electric

compare them will the commercial ones.

Title Page ……………………………………………………………… 1

Approval Sheet ………………………………………………………… 2

Table of Contents …………………………………....………………... 7

List of Tables ………………………………………………………….. 13

List of Figures …………………………………………………………. 14

B. Body of the Research Paper

Chapter 1: The Introduction

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………… 21

Scope and Delimitations ………………………...…………………….. 22

Significance of the Study ……………………………………………… 23

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

Theoretical Framework ……………………………………...………… 24

Related Literatures ………..…………………………………….……… 28

Related Studies ……………………..…………….…………………….. 40

Conceptual Framework …………………………………...……………. 46

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Research Design ……………………………………………………….. 53

Research Respondent ………………………………….………….……. 54

Data Collection Instrument ……………………………...…………….. 55

Validity and Reliability of Instrument ……………………………..….. 55

Statistical Treatment ……………………………………………...……. 56

Procedure in Making Alternative Generator and Water Purifier……….. 57

Size of the Alternative Generator and Water Purifier…………………... 74

Cost of the Materials Used in Alternative Generator and Water Purifier. 74

Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

3.3. Family Members………………………………………………... 80

3.4. Electricity Users in their Family……….………….…….……… 81

II. The Efficiency and Acceptability of Characteristics of the Alternative

Generator to People in Barangay Caysio, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

4.1. Distribution of the Efficiency and Contribution of the

grade of on _________________.