NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LECTURE EXERCISE NO. 3
CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Name: ESTORNINOS,ANGELA B. Section: 18 Date Submitted: SEPT.7,2021

I. INTRODUCTION
The cell is the basic unit of life. The cells in the human body provide structure for the
body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out
specific functions. Cells also contain the body’s genetic material and can make copies of
themselves.
II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.
GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
3.01A. Explain how the structures of a cell  Cells are the basic units of all living things,
contribute to its function. including humans.Cells within the body may
have quite different structures and functions,
yet they share several common characteristics .
The shape and size of a cell, help determine its
specific function in our body and allow the cell
to be specialized.

3.02A. List the four main functions of a cell. 1. Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm
4. Organelles

3.03A. Describe the structure of the cell
membrane.
 The cell membrane forms the outer boundary of
the cell, through which the cell interacts with its
external environment. The nucleus is usually
located centrally; it directs cell activities, most
of which take place in the cytoplasm which is
located between the plasma membrane and the
nucleus. Within cells, specialized structures
called organelles that perform specific
functions.

3.04A. Define diffusion and concentration
gradient.
 Diffusion is the movement of solutes from an
area of higher solute concentration to an area of
lower solute concentration it is a is a product of
the constant random motion of all atoms,
molecules, or ions in a solution.
 Concentration gradient occurs when the solutes are not
evenly distributed in a solvent the difference in the

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
3.04B. Explain the role of osmosis and that
of osmotic pressure in controlling the
movement of water across the cell
membrane. Compare hypotonic, isotonic,
and hypertonic solutions. Describe how each
of these solutions affects the shape of a cell.  In an isotonic solution, the shape of the cell remains
3.04C. Define carrier-mediated transport,
and compare the processes of facilitated
diffusion, active transport, and secondary
active transport.
3.04D. Describe endocytosis and exocytosis.
concentration of a solute in a solvent minus the
concentration of the solute at another point.
 Osmosis is the diffusion of water (solvent)
across a selectively permeable membrane, such
as a plasma membrane which means that the
membrane allows water but not all the solutes
dissolved in the water to diffuse through it.
constant, maintaining its internal tension or tone, a
condition called tonicity.When the cell is placed into a
solution and water moves out of the cell by osmosis,
causing the cell to shrink,the solution is called
hypertonic.If the cell is placed into a solution and water
moves into the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to swell,
the solution is called hypotonic.
 Carrier-mediated transport – movement of a
substance across a membrane by means of a
carrier molecule
 Facilitated diffusion – moves substances from a
higher to lower concentration; does not require
ATP
 Active transport – moves substances from a
lower to higher concentration; requires ATP
▪ Cystic fibrosis – genetic disorder that affects
the active transport of Cl- into cells
 Secondary active transport – moving
concentration gradient to move another
substance
▪ Cotransport – same direction
▪ Countertransport – opposite direction
 Endocytosis occurs when material moves
through the plasma membrane and into the
cytoplasm by the formation of a vesicle. A
portion of the plasma membrane wraps around a
particle or droplet in the extracellular fluid.
 Exocytosis release material through a vesicular transport
mechanism in these cells,secretions accumulate within
vesicles. These secretory vesicles then move to the
plasma membrane.
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
3.05A. Describe the structure and function
of the nucleus and the nucleoli. Describe the
structure of chromatin.
3.05B. Compare the structure and function
of rough and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum.
3.05C. Describe the roles of the Golgi
apparatuses and secretory vesicles in
secretion.
3.05D. Explain the role of lysosomes and
peroxisomes in digesting material taken into
cells by phagocytosis.
 The nucleus is a large, membrane-bound
structure usually located near the center of the
cell. It may be spherical, e longated, or
lobed,depending on the cell type. The nucleus
consists of nucleoplasm surrounded by a nuclear
envelope
▪ Nuclear envelope – two-layered membrane that
bounds the nucleus, is composed of two membranes
separated by a space.
▪ Nuclear pores – where materials can can pass into or
out the nucleus
 Chromatin – loosely coiled chromosomes
 Nucleoli – consists of ribosomal RNA and proteins
 The rough endoplasmic reticulum is called
“rough” because ribosomes are attached to it.
The ribosomes of the rough endoplas mic
reticulum are sites where proteins are produced
and modified for use as integral membrane
proteins and for secretion into the extracellular
space.
 The smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is
endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes,
manufactures lipids, such as phospholipids, cholesterol,
and steroid hormones, as well as carbohydrates.
 The Golgi apparatus is composed of flattened,
membranous sacs, containing cisternae, st acked
on each other like dinner plates,can be thought
of as a packaging and distribution center
because it modifies,packages, and distributes
proteins and lipids manufactured by the rough
and smooth endoplasmic reticula .
 The Secretory vesicles that pinch off from the Golgi
apparatus move to the surface of the cell, their
membranes fuse with the plasma membrane, and the
contents of the vesicles are released to the exterior by
exocytosis accumulate in some cells, but their contents
frequently are not released to the exterior until the cell
receives a signal.
 Lysosomes-are membrane-bound vesicles that
form at the Golgi apparatus. They contain a
variety of hydrolytic enzymes that function as
intracellular digestive systems. Vesicles taken
into the cell fuse with the lysosomes to form
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
3.05E. Describe the structure and function
of mitochondria.
3.05F. Describe the structure and function of  Cytoskeleton holds organelles in place; enables
the cytoskeleton.
3.05G. Describe the structure and function
of centrioles.
3.05H. Compare the structure and function
of cilia, flagella, and microvilli.
3.06A. Describe the process of gene
expression.
one vesicle and to expose the endocytized
materials to hydrolytic enzymes.
 Peroxisomes-contain enzymes that break down fatty
acids and amino acids. The breakdown of these
molecules can produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a
toxic by-product.Peroxisomes also contain the enzyme
catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to
water and oxygen thereby eliminating the toxic
substance.
 Mitochondria are the organelles that provide
the majority of the energy for the cell. They are
often called the cell’s power plants.
Mitochondria are usually depicted as small, rod-
shaped structures. Mitochondria are the major
sites for the production of ATP, which is the
primary energy source for most energy -requiring
chemical reactions within the cell.
the cell to change shape
▪ Microtubules – support the cytoplasm;
assist in cell division.
 Centriole a specialized zone of cytoplasm
close to the nucleus, is the center of
microtubule formation in the cell.The wall of the
centriole is composed of nine evenly
spaced,longitudinally oriented, parallel units, or
triplets. Each unit consists of three parallel
microtubules joined together
 Cilia are structures that project from the surface
of cells and are capable of movement. Cilia are
numerous on surface cells that line the
respiratory tract and the female reproductive
tract. In these regions, cilia move in a
coordinated fashion. Their motion moves
materials over the surface of the cells.
 Flagella have a structure similar to that of cilia, but
they are longer,flagella move the entire cell.
 Microvilli cylindrically shaped extensions of the plasma
membrane.Normally, each cell has many microvilli. The
presence of microvilli increases the cell surface area.
 The production of RNA and/or proteins from the
information stored in DNA. Gene expression that
produces proteins involves two steps:
▪ transcription-makes a copy
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
▪ translation-changing of something from
one form to another.

3.06B. Explain what is accomplished during
mitosis.
 During mitosis, the chromatin becomes very
densely coiled to form compact chromosomes
called mitotic chromosomes which is the
discrete bodies that can be stained and easily
seen with a light microscope.

3.06C. Define differentiation and explain  Cells develop specialized structures and
how different cell types develop. Functions.

3.07A. List the major theories of aging. 1. Cellular clock.

2. Death genes.
3. DNA damage.
4. Free radicals.
5. Mitochondrial damage.

III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have
learned on this activity.
My knowledge in Cells structures elevated when I recall all the functions of its divisions.It helps
me to understand the structures thoroughly and its uses in human body.It also serves as a guide
to know if there is something wrong in the body,I can easily identified the parts where it is the
problem.

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